Distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of coastal mudflats on Leizhou Peninsula,China

Mudflats play a vital role in maintaining the dynamic balance between sea and land.To understand the characteristics,sources,and pollution risks of six heavy metals(As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,and Pb)in the coastal mudflats on the Leizhou Peninsula,257 surface sediment samples were studied using mathematical statistics,correlation analysis,and factor analysis.The results show that the overall concentrations of these heavy metals are low although there are several high abnormal points in the local areas.The strong correlation between these heavy metals indicates that the sources of some of the metals are similar,yet their elemental combinations in different cities(counties)varied.According to the calculated enrichment factor(EF),anthropogenic activity-induced heavy metals were determined in order of decreasing influence:As,Cd,Pb,Cr,Cu,and Hg.The low EF values of Hg indicate that it does not present as a contaminant in the study area,while low values of Cr and Cu from the Lianjiang City suggest that these two metals were also attributed to natural sources.The presence of As,Cd,Cr,Cu,and Pb from the remaining cities(counties)should be influenced by anthropogenic activities.The overall potential ecological risk index indicates that the ecological risks posed by the six analyzed heavy metals to the Leizhou Peninsula mudflats,in order of decreasing risk,are Cd,As,Hg,Pb,Cu,and Cr.It is noteworthy that only Cd in Lianjiang City demonstrated substantial ecological risk.Other examined heavy metals in other cities of the study area showed slight ecological risk.

Seasonal and Spatial Variations of Macro Benthos in the Intertidal Mudflat of Southern Yellow River Delta,China in 2007/2008

In order to examine the seasonal and spatial distributions of benthic animals in the intertidal mudflat of the southern Yellow River Delta,field investigations were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and multiple methods were applied.Results showed that,the biomass of macro benthos ranged at 0.75-1151.00 g wet m^(-2) and averaged at 156.31 g wet m^(-2),in which Mactra veneriformis accounted for 75.6%-93.4% of the total macro benthic biomass.More than 90% of macro benthos inhabited in the middle and low tide lines,and higher biomass occurred in early summer and lower in winter.Statistical analysis showed that:1)M.veneriformis growth was primarily favored at higher temperature and lower salinity;2)after long time interaction,benthic bivalve grazers led to patching distributions of Chlorophyll a(Chl a);3)macro benthic biomass positively related with Chl a when the concentration of Chl a was low,but they were negatively related when Chl a concentration was high;and 4)furthermore,the biomass of benthic bivalves peaked in the sediment with median grain size about 0.55 mm,but decreased gradually in coarse or fine sediments.The secondary productivity ranged at 0.37-283.68 g m^(-2)yr^(-1) and averaged at 47.88 g m^(-2) yr^(-1),in which 69.7% was contributed by M.veneriformis It was estimated that primary production was transformed to secondary production at a rate of 6.87%approximately,which implies that there is a local sustainability of high bivalve production.

Using benthic macrofauna to assess environmental quality of four intertidal mudflats in Hong Kong and Shenzhen Coast

Intertidal zone is a significant wetland between land and ocean. It plays an important role in maintaining local ecological balance. Both Mai Po and Futian intertidal mudflats are located in Shenzhen Bay and are important 'refueling' point along the East Asian/Australian flyway of migratory birds. The environmental quality of Mai Po and Futian mudflats have aroused great concern due to rapid economic developments in Hong Kong and Shenzhen in recent decades. Macroinfauna of Mai Po and Futian mudflats was investigated in December 2000 and the faunal data were used to assess their environmental quality. Two other mudflats, namely Ma Wan Typhoon Shelter (a more disturbed area) and Luk Keng intertidal mudflat (a place with relatively less human disturbance), were also sampled for macroinfauna and used as reference mudflats. Shannon - Weaver species diversity index (Isd), biotic coefficient (Cb) and macrofaunal pollution index (Imp) of the macrofauna community on four intertidal mudflats were used to determine their environmental quality. The results showed that Luk Keng intertidal mudflat was unpolluted, Mai Po and Futian mudflats were slightly polluted, and Ma Wan was moderately polluted. The pollution in Ma Wan Typhoon Shelter mainly came from various types of rubbish and fishing boats that disturbed the sediment, while pollution sources in Mai Po and Futian mudflats were discharges of industrial water, municipal sewage and from nearby rivers.

Responses of Ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) Grown in Mudflats to Sewage Sludge Amendment

Sewage sludge amendment(SSA)is an alternative waste disposal technique and a potential way to increase fertility of mudflats for crop growth.The present study aimed to assess the suitability of SSA by assessing the nitrogen(N)and phosphorous(P)uptakes,heavy metal accumulation,growth,biomass,and yield response of ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.)at 0,30,75,150,and 300 t ha-1 SSA rates at various growth stages.The results showed that the highest biomass of ryegrass at seedling and vegetative stages were at 300 and 150 t ha-1 SSA rate,respectively.The increments of ryegrass yield at reproductive stage at 30,75,150,and 300 t ha-1 SSA rates were 98.0,122.6,88.1,and 61.2%,compared to unamended soil.N and P concentrations in ryegrass increased with increasing SSA rates at all stages except N and P in roots dropped significantly at 300 t ha-1 rate at vegetative stage.The metal concentration for Mn,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cd,Cr,and Pb in shoot of ryegrass at300 t ha-1 SSA rate increased by 0.63-,2.34-,15.02-,0.97-,10.00-,0.01-and 1.13-fold,respectively,compared to unamended soil.However,heavy metal concentrations in shoot of ryegrass were lower than the standard for forage products in China.The study suggested that sewage sludge amendment in mudfl at soils might be feasible.However,the impacts of sludge application on edible crop plants and soil environment need further investigations.

Coastal mudflats as reservoirs of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes: Studies in Eastern China

Despite coastal mudflats serving as essential ecological zones interconnecting terrestrial/freshwater and marine systems,little is known about the profiles of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)in this area.In this study,characteristics of typical ARGs,involving both intracellular(iARGs)and extracellular ARGs(eARGs)at different physical states,were explored in over 1000 km of coastal mudflats in Eastern China.Results indicated the presence of iARGs and eARGs at states of both freely present or attached by particles.The abundance of eARGs was significantly higher than that of iARGs(87.3%vs 12.7%),and their dominance was more significant than those in other habitats(52.7%-76.3%).ARG abundance,especially for eARGs,showed an increasing trend(p<0.05)from southern(Nantong)to northern(Lianyungang)coastalmudflats.Higher salinity facilitated the transformation from iARGs to eARGs,and smaller soil particle size was conducive to the persistence of eARGs in northern coastal mudflats.This study addresses the neglected function of coastal mudflats as eARGs reservoirs.

不同有机物料对滩涂盐碱地有机碳损失·重金属含量及水稻产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究不同有机物料(对照CK、鸡粪T_(1)、羊粪T_(2)、菌菇渣T_(3)、生物腐植酸T_(4))在等有机碳投入量下滩涂盐碱地中有机碳损失、土壤各类有机质分布及其对土壤重金属含量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,不同有机物料施入土壤后,T_(1)、T_(2)、T_(3)、T_(4)有机碳损失率分别为64.52%、58.69%、47.04%和29.56%;未损失部分转化为土壤有机质,虽然T_(3)处理有机碳损失率较低,但土壤中的活性有机质占比低于其他处理。T_(3)、T_(4)能降低滩涂盐碱地土壤中的有效态汞、砷、镉、铅、铬含量,其中以T_(4)效果最好,T_(1)、T_(2)处理能降低汞、镉、铬有效态含量,但在一定程度上分别增加有效态砷、有效态铅含量。T_(1)~T_(4)对水稻有效穗、穗粒数有显著提高作用,较对照分别增产10.17%、14.03%、6.65%和24.52%,其中T_(4)能显著增加水稻穗粒数。由此可见,在滩涂盐碱地综合改良利用中,生物腐植酸在有机碳损失率、增加土壤活性有机质、降低土壤重金属含量及提高水稻产量方面具有较显著优势,是滩涂盐碱地改良的优良有机物料投入品。

Preservation potential of individual couplet and deposition rates on mudflats in the Changjiang Estuary

Non-barrier mudflats in the Changjiang Estuary is examined to obtain preservation potentials and deposition rates over different time scales. The preservation potential of couplet is ca. 46.6% within daily scale and decreases as the time-interval extending, with 9.2% on a semi-lunar scale and 3.7% on a seasonal scale. In the long term, only 1.6% of daily deposition can potentially be preserved in the tidal flat sequence and other 98.4% have been eroded and leave sedimentary discordances, discernable or un-discernable, in the mudflat deposits. A negative log-linear relationship is examined between sedimentation rates and the time spans. The length of sedimentary hiatuses on the mudflat deposition were estimated with considerable uncertainty, but it can provide from an actualistic base some further insights into the nature and origin of ancient mudflat deposits with emphasis on the sedimentary discordances.

南大港滩涂湿地土壤有机碳分布特征研究

滨海滩涂湿地是提高“蓝碳”碳汇、补偿碳排放的重要空间资源。为研究滨海滩涂土壤有机碳分布特征,在河北南大港滩涂湿地内设置采样地,对不同湿地类型、不同植被覆盖下土壤有机碳含量进行测定。结果表明,南大港滩涂湿地土壤有机碳含量平均值为8.03±3.39 g/kg,略低于全国平均水平。土壤有机碳空间分布有一定差异,内陆滩涂湿地土壤有机碳含量高于沿海滩涂湿地。土壤有机碳含量随土层深度增加呈下降趋势,不同深度下土壤有机碳含量差异显著。不同植物群落下土壤有机碳含量不同,表现为芦苇群落>莎草群落>碱蓬群落>金鱼藻群落>光滩地。南大港滩涂湿地土壤有机碳密度分布与土壤碳含量分布相似,土壤结构、地表植被类型对土壤有机碳含量、碳密度分布产生影响。

Variable diffusion boundary layer and diffusion flux at sediment-water interface in response to dynamic forcing over an intertidal mudflat

The diffusion boundary layer (DBL) significantly limits the exchange between sediment and overlying water and therefore becomes a bottleneck of diffusive vertical flux at the sediment-water interface (SWI). Variable DBL thickness and diffusion flux in response to dynamic forcing may influence replenishment of nutrients and secondary pollution in coastal waters. In situ measurements of velocity in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) and oxygen concentration in the DBL were made over an intertidal mudflat, using an acoustic Doppler current and mini profiler. A linear distributed zone in the oxygen profile, the profile slope discontinuity and variance of concentration can be used to derive accurate DBL thickness. Diffusion fluxes calculated from the water column and sediment are identical, and their bias is less than 6%. A numerical model PROFILE is used to simulate the in situ dissolved oxygen profile, and layered dissolved oxygen consumption rates in the sediment are calculated. The DBL thickness (0.10-0.35 mm) and diffusion flux (15.4-53.6 mmol m 2 d 1) vary with a factor of 3.5 during a tidal period. Over an intertidal mudflat, DBL thickness is controlled by flow speed U in the BBL, according to δDBL=1686.1DU 1+0.1 (D is the molecular diffusion coefficient). That is, the DBL thickness δDBL increases with decreasing flow speed U. Changes of diffusion flux at the SWI are caused by variations in the water above the sediment and the turbulent mixing intensity. The diffusion flux is positively related to the turbulent dissipation rate, friction velocity and turbulent energy. Under the influence of dynamics in the BBL, DBL thickness and flux vary significantly.

珠江三角洲沙田系统经营的传统生态模式与潮汐灌排技术

珠江三角洲的沙田系统不仅有其重要的农业文化遗产价值,沙田的开发中还有许多适应河口环境进行自然资源合理利用开发的历史经验。本文对清代以来珠江三角洲河口区沙田经营的传统生态农业模式与技术进行研究。在沙田经营中,有着基于河口潮汐滩涂生态演替、河口潮汐水文环境特点与河口生物多样性方面一定程度的科学认识与利用。这些地方性知识与技术,对今天珠江三角洲河口滨海湿地的生态修复仍然有很好的指导意义。

浙江滩涂贝类种业科技创新发展及展望

我国拥有1 512 300 hm^(2)沿海滩涂,而滩涂贝类是潮间带滩涂的优势种类,具有生长快、适应性强、环境友好等诸多优点,因此发展滩涂贝类养殖空间广阔、条件优越、潜力巨大。浙江滩涂贝类养殖历史悠久,在养殖技术与模式、人工采苗与育苗、大规格苗种培育、新品种培育等方面具有明显特色和优势,同时在种业科技创新与发展方面面临巨大挑战。本文综述了浙江滩涂贝类养殖产业、苗种生产技术、种质创新与良种创制的历史与现状,围绕经济性状精准测评、育种技术创新、优质抗逆新品种培育、高效扩繁关键技术和装备研发、种业体系建设等方面,提出了未来特别是“十四五”期间滩涂养殖贝类良种创制与种业发展的重点任务。

滩涂围垦区农田土壤中无机磷解磷菌的分离鉴定及解磷特性

植物根际促生菌对植物有效利用土壤养分具有重要贡献,但关于滩涂农田土壤中促生菌解磷功能方面的研究较少。为此,从南通市和宁波市滩涂围垦区农田耕层土壤中分离出5株具有促生作用的细菌,并就其溶磷功能开展研究。经16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,所分离菌株分别为:Microbacterium flavescens(Mib.flavescens)、Pseudomonas chlororaphis(Ps.chlororaphis)、Pseudomonas jessenii(Ps.jessenii)、Massilia varians(M.varians)和Brevundimonas nasdae(Brv.nasdae)。在不同碳源、氮源、碳氮摩尔比(C/N)、pH和温度下测定细菌解磷能力,结果表明:与对照组相比,Mib.flavescens、Brv.nasdae在中性条件下解磷能力优越,解磷量保持在80.27~85.51 mg/L之间;较其他菌株而言,Ps.jessenii在4~37℃环境中的解磷能力显著,解磷量保持在13.59~81.94 mg/L之间。这3株菌株具有良好的微生物肥料开发应用潜力,为日后其菌肥开发奠定了基础。

不同植被类型对淤泥质潮滩有机碳来源和储量的影响——以茅埏岛为例

滨海湿地具有较强的碳汇能力,不同植被类型会对沉积物中有机碳的来源和储量产生重要影响。在茅埏岛无植被、老红树林、幼红树林和互花米草等4种淤泥质潮滩各采集1根沉积物柱状样品(柱样长度均为1 m,按10 cm间隔分样),测定沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)等参数,分析和讨论沉积物有机碳来源、储量及其影响因素。结果显示:1)无植被潮滩、老红树林潮滩、幼红树林潮滩和互花米草潮滩沉积物中TOC平均含量依次为0.71%±0.03%,0.76%±0.16%,0.69%±0.12%,0.83%±0.09%。在0~20 cm层,有植被潮滩TOC含量显著高于无植被潮滩;在20~100 cm层,互花米草潮滩沉积物TOC含量高于其它潮滩类型。2)茅埏岛潮滩中互花米草潮滩沉积物有机碳储量最高,达5.79 kg m^(2),其次是老红树林潮滩(5.61 kg m^(2)),幼红树林潮滩(4.95 kg m^(2))和无植被潮滩(4.84 kg m^(2))有机碳储量较低。互花米草潮滩和红树林的覆盖均在一定程度上增强了潮滩的储碳能力。3)互花米草潮滩沉积物中的有机碳主要以陆源为主,占比57.75%;本地植物贡献在老红树林潮滩沉积物中占比最大,占比32.65%;幼红树林潮滩和无植被潮滩沉积物中有机碳均以海源贡献为主,分别占比61.47%和50.45%。

履带式滩涂贝类采收机设计与试验

针对环渤海地区滩涂贝类养殖产业贝类采收环节缺少机械化采收设备,人工采收贝类劳动强度大、作业效率低、作业环境泥泞等问题,设计了一款履带式滩涂贝类采收机。整机采用液压双联泵进行液压动力的分配,并通过液压系统仿真软件AMESim对整机液压动力系统进行仿真模拟;根据滩涂养殖贝类的生物特性、地质特点和作业需求,设计挖掘传送装置,采用固定式挖掘铲和振动筛进行贝泥沙混合物的挖掘与筛选,通过液压缸的伸缩调整采收机作业深度;基于各个机构和液压元件的分布,设计履带式底盘。通过实地试验,完成样机的性能测试。结果显示:试验地区采收机的最佳工艺参数为作业速度0.15 m/s,振动筛转速380 r/min,振动筛筛面倾角12°,可实现满足农艺要求的滩涂贝类无水化和浅水化机械化采收作业。研究表明,履带式滩涂贝类采收机具有较好的稳定性,且在提高工作效率、降低劳动强度等方面效果显著,具有较好的推广应用前景。

淤泥质滩涂遇险事故救援难点及处置对策

介绍淤泥质滩涂人员遇险事故基本情况,分析救援中淤泥质滩涂的特征、影响救援因素及难点,提出淤泥质滩涂救援处置对策及注意事项。为救援人员开展淤泥质滩涂遇险事故救援提供参考。

上海潮滩沉积物重金属的动力学累积特征

1993年7－8月，在上海长江口南岸和杭州湾北岸淤泥质潮滩不同地貌部位，采集表层沉积物和柱状沉积物样品，采用筛析法、离心法、火焰原子吸收法、210Pb法等分别对沉积物粒度、重金属总量、不同粒级重金属含量以及沉积速率等进行了分析和测定。结果表明，潮滩沉积物重金属的空间分布格局并不受沿岸排污的直接影响，而与沉积动力作用密切相关。在水动力条件较弱的淤涨岸段和高潮滩部位，伴随着细颗粒泥沙的大量堆积，Cu，Zn，Pb，Cr，Cd等重金属元素明显趋于富集。

长江口滩涂围垦后水鸟群落结构的变化——以南汇东滩为例

近年来长江口滩涂湿地高强度的促淤围垦对生物多样性保育造成了严重影响。2006至2010年在南汇东滩进行了水鸟调查,研究围垦后堤内环境的快速演替过程对水鸟的群落结构的影响。通过分析鸻鹬类、雁鸭类和鹭类3类主要水鸟类群,结果表明鸻鹬类的总数量呈严重下降趋势(ANOVA,P=0.009),而雁鸭类和鹭类总数量在上升(ANOVA,P=0.015;P=0.00);在种类数量方面,鸻鹬类和雁鸭类差异不显著(ANOVA,P=0.597;P=0.523),鹭类种类数变化极显著(ANOVA,P=0.00)。同时,通过对水鸟的栖息地选择因子偏好的分析,发现滩涂减少是鸻鹬类数量下降的主要因素,而大型水产养殖塘和芦苇增加是雁鸭类和鹭类数量增加的重要原因。为此提出相应海岸带湿地管理建议。

江苏淤泥质潮滩剖面演变现场观测

为探究江苏中部沿海双凸型剖面演变特性,在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮间带布设了10个水准观测站,2012年9月至2013年11月对该潮滩剖面演变过程开展了现场观测。结果表明:该潮滩剖面呈现出双凸型特征,平均高、低潮位线附近的滩涂形成淤积率较高的地形凸点;潮间上带受潮流影响小,滩面高程相对稳定;平均高、低潮位之间的区域滩面高程季节性变化明显,总体呈现冲刷状态;潮间下带冲刷显著,滩面坡度增大。全剖面自岸向海呈现"稳定—淤积—稳定—淤积—冲刷"的双凸型剖面特征。

深圳河口潮间带泥滩多毛类的数量变化及环境影响

1996年 1月至 1998年 12月在深圳河口潮间带泥滩获得多毛类 2 5种 ,隶属 15科 2 3属 .多毛类优势种为羽须鳃沙蚕 ( Dendronereis pinnaticirrus)、腺带刺沙蚕 ( N eanthes glandicincta)、尖刺缨虫( Potamilla acuminata)、独毛虫 ( Tharyx sp.)、寡鳃齿吻沙蚕 ( N ephtys oligobranchia)和小头虫( Capitella capitata) .A断面多毛类生物量的季节变化为每年 4月 (春季 )最高 ,10月 (秋季 )最低 ,RB断面的多毛类从 1996年 7月起 ,以及 ET断面的多毛类从 1997年 7月至 1998年 4月 ,均处于低密度和低生物量状态 .根据不同时间内多毛类优势种、密度和生物量的比较 ,判断了多毛类栖息环境受扰动状况 .A和 ET断面 1997年 10月至 1998年 10月、RB断面 1996年 7月至 1998年

河口海岸滩涂开发治理与管理研究进展

随着经济社会快速发展,城市化进程加快,对滩涂资源的圈围开发已成为缓解日益增长的土地供需矛盾的重要途径.对有限滩涂资源的不合理开发已严重影响到许多河口海岸的自然演变规律,致使滩涂资源的再生能力下降甚至逆转,进而威胁河口海岸地区的防洪安全和水资源安全,影响沿海地区的经济和社会可持续发展.滩涂资源及其承载能力是有限的,在一定时期、一定的生产力发展水平下,需要以维护生态、环境健康为前提,以保障经济社会可持续发展为条件.简述了河口海岸滩涂开发治理与管理研究进展,包括滩涂开发利用的国内外现状及对环境影响、滩涂资源可持续开发利用评价、管理体系的构建,在此基础上指出了我国未来研究的方向.