The spiral-wound heat exchanger(SWHE) is the primary low-temperature heat exchanger for large-scale LNG plants due to its high-pressure resistance, compact structure, and high heat exchange efficiency. This paper stud...The spiral-wound heat exchanger(SWHE) is the primary low-temperature heat exchanger for large-scale LNG plants due to its high-pressure resistance, compact structure, and high heat exchange efficiency. This paper studied the shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase mixed refrigerants in an SWHE by combining a multi-component model in FLUENT software with a customized multicomponent mass transfer model. Besides, the mathematical model under the sloshing condition was obtained through mathematical derivation, and the corresponding UDF code was loaded into FLUENT as the momentum source term. The results under the sloshing conditions were compared with the relevant parameters under the steady-state condition. The shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of the SWHE were investigated by adjusting the component ratio and other working conditions. It was found that the sloshing conditions enhance the heat transfer performance and sometimes have insignificant effects. The sloshing condition is beneficial to reduce the flow resistance. The comprehensive performance of multi-component refrigerants has been improved and the improvement is more significant under sloshing conditions, considering both the heat transfer and pressure drop.These results will provide theoretical support for the research and design of multi-component heat and mass transfer enhancement of LNG SWHE under ocean sloshing conditions.展开更多
Elastic waves are affected by viscoelasticity during the propagation through the Earth,resulting in energy attenuation and phase distortion,in turn resulting in low seismic imaging accuracy.Therefore,viscoelasticity s...Elastic waves are affected by viscoelasticity during the propagation through the Earth,resulting in energy attenuation and phase distortion,in turn resulting in low seismic imaging accuracy.Therefore,viscoelasticity should be considered in seismic migration imaging.We propose a Q compensated multicomponent elastic Gaussian beam migration(Q-EGBM)method to(1)separate the elastic-wave data into longitudinal(P)and transverse(S)waves to perform PP-wave and PS-wave imaging;(2)recover the amplitude loss caused by attenuation;(3)correct phase distortions caused by dispersion;(4)improve the resolution of migration imaging.In this paper,to accomplish(2),(3),and(4),we derive complex-valued traveltimes in viscoelastic media.The results of numerical experiments using a simple five-layer model and a sophisticated BP gas model show that the method presented here has significant advantages in recovering energy decay and correcting phase distortion,as well as significantly improving imaging resolution.展开更多
During extended warranty(EW)period,maintenance events play a key role in controlling the product systems within normal operations.However,the modelling of failure process and maintenance optimization is complicated ow...During extended warranty(EW)period,maintenance events play a key role in controlling the product systems within normal operations.However,the modelling of failure process and maintenance optimization is complicated owing to the complex features of the product system,namely,components of the multi-component system are interdependent with each other in some form.For the purpose of optimizing the EW pricing decision of the multi-component system scientifically and rationally,taking the series multi-component system with economic dependence sold with EW policy as a research object,this paper optimizes the imperfect preventive maintenance(PM)strategy from the standpoint of EW cost.Taking into consideration adjusting the PM moments of the components in the system,a group maintenance model is developed,in which the system is repaired preventively in accordance with a specified PM base interval.In order to compare with the system EW cost before group maintenance,the system EW cost model before group maintenance is developed.Numerical example demonstrates that offering group maintenance programs can reduce EW cost of the system to a great extent,thereby reducing the EW price,which proves to be a win-win strategy to manufacturers and users.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine decoction is a complex polydispersed phase system containing real solution,colloid solution,emulsion and suspension.The compound decoction of traditional Chinese medicine has complex compo...Traditional Chinese medicine decoction is a complex polydispersed phase system containing real solution,colloid solution,emulsion and suspension.The compound decoction of traditional Chinese medicine has complex components,including saponins,alkaloids,polysaccharides,flavonoids,amino acids and so on,which can be self-assembled to form gels,fibers,micelles,vesicles and so on.The self-assembled nano-phase not only neutralizes the single drug and reduces the toxicity and side effects,but also has its own pharmacological effects,which complement each other to achieve synergistic effect,so as to achieve the role of drug supplement,which is of research significance.The formation principle,solubilization and synergism principle and characterization method of multi-component self-assembly of traditional Chinese medicine compound decoction are discussed in this paper.展开更多
An essential technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) for tight oil reservoirs is CO_(2) huff-puff followed by associated produced gas reinjection. In this paper, the effe...An essential technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) for tight oil reservoirs is CO_(2) huff-puff followed by associated produced gas reinjection. In this paper, the effects of multi-component gas on the properties and components of tight oil are studied. First, the core displacement experiments using the CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas are conducted to determine the oil displacement efficiency under different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. Then, a viscometer and a liquid density balance are used to investigate the change characteristics of oil viscosity and density after multi-component gas displacement with different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. In addition, a laboratory scale numerical model is established to validate the experimental results. Finally, a composition model of multi-stage fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir considering nano-confinement effects is established to investigate the effects of multi-component gas on the components of produced dead oil and formation crude oil. The experimental results show that the oil displacement efficiency of multi-component gas displacement is greater than that of single-component gas displacement. The CH_(4) decreases the viscosity and density of light oil, while CO_(2) decreases the viscosity but increases the density. And the numerical simulation results show that CO_(2) extracts more heavy components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase, while CH_(4) extracts more light components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase during cyclic gas injection. The multi-component gas can extract both the light components and the heavy components from oil, and the balanced production of each component can be achieved by using multi-component gas huff-puff.展开更多
A general scheme for generating a multi-component integrable equation hierarchy is proposed. A simple 3M- dimensional loop algebra ~X is produced. By taking advantage of ~X a new isospectral problem is established and...A general scheme for generating a multi-component integrable equation hierarchy is proposed. A simple 3M- dimensional loop algebra ~X is produced. By taking advantage of ~X a new isospectral problem is established and then by making use of the Tu scheme the multi-component Dirac equation hierarchy is obtained. Finally, an expanding loop algebra ~FM of the loop algebra ~X is presented. Based on the ~FM, the multi-component integrable coupling system of the multi-component Dirac equation hierarchy is investigated. The method in this paper can be applied to other nonlinear evolution equation hierarchies.展开更多
Although opportunistic maintenance strategies are widely used for multi-component systems, all opportunistic mainte- nance strategies only consider economic dependence and do not take structural dependence into accoun...Although opportunistic maintenance strategies are widely used for multi-component systems, all opportunistic mainte- nance strategies only consider economic dependence and do not take structural dependence into account. An opportunistic main- tenance strategy is presented for a multi-component system that considers both structural dependence and economic dependence. The cost relation and time relation among components based on structural dependence are developed. The maintenance strategy for each component of a multi-component system involves one of five maintenance actions, namely, no-maintenance, a minimal maintenance action, an imperfect maintenance action, a perfect maintenance action, and a replacement action. The maintenance action is determined by the virtual age of the component, the life expectancy of the component, and the age threshold values. Monte Carlo simulation is designed to obtain the optimal oppor- tunistic maintenance strategy of the system over its lifetime. The simulation result reveals that the minimum maintenance cost with a strategy that considers structural dependence is less than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence. The availability with a strategy that considers structural dependence is greater than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence under the same conditions.展开更多
Complex repairable system is composed of thousands of components.Some maintenance management and decision problems in maintenance management and decision need to classify a set of components into several classes based...Complex repairable system is composed of thousands of components.Some maintenance management and decision problems in maintenance management and decision need to classify a set of components into several classes based on data mining.Furthermore,with the complexity of industrial equipment increasing,the managers should pay more attention to the key components and carry out the lean management is very important.Therefore,the idea"customer segmentation"of"precise marketing"can be used in the maintenance management of the multi-component system.Following the idea of segmentation,the components of multicomponent systems should be subdivied into groups based on specific attributes relevant to maintenance,such as maintenance cost,mean time between failures,and failure frequency.For the target specific groups of parts,the optimal maintenance policy,health assessment and maintenance scheduling can be determined.The proposed analysis framework will be given out.In order to illustrate the effectiveness of this method,a numerical example is given out.展开更多
A three component one-pot protocol was investigated for the synthesis of methylene bis isoxazolo[4,5-b]-pyridine-N-oxides from commercially available materials.
The segregation modes and characteristics of 1-6 mm multi-component lignite were studied in a microporous, vibrated, gas-fluidized bed of Φ110 mm ×400 mm. The effects of particle density and size, vibration freq...The segregation modes and characteristics of 1-6 mm multi-component lignite were studied in a microporous, vibrated, gas-fluidized bed of Φ110 mm ×400 mm. The effects of particle density and size, vibration frequency and amplitude, and gas velocity on these characteristics were considered. The average size, average density, size deviation coefficient, and density deviation coefficient were used to identify lignite size and density. The separation efficiency was adopted to evaluate the segregation performance,and the segregation mechanisms were explored. The results show that ε(size,max) of heterogeneous multisize-component lignite with K_(size) = 65% reaches 80% at f= 20 Hz, A = 5 mm, and N =(1,3). ε_(density,max) Of heterogeneous multi-density-component lignite with K_(density)= 25% reaches 50% at f = 15 Hz, A = 5 mm,and N =(1,1.5). The density segregations of 1-3 and 3-6 mm multi-component mixtures are remarkable,ε_(density,max)= 42% and 31% at f= 14 and 16 Hz, and A = 3 and 5 mm, respectively. The size segregation of 1-6 mm multi-component mixture is prominent and ε_(size,max)= 55% at f= 15 Hz, A = 5 mm. The mediumsized mixture with a narrow size distribution at low frequency is favorable for density segregation,and a mixture with a wider size distribution at high frequency is most favorable for size segregation.Precise control of gas flow and vibration as well as optimal design of the fluidized bed can improve the performance of segregation in the vibrated gas-fluidized bed.展开更多
A modified multi-component solute diffusion equation described with diffusion flux was derived in detail based on the classical MaxwellStefan diffusion theory. The friction between the solute species and the soil skel...A modified multi-component solute diffusion equation described with diffusion flux was derived in detail based on the classical MaxwellStefan diffusion theory. The friction between the solute species and the soil skeleton wall, which is proportional to the relative velocity between the solute species and the soil skeleton, is introduced. The chemical potential gradient is considered the driving force. A one-dimensional model for transport of multi-component solute in saturated soil was developed based on the modified diffusion equation and the modified competitive Langmuir adsorption equation. Numerical calculation of a case of two heavy metal ion species, which was chosen as an example, was carried out using the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics. A comparative analysis was performed between the multi-component solute transport model developed in this study and the convection-diffusion transport model of single-component solute based on Fick's law. Simulation results show that the transport behavior of each species in a multi-component solute system is different from that in a single-component system, and the friction characteristics considered in the developed model contribute to obstructing the movement of each solute component. At the same time,the influence of modified competitive Langmuir adsorption on solute transport was investigated. These research results can provide strong theoretical support for the design of antifouling barriers in landfills and the maintenance of operation stability.展开更多
Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground mot...Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.展开更多
The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component (such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, ...The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component (such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, etc) thermo-chemical treatment(LTGMTT) can overcome the brittleness of nitriding process, and upgrade the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance and fatigue properties of the work-pieces significantly. However, there are few reports on the anti-fretting properties of the LTGMTT modified layer up to now, which limits the applications of fretting. So this paper discusses the fretting wear behavior of modified layer on the surface of LZ50 (0.48%C) steel prepared by low temperature gas multi-component thermo-chemical treatment (LTGMTT) technology. The fretting wear tests of the modified layer flat specimens and its substrate (LZ50 steel) against 52100 steel balls with diameter of 40 mm are carried out under normal load of 150 N and displacement amplitudes varied from 2 μm to 40 μm. Characterization of the modified layer and dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations were performed through the means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and surface profilometer. The experimental results showed that the modified layer with a total thickness of 60 μm was consisted of three parts, i.e., loose layer, compound layer and diffusion layer. Compared with the substrate, the range of the mixed fretting regime(MFR) of the LTGMTT modified layer diminished, and the slip regime(SR) of the modified layer shifted to the direction of smaller displacement amplitude. The coefficient of friction(COF) of the modified layer was lower than that of the substrate in the initial stage. For the modified layer, the damage in partial slip regime(PSR) was very slight. The fretting wear mechanism of the modified layer both in MFR and SR was abrasive wear and delamination. The modified layer presented better wear resistance than the substrate in PSR and MFR; however, in SR, the wear resistance of the modified layer decreased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes. The experimental results can provide some experimental bases for promoting industrial application of LTGMTT modified layer in anti-fretting wear.展开更多
A mixture theory is developed for multi-component micropolar porous media with a combination of the hybrid mixture theory and the micropolar continuum theory. The system is modeled as multi-component micropolar elasti...A mixture theory is developed for multi-component micropolar porous media with a combination of the hybrid mixture theory and the micropolar continuum theory. The system is modeled as multi-component micropolar elastic solids saturated with multi- component micropolar viscous fluids. Balance equations are given through the mixture theory. Constitutive equations are developed based on the second law of thermodynamics and constitutive assumptions. Taking account of compressibility of solid phases, the volume fraction of fluid as an independent state variable is introduced in the free energy function, and the dynamic compatibility condition is obtained to restrict the change of pressure difference on the solid-fluid interface. The constructed constitutive equations are used to close the field equations. The linear field equations are obtained using a linearization procedure, and the micropolar thermo-hydro-mechanical component transport model is established. This model can be applied to practical problems, such as contaminant, drug, and pesticide transport. When the proposed model is supposed to be porous media, and both fluid and solid are single-component, it will almost agree with Eringen's model.展开更多
Oxonium ylide intermediates generated from α-diazocarbonyl compounds and water were trapped by Zn(Ⅱ)-activated α- dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction gave α,β-dihydroxyl acid derivatives in moderate yield.
A theoretical investigation on the propagation of positron-acoustic shock waves (PASWs) in an unmagnetized, collisionless, dense plasma (containing non-relativistic inertial cold positrons, non-relativistic or ultr...A theoretical investigation on the propagation of positron-acoustic shock waves (PASWs) in an unmagnetized, collisionless, dense plasma (containing non-relativistic inertial cold positrons, non-relativistic or ultra-relativistic degenerate electron and hot positron fluids and nondegenerate positively charged immobile ions) is carried out by employing the reductive perturbation method. The Burgers equation and its stationary shock wave solution are derived and numerically analyzed. It is observed that the relativistic effect (i.e., the presence of non/ultra- relativistic electrons and positrons) and the plasma particle number densities play vital roles in the propagation of PASWs. The implications of our results in space and interstellar compact objects including non-rotating white dwarfs, neutron stars, etc. are briefly discussed.展开更多
The tight-fractured gas reservoir of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression has low porosity and permeability. This study presents a DNN-based method for identifying gas-bearing strata ...The tight-fractured gas reservoir of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression has low porosity and permeability. This study presents a DNN-based method for identifying gas-bearing strata in tight sandstone. First, multi-component composite seismic attributes are obtained.The strong nonlinear relationships between multi-component composite attributes and gas-bearing reservoirs can be constrained through a DNN. Therefore, we identify and predict the gas-bearing strata using a DNN. Then, sample data are fed into the DNN for training and testing. After optimized network parameters are determined by the performance curves and empirical formulas, the best deep learning gas-bearing prediction model is determined. The composite seismic attributes can then be fed into the model to extrapolate the hydrocarbon-bearing characteristics from known drilling areas to the entire region for predicting the gas reservoir distribution. Finally, we assess the proposed method in terms of the structure and fracture characteristics and predict favorable exploration areas for identifying gas reservoirs.展开更多
Fig.1 3D X-ray tomography reconstruction and element distribution in Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2.3D spatial distributions of (a) Al,(b) Co and (c) Ti probed by fluorescence-yield scanning transmission X-ray microscop...Fig.1 3D X-ray tomography reconstruction and element distribution in Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2.3D spatial distributions of (a) Al,(b) Co and (c) Ti probed by fluorescence-yield scanning transmission X-ray microscopy;elemental distributions of (d) Al,(e) Co and (f) Ti over the virtual x-z slice through the center of the particle;(g) identified and visualized subdomain formation Fig.2 (a) Comparison of cycling stabilities of Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 and pristine LiCoO2 half cells,charge-discharge profiles of (b) pristine LiCoO2 and (c) Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 half cells,(d) cycle stabilities of Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 and pristine LiCoO2 full batteries (graphite was used anode) and (e) discharge voltage of the full batteries and energy density of the both materials as a function of cycle number Layered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) with a theoretical capacity of 274 mAh·g^-1 has become a dominant cathode material for lithium-ion batteries of “3C” market (cellular phones,portable computers,camcorders)[1-2].Nevertheless,the actually attained capacity is merely about 140 mAh·g^-1 with a charge cut-off vol- tage of about 4.2 V (vs Li +/Li)[3].展开更多
The Cahn, Lücke and Stüwe theory remains the backbone of more complex analysis dealing with solute drag, however, the mathematical treatment is rather involved. A new approach based on solute pinning the bou...The Cahn, Lücke and Stüwe theory remains the backbone of more complex analysis dealing with solute drag, however, the mathematical treatment is rather involved. A new approach based on solute pinning the boundary has therefore recently been suggested, which has the main advantage of a simpler mathematical treatment. In the present paper this approach has been generalized to take into account the influence of different types of solute atoms in the high solute content/low driving force regime.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51806236,No.51806239)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2015XKMS059)+1 种基金Shaanxi Postdoctoral Fund Project(No.2018BSHEDZZ56)Foundation of Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering(Xi'an Jiaotong University),Ministry of Education(No.KLTFSE2017KF01)。
文摘The spiral-wound heat exchanger(SWHE) is the primary low-temperature heat exchanger for large-scale LNG plants due to its high-pressure resistance, compact structure, and high heat exchange efficiency. This paper studied the shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of vapor-liquid two-phase mixed refrigerants in an SWHE by combining a multi-component model in FLUENT software with a customized multicomponent mass transfer model. Besides, the mathematical model under the sloshing condition was obtained through mathematical derivation, and the corresponding UDF code was loaded into FLUENT as the momentum source term. The results under the sloshing conditions were compared with the relevant parameters under the steady-state condition. The shell-side heat and mass transfer characteristics of the SWHE were investigated by adjusting the component ratio and other working conditions. It was found that the sloshing conditions enhance the heat transfer performance and sometimes have insignificant effects. The sloshing condition is beneficial to reduce the flow resistance. The comprehensive performance of multi-component refrigerants has been improved and the improvement is more significant under sloshing conditions, considering both the heat transfer and pressure drop.These results will provide theoretical support for the research and design of multi-component heat and mass transfer enhancement of LNG SWHE under ocean sloshing conditions.
文摘Elastic waves are affected by viscoelasticity during the propagation through the Earth,resulting in energy attenuation and phase distortion,in turn resulting in low seismic imaging accuracy.Therefore,viscoelasticity should be considered in seismic migration imaging.We propose a Q compensated multicomponent elastic Gaussian beam migration(Q-EGBM)method to(1)separate the elastic-wave data into longitudinal(P)and transverse(S)waves to perform PP-wave and PS-wave imaging;(2)recover the amplitude loss caused by attenuation;(3)correct phase distortions caused by dispersion;(4)improve the resolution of migration imaging.In this paper,to accomplish(2),(3),and(4),we derive complex-valued traveltimes in viscoelastic media.The results of numerical experiments using a simple five-layer model and a sophisticated BP gas model show that the method presented here has significant advantages in recovering energy decay and correcting phase distortion,as well as significantly improving imaging resolution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71871219).
文摘During extended warranty(EW)period,maintenance events play a key role in controlling the product systems within normal operations.However,the modelling of failure process and maintenance optimization is complicated owing to the complex features of the product system,namely,components of the multi-component system are interdependent with each other in some form.For the purpose of optimizing the EW pricing decision of the multi-component system scientifically and rationally,taking the series multi-component system with economic dependence sold with EW policy as a research object,this paper optimizes the imperfect preventive maintenance(PM)strategy from the standpoint of EW cost.Taking into consideration adjusting the PM moments of the components in the system,a group maintenance model is developed,in which the system is repaired preventively in accordance with a specified PM base interval.In order to compare with the system EW cost before group maintenance,the system EW cost model before group maintenance is developed.Numerical example demonstrates that offering group maintenance programs can reduce EW cost of the system to a great extent,thereby reducing the EW price,which proves to be a win-win strategy to manufacturers and users.
基金This work was supported by General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.816736112017):General Project of Heilongjiang Provincial Science Foundation(No.H2016076)Harbin Special Fund for Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Research(No.2017RAQXJ090)。
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine decoction is a complex polydispersed phase system containing real solution,colloid solution,emulsion and suspension.The compound decoction of traditional Chinese medicine has complex components,including saponins,alkaloids,polysaccharides,flavonoids,amino acids and so on,which can be self-assembled to form gels,fibers,micelles,vesicles and so on.The self-assembled nano-phase not only neutralizes the single drug and reduces the toxicity and side effects,but also has its own pharmacological effects,which complement each other to achieve synergistic effect,so as to achieve the role of drug supplement,which is of research significance.The formation principle,solubilization and synergism principle and characterization method of multi-component self-assembly of traditional Chinese medicine compound decoction are discussed in this paper.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174038 and No.52004307)China Petroleum Science and Technology Project-major project-Research on tight oil-shale oil reservoir engineering methods and key technologies in Ordos Basin(ZLZX2020-02-04)Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum,Beijing(No.2462018YJRC015).
文摘An essential technology of carbon capture, utilization and storage-enhanced oil recovery (CCUS-EOR) for tight oil reservoirs is CO_(2) huff-puff followed by associated produced gas reinjection. In this paper, the effects of multi-component gas on the properties and components of tight oil are studied. First, the core displacement experiments using the CH_(4)/CO_(2) multi-component gas are conducted to determine the oil displacement efficiency under different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. Then, a viscometer and a liquid density balance are used to investigate the change characteristics of oil viscosity and density after multi-component gas displacement with different CO_(2) and CH_(4) ratios. In addition, a laboratory scale numerical model is established to validate the experimental results. Finally, a composition model of multi-stage fractured horizontal well in tight oil reservoir considering nano-confinement effects is established to investigate the effects of multi-component gas on the components of produced dead oil and formation crude oil. The experimental results show that the oil displacement efficiency of multi-component gas displacement is greater than that of single-component gas displacement. The CH_(4) decreases the viscosity and density of light oil, while CO_(2) decreases the viscosity but increases the density. And the numerical simulation results show that CO_(2) extracts more heavy components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase, while CH_(4) extracts more light components from the liquid phase into the vapor phase during cyclic gas injection. The multi-component gas can extract both the light components and the heavy components from oil, and the balanced production of each component can be achieved by using multi-component gas huff-puff.
文摘A general scheme for generating a multi-component integrable equation hierarchy is proposed. A simple 3M- dimensional loop algebra ~X is produced. By taking advantage of ~X a new isospectral problem is established and then by making use of the Tu scheme the multi-component Dirac equation hierarchy is obtained. Finally, an expanding loop algebra ~FM of the loop algebra ~X is presented. Based on the ~FM, the multi-component integrable coupling system of the multi-component Dirac equation hierarchy is investigated. The method in this paper can be applied to other nonlinear evolution equation hierarchies.
基金supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China(20080431380)
文摘Although opportunistic maintenance strategies are widely used for multi-component systems, all opportunistic mainte- nance strategies only consider economic dependence and do not take structural dependence into account. An opportunistic main- tenance strategy is presented for a multi-component system that considers both structural dependence and economic dependence. The cost relation and time relation among components based on structural dependence are developed. The maintenance strategy for each component of a multi-component system involves one of five maintenance actions, namely, no-maintenance, a minimal maintenance action, an imperfect maintenance action, a perfect maintenance action, and a replacement action. The maintenance action is determined by the virtual age of the component, the life expectancy of the component, and the age threshold values. Monte Carlo simulation is designed to obtain the optimal oppor- tunistic maintenance strategy of the system over its lifetime. The simulation result reveals that the minimum maintenance cost with a strategy that considers structural dependence is less than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence. The availability with a strategy that considers structural dependence is greater than that with a strategy that does not consider structural dependence under the same conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.71501103)Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia,China(No.2015BS0705)the Program of Higher-Level Talents of Inner Mongolia University,China(No.20700-5145131)
文摘Complex repairable system is composed of thousands of components.Some maintenance management and decision problems in maintenance management and decision need to classify a set of components into several classes based on data mining.Furthermore,with the complexity of industrial equipment increasing,the managers should pay more attention to the key components and carry out the lean management is very important.Therefore,the idea"customer segmentation"of"precise marketing"can be used in the maintenance management of the multi-component system.Following the idea of segmentation,the components of multicomponent systems should be subdivied into groups based on specific attributes relevant to maintenance,such as maintenance cost,mean time between failures,and failure frequency.For the target specific groups of parts,the optimal maintenance policy,health assessment and maintenance scheduling can be determined.The proposed analysis framework will be given out.In order to illustrate the effectiveness of this method,a numerical example is given out.
文摘A three component one-pot protocol was investigated for the synthesis of methylene bis isoxazolo[4,5-b]-pyridine-N-oxides from commercially available materials.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51774283, 51174203)the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of NSFC (No. 51620105001) for the financial supports
文摘The segregation modes and characteristics of 1-6 mm multi-component lignite were studied in a microporous, vibrated, gas-fluidized bed of Φ110 mm ×400 mm. The effects of particle density and size, vibration frequency and amplitude, and gas velocity on these characteristics were considered. The average size, average density, size deviation coefficient, and density deviation coefficient were used to identify lignite size and density. The separation efficiency was adopted to evaluate the segregation performance,and the segregation mechanisms were explored. The results show that ε(size,max) of heterogeneous multisize-component lignite with K_(size) = 65% reaches 80% at f= 20 Hz, A = 5 mm, and N =(1,3). ε_(density,max) Of heterogeneous multi-density-component lignite with K_(density)= 25% reaches 50% at f = 15 Hz, A = 5 mm,and N =(1,1.5). The density segregations of 1-3 and 3-6 mm multi-component mixtures are remarkable,ε_(density,max)= 42% and 31% at f= 14 and 16 Hz, and A = 3 and 5 mm, respectively. The size segregation of 1-6 mm multi-component mixture is prominent and ε_(size,max)= 55% at f= 15 Hz, A = 5 mm. The mediumsized mixture with a narrow size distribution at low frequency is favorable for density segregation,and a mixture with a wider size distribution at high frequency is most favorable for size segregation.Precise control of gas flow and vibration as well as optimal design of the fluidized bed can improve the performance of segregation in the vibrated gas-fluidized bed.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2014CB744702)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation Key Projects(Grant No.8171001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51678012)
文摘A modified multi-component solute diffusion equation described with diffusion flux was derived in detail based on the classical MaxwellStefan diffusion theory. The friction between the solute species and the soil skeleton wall, which is proportional to the relative velocity between the solute species and the soil skeleton, is introduced. The chemical potential gradient is considered the driving force. A one-dimensional model for transport of multi-component solute in saturated soil was developed based on the modified diffusion equation and the modified competitive Langmuir adsorption equation. Numerical calculation of a case of two heavy metal ion species, which was chosen as an example, was carried out using the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics. A comparative analysis was performed between the multi-component solute transport model developed in this study and the convection-diffusion transport model of single-component solute based on Fick's law. Simulation results show that the transport behavior of each species in a multi-component solute system is different from that in a single-component system, and the friction characteristics considered in the developed model contribute to obstructing the movement of each solute component. At the same time,the influence of modified competitive Langmuir adsorption on solute transport was investigated. These research results can provide strong theoretical support for the design of antifouling barriers in landfills and the maintenance of operation stability.
基金Supported by: U.S. Federal Highway Administration Under Grant No. DTFH61-98-C-00094 U.S. National Science Foundation Under Grant No. CMS-9701471
文摘Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50521503)National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Grant No. 2007CB714704)National Hi-tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, Grant No. 2006AA04Z406)
文摘The introduction of surface engineering is expected to be an effective strategy against fretting damage. A large number of studies show that the low gas multi-component (such as carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen, etc) thermo-chemical treatment(LTGMTT) can overcome the brittleness of nitriding process, and upgrade the surface hardness and improve the wear resistance and fatigue properties of the work-pieces significantly. However, there are few reports on the anti-fretting properties of the LTGMTT modified layer up to now, which limits the applications of fretting. So this paper discusses the fretting wear behavior of modified layer on the surface of LZ50 (0.48%C) steel prepared by low temperature gas multi-component thermo-chemical treatment (LTGMTT) technology. The fretting wear tests of the modified layer flat specimens and its substrate (LZ50 steel) against 52100 steel balls with diameter of 40 mm are carried out under normal load of 150 N and displacement amplitudes varied from 2 μm to 40 μm. Characterization of the modified layer and dynamic analyses in combination with microscopic examinations were performed through the means of scanning electron microscope(SEM), optical microscope(OM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and surface profilometer. The experimental results showed that the modified layer with a total thickness of 60 μm was consisted of three parts, i.e., loose layer, compound layer and diffusion layer. Compared with the substrate, the range of the mixed fretting regime(MFR) of the LTGMTT modified layer diminished, and the slip regime(SR) of the modified layer shifted to the direction of smaller displacement amplitude. The coefficient of friction(COF) of the modified layer was lower than that of the substrate in the initial stage. For the modified layer, the damage in partial slip regime(PSR) was very slight. The fretting wear mechanism of the modified layer both in MFR and SR was abrasive wear and delamination. The modified layer presented better wear resistance than the substrate in PSR and MFR; however, in SR, the wear resistance of the modified layer decreased with the increase of the displacement amplitudes. The experimental results can provide some experimental bases for promoting industrial application of LTGMTT modified layer in anti-fretting wear.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50778013)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing (No.8082020)
文摘A mixture theory is developed for multi-component micropolar porous media with a combination of the hybrid mixture theory and the micropolar continuum theory. The system is modeled as multi-component micropolar elastic solids saturated with multi- component micropolar viscous fluids. Balance equations are given through the mixture theory. Constitutive equations are developed based on the second law of thermodynamics and constitutive assumptions. Taking account of compressibility of solid phases, the volume fraction of fluid as an independent state variable is introduced in the free energy function, and the dynamic compatibility condition is obtained to restrict the change of pressure difference on the solid-fluid interface. The constructed constitutive equations are used to close the field equations. The linear field equations are obtained using a linearization procedure, and the micropolar thermo-hydro-mechanical component transport model is established. This model can be applied to practical problems, such as contaminant, drug, and pesticide transport. When the proposed model is supposed to be porous media, and both fluid and solid are single-component, it will almost agree with Eringen's model.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(No.20772033)China postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.20080440607)
文摘Oxonium ylide intermediates generated from α-diazocarbonyl compounds and water were trapped by Zn(Ⅱ)-activated α- dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction gave α,β-dihydroxyl acid derivatives in moderate yield.
文摘A theoretical investigation on the propagation of positron-acoustic shock waves (PASWs) in an unmagnetized, collisionless, dense plasma (containing non-relativistic inertial cold positrons, non-relativistic or ultra-relativistic degenerate electron and hot positron fluids and nondegenerate positively charged immobile ions) is carried out by employing the reductive perturbation method. The Burgers equation and its stationary shock wave solution are derived and numerically analyzed. It is observed that the relativistic effect (i.e., the presence of non/ultra- relativistic electrons and positrons) and the plasma particle number densities play vital roles in the propagation of PASWs. The implications of our results in space and interstellar compact objects including non-rotating white dwarfs, neutron stars, etc. are briefly discussed.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR202103050722)National Natural Science Foundation of China (41174098)。
文摘The tight-fractured gas reservoir of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Western Sichuan Depression has low porosity and permeability. This study presents a DNN-based method for identifying gas-bearing strata in tight sandstone. First, multi-component composite seismic attributes are obtained.The strong nonlinear relationships between multi-component composite attributes and gas-bearing reservoirs can be constrained through a DNN. Therefore, we identify and predict the gas-bearing strata using a DNN. Then, sample data are fed into the DNN for training and testing. After optimized network parameters are determined by the performance curves and empirical formulas, the best deep learning gas-bearing prediction model is determined. The composite seismic attributes can then be fed into the model to extrapolate the hydrocarbon-bearing characteristics from known drilling areas to the entire region for predicting the gas reservoir distribution. Finally, we assess the proposed method in terms of the structure and fracture characteristics and predict favorable exploration areas for identifying gas reservoirs.
文摘Fig.1 3D X-ray tomography reconstruction and element distribution in Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2.3D spatial distributions of (a) Al,(b) Co and (c) Ti probed by fluorescence-yield scanning transmission X-ray microscopy;elemental distributions of (d) Al,(e) Co and (f) Ti over the virtual x-z slice through the center of the particle;(g) identified and visualized subdomain formation Fig.2 (a) Comparison of cycling stabilities of Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 and pristine LiCoO2 half cells,charge-discharge profiles of (b) pristine LiCoO2 and (c) Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 half cells,(d) cycle stabilities of Ti,Mg and Al co-doped LiCoO2 and pristine LiCoO2 full batteries (graphite was used anode) and (e) discharge voltage of the full batteries and energy density of the both materials as a function of cycle number Layered lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) with a theoretical capacity of 274 mAh·g^-1 has become a dominant cathode material for lithium-ion batteries of “3C” market (cellular phones,portable computers,camcorders)[1-2].Nevertheless,the actually attained capacity is merely about 140 mAh·g^-1 with a charge cut-off vol- tage of about 4.2 V (vs Li +/Li)[3].
基金supported by a KMB project(project number:193179/I40),in Norwayfinancial support by the Research Council of Norway and the industrial partners,Hydro Aluminium and Sapa Technology is gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The Cahn, Lücke and Stüwe theory remains the backbone of more complex analysis dealing with solute drag, however, the mathematical treatment is rather involved. A new approach based on solute pinning the boundary has therefore recently been suggested, which has the main advantage of a simpler mathematical treatment. In the present paper this approach has been generalized to take into account the influence of different types of solute atoms in the high solute content/low driving force regime.