Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Feed Additives on Growth Performance and Dietary Nutrient Metabolism of Black-bone Chickens

[Objectives]To study the effects of Chinese herbal medicine feed additives on the growth performance and dietary nutrient metabolic rate of black-one chickens.[Methods]480 pieces of 1-day-old Donglan Black-bone Chickens were selected and divided into 4 groups,with 6 replicates in each group,with 20 pieces in each replicate.Among them,group A was the control group and was fed the basal diet;the groups B,C,and D were the experimental groups,which were separately supplemented with 0.25%,0.50%and 1.00%of Chinese herbal medicine additives in the basal diet,and the experimental period was 70 d.At the end of the feeding experiment,24 experimental chickens with similar body weight were selected from each group,and the same design of the feeding experiment was used to continue to feed the original diet for the metabolic experiment to determine the nutrient metabolic rate.[Results]Except the 50-70 d stage,the average daily gain(ADG)of group B in other stages was increased by 5.00%-9.15%(P<0.05),and the average body weight of group B at 70 d was also increased by 4.86%(P<0.05);the ADG of group C at 36-49,1-49 and 1-70 d and the average individual weight at 70 d were also higher than that of group A by 5.90%,2.66%,2.68%and 2.57%,respectively(P>0.05);at 36-49 d,the average daily feed intake(ADFI)of group A was higher than that of group B by 6.04%(P<0.01),and was also higher than that of groups C and D by 5.12%and 4.13%(P<0.05),respectively;at 1-49 d,the ADFI of group A was higher than that of group C by 2.86%(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between the four groups of experimental chickens at each stage(P>0.05);at 22-35 and 1-70 d,the feed to gain ratio(F/G)of group B was 6.32%and 3.41%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 36-49 and 1-49 d,the F/G of group B was even lower;at 36-49 d,the F/G of group C was 10.15%lower than that of group A(P<0.05),and at 1-49 d,it was also lower than that of group A by 5.29%(P<0.01);there was no significant difference between the two groups at other stages.In terms of nutrient metabolism:the three different amounts of this additive have increased the metabolic rate of DM,CP,CF,NFE,CA,Ca,P,TE and other nutrients in the diet to varying degrees,especially the addition of 0.25%and 0.50%had the significant increase.[Conclusions]The addition of 0.25%Chinese herbal medicine additives in the diet can significantly improve the growth performance and main nutrient metabolic rate of Donglan Black-bone Chickens.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Guangxi Donglan Black-bone Chicken

[Objective] This study aimed to understand the genetic diversity and breed conservation effect, and to provide reference for future germplasm resources protection and breeding researches of Guangxi Donglan black-bone chicken. [Method] The wing venous blood of Donglan Black-bone chicken（silky feather and contour feather） was collected, and the total DNA was extracted. The 18 microsatellite loci were amplified by PCR technology, and the obtained gene fragments were scanned. The number of alleles（Na）, number of effective alleles（Ne）, heterozygosity（H） and polymorphism information content（PIC） were determined using Pop Gen 32 biological software to do cluster analysis of Guangxi indigenous chicken breeds. [Result] The18 microsatellite loci of Donglan black-bone chicken were found to be highly polymorphic. A total of 98 alleles were detected out from 80 Donglan black-bone chicken samples. The averages of Na, Ne, PIC and H per locus were 5.44, 2.78, 0.5382 and 0.596 3, respectively. A total of 93 and 98 alleles were detected out from silky- and contour-feather Donglan black-bone chickens, respectively. The averages of Ne per locus were 2.62 and 2.76, of PIC per locus were 0.508 8 and 0.539 8,of H per locus were 0.624 7 and 0.599 1, respectively. The results of cluster analysis showed that there was greater genetic distance between Donglan black-bone chicken and any of other Guangxi indigenous chicken breeds, including three yellow chicken, Xiayan chicken and Nandan Yao chicken, which was consistent with the breed evolution, geographical distribution and breeding history of Donglan black-bone chicken. [Conclusion] There are greater genetic variation and abundant genetic diversity in the conserved population of Donglan black-bone chicken, suggesting abundant genetic diversity and great breeding potential of Donglan black-bone chicken.

Effects of NPY Gene on Total Number of Eggs at 300 Days of Age in Donglan Black-bone Chicken

In this study, PCR-RFLP technique was employed to detect the genetic polymorphism of NPY gene and analyze the effects of various genotypes on the total number of eggs at 300 days of age in 135 Donglan black-bone chicken. According to the results, there were three genotypes （AA, AB and BB） of NPYgene in Donglan black-bone chicken group. Different genotypes exhibited significant effects （P 〈 0. 05 ） on the total number of eggs at 300 days of age. The total number of eggs at 300 days of age of AA genotype was significantly higher than that of BB genotype （P 〈 0. 05）. Therefore, the polymorphic site of NPY gene could be used as a candidate molecular marker that affects egg laying in Donglan black-bone chicken.

Establishment and Analysis of Growth Curve of Muchuan Black Chicken

To find out the growth and development regularity,the growth curves of Muchuan black chicken at the age of 0-21 weeks were established by Logistic,Bertalanffy and Gompertz models in this study.The results showed that all the three models can well fit the growth curve of Muchuan black chicken with a degree above 0.988,while the Gompertz model and the Bertalanffy model was the best for hens and cocks,respectively.Finally,the weight of hens and cocks were analyzed according to their corresponding high fitting models.Results showed that the inflexion age of Muchuan black chicken was 6.8-6.9 weeks old with an inflexion weight of 692.98 g in hens and 805.57 g in cocks.In conclusion,it was feasible to establish the growth curve of Muchuan black chicken with Logistic,Bertalanffy and Gompertz model.

沐川乌骨黑鸡LIPE基因第1外显子多态性及其与体重、肌内脂肪含量的关联分析

【目的】探究沐川乌骨黑鸡激素敏感脂酶(hormone-sensitive lipase,LIPE)基因第1外显子单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)位点的遗传变异,并分析其与体重、肌内脂肪(intramuscular fat,IMF)含量的相关性。【方法】采集106只沐川乌骨黑鸡血液,利用PCR扩增和直接测序技术检测LIPE基因第1外显子SNP位点,采用SPSS 21.0软件分析LIPE基因第1外显子SNP位点多态性及其与沐川乌骨黑鸡体重、胸肌IMF含量的相关性;通过生物信息学在线工具分析LIPE基因第1外显子SNP位点对其编码氨基酸的影响;利用实时荧光定量PCR检测LIPE基因在沐川乌骨黑鸡不同组织和不同基因型个体胸肌中的相对表达量。【结果】沐川乌骨黑鸡LIPE基因第1外显子共检测到3个SNP位点,66 bp处SNP位点(SNP1:c.66 A>C)上发现AA、AC和CC 3种基因型;440 bp处SNP位点(SNP2:c.440 A>G)上发现AA和AG 2种基因型;462 bp处SNP位点(SNP3:c.462 G>A)上发现GG和GA 2种基因型。卡方适合性检验表明,沐川乌骨黑鸡LIPE基因第1外显子的SNP2、SNP3位点符号哈迪-温伯格平衡状态(P>0.05),SNP1位点偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡状态(P<0.05)。关联分析表明,SNP2位点的AG基因型个体胸肌IMF含量显著高于AA基因型(P<0.05),各位点不同基因型个体体重均无显著差异(P>0.05)。氨基酸序列比对分析显示,SNP2为非同义突变,其导致赖氨酸变为精氨酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,LIPE基因在脂肪组织中表达量较高,SNP2位点AA基因型个体胸肌中LIPE基因mRNA表达水平极显著高于AG基因型(P<0.01)。【结论】沐川乌骨黑鸡LIPE基因第1外显子存在3个SNP位点,其中SNP2位点对沐川乌骨鸡IMF含量具有显著影响,该位点可作为沐川乌骨黑鸡IMF含量选育的候选分子遗传标记。

沐川乌骨黑鸡生长曲线拟合与分析

为研究沐川乌骨黑鸡的生长发育规律,试验采用Logistic、Bertalanffy和Gompertz模型分别对沐川乌骨黑鸡0~20周龄体重数据进行生长曲线拟合与分析。结果表明：三种数学模型均能很好地拟合沐川乌骨黑鸡的生长曲线,拟合度均在0.988以上,其中Gompertz模型对母鸡生长曲线拟合度最高,达0.999;Bertalanffy模型对公鸡生长曲线拟合度最高,达0.995。根据拟合度高的Gompertz模型对母鸡体重、Bertalanffy模型对公鸡体重的拟合分析,沐川乌骨黑鸡拐点周龄为6.8-6.9周,母鸡拐点体重为692.98 g,公鸡拐点体重为805.57 g。表明运用三种模型对沐川乌骨黑鸡生长曲线进行拟合是可行的。

黑羽和白羽沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色性状及屠宰性能对比分析

本实验旨在分析黑羽和白羽沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色性状及屠宰性能差异。选用100只黑羽和30只白羽沐川乌骨黑鸡成年母鸡,运用比色仪对比分析了不同羽色对沐川乌骨黑鸡背部肤色、翅下肤色、鸡冠色、胫色的影响,选取白羽和黑羽各10只鸡测定并分析屠宰性能和黑色素(皮肤和胸肌)沉积能力的差异。结果表明:黑羽鸡背部肤色和翅下肤色的L值均极显著低于白羽鸡(P<0.01);黑羽鸡胫色的L值、a值和b值与白羽鸡无显著差异(P>0.05);黑羽和白羽乌骨鸡的活体重和屠宰性能(全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率)无显著差异(P>0.05);黑羽鸡皮肤和胸肌中黑色素沉积量显著高于白羽鸡(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,黑羽沐川乌骨鸡肤色显著较白羽鸡"乌",黑羽乌骨鸡机体黑色素沉积能力较白羽鸡强。

CHRDL1基因启动子区变异与沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色的相关性研究

文章探讨了CHRDL1基因启动子区多态性与沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色性状(背部肤色、翅下肤色、冠色和胫色)的相关性。在CHRDL1基因启动子区ATG上游949 bp处发现一个SNP位点(c.-949T>C),CC基因型频率最高(0.368),TT基因型最低(0.304)。相关性分析表明,CT基因型个体背部和翅下皮肤肤色L值显著高于CC和TT基因型(P<0.05),CT基因型个体鸡冠皮肤肤色L和a值极显著高于CC和TT基因型(P<0.01),CC和CT基因型个体胫色a值显著低于TT基因型(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,SNP c.-949T>C与沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色性状具有显著相关性,该SNP位点可作为沐川乌骨黑鸡选育的分子遗传标记之一。

沐川乌骨黑鸡不同部位肤色性状的相关性分析

本研究运用比色仪测定了125只成年健康沐川乌骨黑鸡不同部位的肤色性状,并分析了不同部位肤色性状间的相关性。结果显示:鸡冠亮度系数L值最小(42.99),相对其他身体部位鸡冠颜色最黑;背部肤色亮度系数L值与翅下肤色L值、鸡冠色L值、胫色L值呈极显著相关(P<0.01),背部肤色a值与翅下肤色L值、鸡冠色L值均具有显著相关性(P<0.05),鸡冠色a值与胫色L值显著相关(P<0.05);背部肤色b值、翅下肤色b值与鸡冠色L值呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。以上结果表明在沐川乌骨黑鸡选种过程中,鸡冠色和胫色同样是肤色性状选育的重要指标,其中背部肤色b值和翅下肤色b值越小越好。

沐川乌骨黑鸡肤色测定以及皮肤和肌肉中黑色素的提取

沐川乌骨黑鸡是四川省优良地方品种资源,是集药用、滋补及食用价值为一体的特种家禽。近年来,随着沐川乌骨黑鸡消费市场的不断扩大,消费者对乌骨鸡的品质要求越来越高,这给乌骨鸡的品种选育提出了更高的要求。笔者采用比色仪测定了鸡不同部位的肤色值,并分析皮肤和肌肉中黑色素含量的差异,以期为沐川乌骨黑鸡的选育提供数据参考。

鸡源欧文氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药基因检测

为了鉴定从沐川乌骨黑鸡肠道内容物中分离出的1株细菌的种类以及检测其耐药基因携带情况,笔者采用革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定、16S rDNA基因序列分析以及抗生素耐药性和耐药基因检测。结果表明,该分离株为欧文氏菌,并将其命名为S21。药敏试验结果表明,环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢氨苄表现为敏感;四环素表现为中介;其余抗生素为耐药,且只检出耐药基因rmtA、tetE、pgi,其余所试耐药基因未检出,说明了该养殖场鸡源欧文氏菌的耐药情况较严重。