Diagenesis and Diagenetic Evolution of Deltaic and Neritic Gas-Bearing Sandstones in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin: Implications for Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy Controls

Gas-bearing deposits in the Lower Mingyuefeng Formation of Paleogene, Lishui Sag, East China Sea Shelf Basin consist of shoreface sandstones of the highstand systems tract（HST） and transgressive systems tract（TST）, and deltaic sandstones of the lowstand systems tract（LST） and falling stage systems tract（FSST）.Detailed petrographic observations suggest that the diagenetic features and related evolution of these deposits cannot be simply characterized and demonstrated in the depth domain.However, the occurrence of diagenetic minerals systematically depends on the studied interval within the HST, TST, LST, and FSST; therefore, diagenesis in this region can be better constrained when studied in the context of the depositional environments and sequence stratigraphic framework.The eogenetic processes in such settings include：（1） microcrystalline siderite precipitated as concretions in almost all environments and systems tracts, which inhibited further mechanical compaction;（2） grain dissolution and kaolinitization occurred in shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST and FSST sandstones;（3） glaucony was locally observed, which did not clearly reflect the controls of facies or sequence stratigraphy; and（4） cementation by pyrite aggregates occurred in the shoreface HST sandstones and deltaic LST sandstones.The mesogenetic diagenesis includes：（1） partial conversion of kaolinite into dickite in deltaic LST sandstones, and minor chlorite cementation in deltaic FSST sandstones;（2） transformation of kaolinite into illite and quartz cementation in deltaic LST and FSST sandstones;（3） frequent precipitation of ankerite and ferroan calcite in shoreface TST sandstones and early HST sandstones, forming baffles and barriers for fluid flow, with common calcite in shoreface HST sandstones as a late diagenetic cement; and（4） formation of dawsonite in the deltaic LST and FSST sandstones, which is interpreted to be a product of the invasion of a CO2-rich fluid, and acts as a good indicator of CO2-bearing reservoirs.This study has thus constructed a reliable conceptual model to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations.The results may provide an entirely new conceptual framework and methodology for successful gas exploration in the continental margins of offshore China, thus allowing us to predict and unravel the distribution and quality evolution of clastic reservoirs at a more detailed and reliable scale.

On the Carboniferous Sequence Stratigraphy in the Tazhong Area, Xinjiang——A Model of the Sequence Stratigraphy Framework of Intracratonic Depressional Basins

The Carboniferous prototype sedimentary basin in the Tazhong (Central Tarimbasin) area is recognized as a compressive intracratonic depressional one. Three type Ⅰ sequenceboundaries and three type Ⅱ sequence boundaries can be identified in the CarboniferousSystem, which can accordingly be divided into five sedimentary sequences. These sequencespossess stratigraphic characters of the standard sequence and correspond to the depositionalstratigraphic unit of a third-order eustatic cycle. They can be regionally or globally correlatedwith each other. The framework of sequence stratigraphy of the intracratonict basin in thestudy area distinctly differs from that of the passive continental-margin basin in the lack ofdepositional systems of early-middle lowstand, poor development of the deeply incised valleyand condensed section of the maximum sea-flood, good development of type Ⅱ sequenceboundaries and coastal plain depositional systems coexisting with shelf-type fan deltas underwet climatic conditions, Which consequently led to the formation of a paralic lithofacies frame-work.

A study of sequence stratigraphy of the Early Cretaceous coal-bearing series in the southeastern Songliao Basin, NE China

The Early Cretaceous is an important coal accumulation period in China.Abundant coal resources were formed in the southeastern margin of Songliao Basin.Sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulation of the Early Cretaceous in the southeastern margin of Songliao Basin have been studied on the basis of extensive outcrop and borehole data.Based on regional unconformity,basal erosional surfaces of incised valley fills,and abrupt depositional facies-reversal surface,six sequence boundaries have been identified,which subdivide the Early Cretaceous coal-bearing series into 5 third-order sequences.Sequence I corresponds to Huoshiling Formation,sequences II and III correspond to member I and member II of Shahezi Formation.Sequences IV and V correspond to member I and member II of Yingcheng Formation.Sequence I developed at the initial subsiding stage,sequence II and III developed during the stable subsiding stage,while sequence IV and V developed during the basin shrinkage stage.The major coal seams were developed in the sequence II and III,which ensured the relative balance between the increase rate of the accommodation space and the rate of peat accumulation for a longer period,thus forming a thick coal seam.

Permian sequence stratigraphy of shallow water basin in Tarim Basin

Based on analysis of drilling, logging and field profile data, six sequence boundaries in Permian are identified in Bachu and Tazhong regions of Tarim Basin. All sequence boundaries are of type I sequence boundaries, and are characterized by down cut. According to the six sequence boundaries, the Permian in this area can be divided into 5 third-order sequences, and all the sequences correspond with classic sequence model of Vail. Sequence Psq4 indicates lake transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (HST). Sequences Psq1, Psq2, Psq3, Psq5 indicate low stand system tract (LST), transgressive system tract and highstand system tract. LST is deposited by incised channel infilling with features of fluvial facies. TST is deposited by shore-shallow lake and semi-deep lake. HST is deposited by semi-deep lake, shore-shallow lake and delta. In addition, volcanic rocks are present on the top part of HST in sequence Psq3. Incised channel infilling and deltaic deposits were mainly distributed on western slope of Tadong uplift.

Coal-Forming Model in the Context of Non-marine Sequence Stratigraphy:A Case Study of Jurassic Coal Measures in Northern Qaidam Basin,Northwestern China

Previous studies of coal sequence stratigraphy have concentrated on coals associated with paralic depositional systems.Little attention has been paid to their counterparts in non-marine intra-mountain coal basins.The northern Qaidam Basin of northwestern China has been extensively developed with abundant oil and gas as well as coal resources in its Jurassic non-marine successions.A total of six sedimentary systems of the Early and Middle Jurassic

Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphic Study in Parts of Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW Nigeria: Implications on the Re-Interpretation of Tertiary Sedimentary Successions

Detailed fieldwork in parts of the Benin (Dahomey) Basin SW, Nigeria has allowed the recognition of sedimentary successions deposited in different continental depositional environments interpreted as fluvial sedimentation characterised by abandoned channels and subaerial exposure features. The lithofacies recognised are: conglomerates, debris flow deposits, very coarse grained sandstone, ferruginous cross bedded sandstone, siltstone, shale/clay and massive sand. The lithofacies were interpreted in terms of sequence stratigraphic elements with the recognition of sequence boundaries characterised by distinct facies dislocations and subaerial exposures. Four depositional sequences (DS I to DS IV) were identified. Depositional sequences (DS I) exhibited a complete regressive–transgressive cycle comprising LST, TST and HST, while DS II to DS IV were incomplete comprising of sediments interpreted as LST deposits. On the basis of the depositional facies and sequence stratigraphic elements, the sediments in the area of study are interpreted as predominantly of Ilaro Formation while fewer exposures are sediments of the Coastal Plain Sands/ Benin Formation. This observation suggests a re-interpretation of the Tertiary sedimentary successions, which hitherto recognised all the sediments in the area of study as Coastal Plain Sands.

Lithologic Hydrocarbon Deposits in Rift Lake Basins in Eastern China

The rift lake basins in the eastern China have abundant hydrocarbon resources of lithologic deposits, which resulted from excellent source rocks and multi-type sandbodies developed during strong rifting. Vertically, the lithologic deposits are mainly distributed in the lowstand, lacustrine invasion and early highstand systems of third-order sequence corresponding to a secondary tectonic episode of strong rifting, and laterally they are closely related to various fans and turbidite sandbodies controlled by syn-sedimentary faults. A variety of lithologic traps have been developed in the rift lake basins, and they generally have favorable conditions of source-reservoir-seal assemblage and hydrocarbon accumulation dynamics, indicating that there is a great exploration potential of lithologic deposits in the rift lake basins. In order to obtain satisfactory effects of lithologic deposit exploration, it is required to combine new theories with advanced technical methods.

Depositional Responding to Tectonic Evolution of East China Sea Shelf Basin

? The East China Sea Shelf basin is a large marginal rift basin occurred in backarc area of west Pacific. Three main regional unconformities and eleven sequence boundary isochronous surfaces (hiatuses) were developed within the basin filling, which are separared the fill succession into three tectonic sequences and fourteen sequences. The depositional response of every tectonic sequence indicates the different phases in the evolution of basin and a specific filling process or filling pattern.

The Formation Conditions and Distribution Regularities of Lithologic Reservoirs in the Songliao Basin

The geological background of the fluvial and lacustrine depository system in the large mid-shallow layered depressed lake in the Songliao Basin has been proven to have the geological conditions for the formation of lithologic reservoirs over a large area. Because the rise and fall of the base level caused considerable differences in the space at different periods, the types of sand bodies varied in different geologic periods; but at the same time, because of the differences in burial depths and the relative differences in positions of the siltstones and source rocks, the formation conditions and distributive regularities for oil-bearing groups of subtle reservoirs also vary accordingly. In view of the reality of the thinly-interbedded lithologic reservoir in the deltaic frontal facies belt, we have conducted a series of research to study the thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs with the help of high resolution sequence stratigraphy, pattern recognition and the geophysical recognition and prediction techniques for thinly-interbedded subtle reservoirs, thus achieving a better effect and optimizing several exploration target areas, each of which has an oil reserve of about 100 million tons. This has shed light on further exploration of new subtle reservoirs.

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷白垩纪断陷期沉积模式

基于岩石学、测井相、地震相和砂岩时空分布研究,对苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷白垩纪断陷沉积体系分布进行预测,建立两期断陷沉积模式。Fula凹陷白垩纪发育两期断陷8个三级层序,识别出辫状河三角洲、曲流河三角洲、扇三角洲、湖泊和浊积扇等5种沉积相。Fula凹陷西部陡坡带主要发育扇三角洲—曲流河三角洲相,东部断阶带发育辫状河三角洲—曲流河三角洲相,凹陷中央发育湖泊和浊积扇相。比较两期断陷沉积模式认为:早白垩世Abu Gabra组沉积期断陷活动强烈,沉积体系分布受同沉积断层影响较大,沉积物搬运堆积存在优势通道和有利地区,晚白垩世Darfur群沉积期断陷作用减弱,沉积体系分布受同沉积断层影响较小,沉积物广泛分布。

苏丹Muglad盆地东北部AG组层序地层研究与勘探目标评价

苏丹Muglad盆地东北部AG组可以划分为下部层序、中部层序和上部层序。下部层序形成于盆地裂陷早期 ,以粗碎屑快速堆积为主。中部层序形成于盆地扩张期 ,是Muglad盆地生油层和储集层发育的重要层段。上部层序形成于盆地萎缩期 ,以河流相沉积为主。综合评价认为中部层序具有良好的生储盖组合 ,是Muglad盆地AG组的重要勘探层系。中部层序的东部缓坡带是最有利的勘探区带 ,Ⅰ号目标是较成熟的勘探目标。

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula坳陷白垩系Abu Gabra组层序地层及沉积体系

Fula坳陷白垩系Abu Gabra组是Muglad盆地第一裂谷旋回中形成的同裂谷期地层,它可以分为3个二级层序,自下而上是K1SSⅠ、K1SSⅡ和K1SSⅢ,它们分别与断陷期早期地层、断陷期中期地层和断陷期晚期地层相对应。其中二级层序K1SSⅠ和K1SSⅢ各分为2个三级层序,K1SSⅡ则可进一步划分为3个三级层序。综合应用地震和钻/测井资料,以三级层序为单元,完成了AbuGabra组沉积相分布与沉积体系预测工作。研究认为,阿加组的主要沉积类型包括:河流相、三角洲相、扇三角洲相、辫状河三角洲相、近岸水下扇相、滨浅湖亚相、半深湖—深湖亚相。各沉积相带在Fula坳陷内的演化形成了5个主要沉积体系,分别是东北部的扇三角洲体系,西北部的三角洲体系、西部近岸水下扇体系、东南部辫状河三角洲体系以及早期的河流沉积体系。沉积体系的分布与演化受构造活动强度变化的控制,也受古地形和古地貌的影响。

苏丹Muglad盆地Nugara凹陷AG组层序地层及地震相研究

基于地震、钻井及录井资料分析,将苏丹Muglad盆地Nugara凹陷AG组整体作为一个二级层序,内部划分出五个三级层序,自下而上依次命名为SQA^SQE,各层序边界在地震和钻测井资料上特征明显,且对应良好。在建立的层序地层格架内,通过识别不同地震反射单元的外部形态、内部结构、振幅、连续性和频率,在AG组内部五个三级层序内识别出席状平行—亚平行相、楔状相、前积相、丘状相、杂乱相等地震相类型,地震相类型在各个层序中的发育分布具有继承性及连续性,以此建立地震相演化模型。根据地震相展布特征,结合岩心相和测井相分析与标定,认为AG组主要发育三角洲、辫状河三角洲、扇三角洲、冲积扇及湖泊五种沉积相类型,同时讨论了地震-沉积相演化规律及受控因素。

苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake地区白垩系层序地层及沉积演化特征

为揭示苏丹Muglad盆地Fula凹陷Jake地区层序地层特征及沉积体系分布规律,应用层序地层学及沉积学理论和方法,综合利用岩心、测井和三维地震资料,建立了Jake地区层序地层格架,将早白垩世进一步分为7个三级层序,确定了研究区沉积相类型及分布特征。研究结果表明,Jake地区白垩系由于构造活动较为活跃,水深的变化造成快速的沉积相变,其中Abu Gabra组沉积类型由深水沉积变化为浅水沉积,由下至上依次发育扇三角洲-水下扇-辫状河三角洲沉积,Bentiu组沉积时构造较为稳定,垂向上从辫状河-曲流河演化为三角洲。

箕状断陷湖盆裂陷期层序地层及沉积演化——以松辽盆地西南缘奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段为例

基于T-R(湖进—湖退)的层序划分方法,综合运用元素录井、三维地震、钻测井、岩心等资料,研究松辽盆地西南缘奈曼凹陷白垩系九佛堂组下段层序地层特征、沉积相和岩石学特征,建立层序地层格架及沉积演化模式。结果表明:奈曼凹陷九佛堂组下段为1个T-R三级旋回,可划分为湖进、湖退两个体系域。构造上为西陡东缓的单断箕状凹陷,沉积体系受控盆断裂影响,具有明显的东西分带特征,西部陡坡带兼具牵引流及重力流特征,发育扇三角洲沉积;东部斜坡带以牵引流特征为主,发育辫状河三角洲沉积。层序演化过程中,构造沉降、沉积物供给、古地貌和可容空间等因素不断变化,造成层序格架内沉积相类型及发育规模的差异。湖进体系域(T旋回)沉积时期,物源供给充足,西斜坡控盆断裂运动不断产生新的可容空间,扇三角洲发育规模大,东斜坡可容空间受构造影响小,辫状河三角洲发育规模较小;湖退体系域(R旋回)沉积时期,西陡坡物源供给减弱,扇三角洲发育规模变小,东斜坡沉积物快速充填可容空间减小,辫状河三角洲砂体向湖盆进积,发育规模大。该结果为岩性油气藏勘探及裂陷期优势储层预测提供指导。

川中地区灯影组四段微生物岩沉积模式及主控因素

为建立川中地区灯影组四段微生物岩的沉积模式,明确微生物岩沉积的主控因素,利用钻井、岩心、薄片等资料,从中观和微观尺度开展了精细的沉积微相分析。在研究区识别出8种岩相,其中微生物岩包括凝块石和叠层石,并将叠层石划分为波状凝集叠层石、波状骨架叠层石和层状细粒叠层石。这些岩相在垂向上有序组合,发育了潮下—局限潟湖沉积、潮下带凝块石、浅潮下—潮间带叠层石—颗粒滩复合体、潮间带叠层石等4种岩相组合。连井层序地层格架内微相对比显示,微生物丘和颗粒滩主要发育在层序的上部,且在灯四段由下至上发育规模变大。平面上,丘滩体在台地边缘发育规模大,向局限台地内规模减小且分布连续性变差。综合以上认识,提出了灯影组四段微生物岩的沉积模式。凝块石主要发育在浪基面之下的潮下带,水动力弱,局部微生物捕获黏结颗粒形成凝块。波状凝集叠层石主要发育在潮间带下部,各种菌类等微生物繁盛,受强烈的波浪和潮汐作用的影响,微生物捕获黏结大量鲕粒、似球粒等颗粒。波状骨架叠层石主要发育在能量中等的潮间带上部,主要受潮汐作用的影响,微生物通过诱导沉淀和原地钙化作用形成泡沫绵层,并捕获黏结少量球粒。层状细粒叠层石主要发育在潮间带上部,微生物沉积作用以诱导沉淀为主。

塔里木盆地柯巴麦地区寒武纪层序模式及意义

以层序地层学理论为指导,据全球海平面变化,结合钻井、野外露头及地震资料,将柯坪-巴楚-麦盖提斜坡地区寒武系碳酸盐岩划分为3个二级层序,24个三级层序。总结每个层序界面及层序内部特征,建立柯巴麦寒武系层序地层格架,揭示层序内体系域构成特征。提出柯巴麦地区寒武系碳酸盐岩发育3种层序模式—低位、海侵与高位模式,分析其控制因素。将寒武系沉积模式归纳为2种:碎屑岩沉积模式和碳酸盐台地-蒸发台地沉积模式,为塔西南地区进一步油气勘探提供新思路。

二连盆地赛汉塔拉凹陷宝拉格地区赛汉组层序地层与砂岩型铀成矿关系

赛汉塔拉凹陷是二连盆地主要的油-煤-铀富集凹陷之一,近年来在凹陷北东部宝拉格地区落实了一处砂岩型铀矿产地。文章应用层序地层学基本理论,以典型钻孔为例对宝拉格地区含矿建造赛汉组进行了沉积旋回划分和剖面对比,并结合地震资料,在下白垩统赛汉组中识别出3个层序界面,以此将赛汉组划分为1个长期旋回、4个中期旋回,建立了研究区下白垩统赛汉组层序地层格架。通过层序内部沉积体系、砂体、氧化带及铀矿化特征研究,提出赛汉组下段扇三角洲砂体、赛汉组上段辫状河三角洲砂体在垂向上相互叠置,在平面上具有一定的连通性,砂岩渗透性好,富含有机质,有利于垂向的潜水氧化、侧向的潜水-层间氧化和层间氧化作用发育。潜水-层间氧化带发育在赛汉组上段下降体系域(FST)中,矿体主要赋存于辫状河三角洲平原-前缘(水下)分流河道砂体中,层间氧化带发育在赛汉组下段湖侵-高位体系域(TST-HST)中,矿体主要赋存于扇三角洲平原-前缘(水下)分流河道砂体中,具有较大的勘探潜力。

陆相断陷盆地层序类型与构造特征

本文通过对中国东部古近纪—新近纪陆相断陷盆地层序地层的研究表明:陆相断陷盆地存在着同生断裂坡折带、同沉积构造挠曲坡折带两种基本坡折类型和无坡折的平缓地貌,由此决定了陆相断陷盆地有三种基本的层序类型,这就是同沉积断裂坡折型层序——A 型层序;同沉积构造挠曲坡折型层序——B 型层序;无坡折的平缓型层序——C 型层序。这三种层序在纵向上有规律的叠置组合就构成了盆地层序充填序列。断陷盆地层序的充填序列一般为C→A→B→C型,但也可发育成其他类型如A→B→C 型或 B→C型。同沉积断裂坡折型层序和同沉积构造挠曲坡折型层序的低位域砂体和高位域扇三角洲成藏条件优越、地震剖面易于识别是隐蔽油气藏勘探的主要目标。