Multi-effect distillation system for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy

A multi-effect distillation technology for seawater desalination driven by tidal energy and low grade energy is presented.In the system,tidal energy is utilized to supply power instead of coventional electric pumps during the operation,resulting in the decrease of dependence on steady electric power supply and a reduction in the running costs.According to the technological principle,a testing unit is designed and built.The effects of the feed seawater temperature and the heat source temperature on the unit performance are tested and analyzed.The experimental results show that the fresh water output is 27 kg/h when the heating water temperature is 65 ℃ and the absolute pressure is 25 kPa.The experimental and theoretical analysis results indicate that the appropriate heating water temperature is a key factor in ensuring the steady operation of the system.

Chemical dehydration coupling multi-effect evaporation to treat waste sulfuric acid in titanium dioxide production process

In order to concentrate the diluted sulfuric acid from the titanium dioxide(TiO2)production of sulphate process,a new concentration process was proposed by coupling chemical dehydration and multi-effect evaporation.The ferrous sulfate monohydrate(FeSO4·H2O),as the dehydrant,was added to the diluted sulfuric acid to form ferrous sulfate heptahydrate(FeSO4·7H2O)according to the H2SO4-FeSO4-H2O phase diagrams,which partially removes the water.This process was named as Chemical Dehydration Process.The residual water was further removed by two-effect evaporation and finally 70 wt%sulfuric acid was obtained.The FeSO4·H2O can be regenerated through drying and dehydration of FeSO4·7H2O.The results show that FeSO4·H2O is the most suitable dehydrant,the optimal reaction time of chemical dehydration process is 30 min,and low temperature is favorable for the dehydration reaction.45.17%of the entire removed water can be removed by chemical dehydration from the diluted sulfuric acid.This chemical dehydration process is also energy efficient with 24.76%saving compared with the direct evaporation process.Furthermore,51.21%of the FeSO4 dissolved originally in the diluted sulfuric acid are precipitated out during the chemical dehydration,which greatly reduces the solid precipitation and effectively alleviates the scaling in the subsequent multi-effect evaporation process.

Selecting Suitable Heat Source in Refinery for Multi-effect Distillation Based on Grey System Theory

For dealing with high-salinity wastewater in the refinery, the high cost of driving heat source is the disadvantage of multi-effect distillation (MED) so it is of great importance to evaluate the performance of low-temperature heat source for conducting MED and select the optimal temperature for it. Both the MED and the low-temperature heat sources studied in this paper were from a typical refinery located in northwestern China. Besides, a new methodology to evaluate heat sources as the optimal candidate was proposed for MED based on the grey system theory. Five process units, which included 18 fluids of the refinery, were named as the evaluation projects. Three factors, which included safety effects, total costs and characteristics of low-temperature heat sources were determined as the evaluation indexes, the values of which were established through the analyses. The results obtained through the grey correlation analyses have revealed that the grey correlation degrees of these units were 0.661(AVDU), 0.732 (#1 FCCU), 0.618 (#2 FCCU), 0.535 (#1 DCU), and 0.572 (#2 DCU), respectively. Thus, the optimal heat source was provided from #1 FCCU. Through further analyses of the fluids from #1 FCCU, the grey correlation degrees of the fluids were 0.597 (oil and gas at top of tower), 0.714 (recycle oil and gas), and 0.512 (diesel), respectively. Thus, the optimal heat source was the oil and gas recycle stream.

Study on Multi-effect Time Parameters of Ergonomic Validity Index in Low-carbon Residential Kitchen

In the study on functional low-carbon ergonomic validity in buildings,ergonomic validity is different from resource validity which is easy for quantitative analysis. To eliminate the complexity and uncertainty impacts of human factors on quantitative study,it proposes a method of building a parameter of ergonomic validity—multi-effect time by using cardiotachometer to record heart rate change,being used to evaluate the functional low-carbon ergonomic validity targeting at the ontological characteristics of kitchen. This method is used to determine the physical consumption intensity( multi-effect) through heart rate incremental relation based on the principles of physiology and ergonomics,and to confirm the ergonomic validity of environmental factors by the time to complete standard work as well as multi-effect quantitative analysis. The test results show that,under the kitchen operating conditions,the multi-effect( ME) can properly reflect the real-time status of the operator and is easily operated; the parameters obtained are not significantly related to the physiological status of the operator,and multi-effect time( MT) is sensitive to the physical consumption brought about to the operator due to kitchen environmental factors; thus,it can be taken as an objective index,which is simple and easy to operate in residential kitchen functional low-carbon evaluation.

Multi-effects and Mechanism of Broad Beau M_1 Root-tip Cells Implanted by Low Energy N^+ Beam

Broad beans were divided into six groups and implanted with N+ beam of 30 KeV, 8 × 1016/cm2 per time for various radiating times respectively. Besides the statistics of its vigor of germination, the M1 root-tip cells of these broad beans were systematically analyzed on their changes in mitotic percentage, morphology and behavior of chromosomes, along with the structure o f cytoskeletons, including microtubule and intermediate filament. Based on all results of these studies, our opinions have been expressed in the report on the mechanism of low-energy N+ beams effecting on higher dicotyledons such as broad beau.

Simulation of Countercurrent Multi-Effect Drying System

The paper bulids a countercurrent multi-effect drying process model which can be expressed as a linear programming(LP) problem with the minimum total energy consumption as target function. Based on the model it can be conventient to solve the heat load , degree of drying and other drying parameters of each effect. And it realizes the mathematical simulation an analysis of multi-effect drying process. Such process not only reuses the secondary steam but also utilizes the high energy grade. Drying silica sand using 1-effect drying to 5-effect drying is presented as an example. The energy consumption and energy saving rate are compared by using co-current multi-effect drying and countercurrent multi-effect drying. As a summary, the countercurrent multi-effect drying is better than co-current drying. Considered the equipment investment and energy conservation, the study also concluded that the countercurrent 4-effect drying is the optimum selection, and it can save 57.6% energy compared to countercurrent 1-effect drying.

Multi-effect anthraquinone-based polyimide enclosed SnO_(2)/reduced graphene oxide composite as high-performance anode for lithium-ion battery

The cycling stability of SnO_(2)anode as lithium-ion battery is poor due to volume expansion.Polyimide coatings can effectively confine the expansion of SnO_(2).However,linear polyimides are easily dissolved in ester electrolytes and their carbonyls is not fully utilized during charging/discharging process.Herein,the SnO_(2)enclosed with anthraquinone-based polyimide/reduced graphene oxide composite was prepared by self-assembly.Carbonyls from the anthraquinone unit provide fully available active sites to react with Li^(+),improving the utilization of carbonyl in the polyimide.More exposed carbonyl active sites promote the conversion of Sn to SnO_(2)with electrode gradual activation,leading to an increase in reversible capacity during the charge/discharge cycle.In addition,the introduction of reduced graphene oxide cannot only improve the stability of polyimide in the electrolyte,but also build fast ion and electron transport channels for composite electrodes.Due to the multiple effects of anthraquinone-based polyimide and the synergistic effect of reducing graphene oxide,the composite anode exhibits a maximum reversible capacity of 1266 mAh·g^(−1) at 0.25 A·g^(−1),and maintains an excellent specific capacity of 983 mAh·g^(−1) after 200 cycles.This work provides a new strategy for the synergistic modification of SnO_(2).

热泵精馏耦合吸收处理含盐氨水

针对含盐氨水的回收与处理,利用蒸发除盐、精馏脱氨并耦合吸收制备一定浓度的氨水。采用一系列节能技术对蒸发和精馏进行计算优化,即双效蒸发与塔顶蒸汽直接压缩热泵精馏耦合吸收工艺(SchemeⅠ)、热泵蒸发与塔顶蒸汽直接压缩热泵精馏耦合吸收工艺(SchemeⅡ)和热泵蒸发与塔底闪蒸再压缩热泵精馏耦合吸收工艺(SchemeⅢ)。选用ELECNRTL电解质模型计算物系的热力学数据和相平衡数据,并以年总费用、综合能耗和热力学效率等作为工艺评价指标,对提出的以上3种处理工艺进行模拟与优化。研究结果表明,与SchemeⅠ相比,SchemeⅡ和SchemeⅢ可分别节省年总费用22.18%和31.66%;节约能耗47.56%和57.87%;而热力学效率则分别提高了8.59%和2.28%。显然,SchemeⅢ在年总费用与能耗方面更具优势,SchemeⅡ在热力学效率方面更具优势。

“一带一路”倡议与全球价值链升级——基于沿线国家的实证数据

基于2007—2020年“一带一路”沿线国家的样本数据,利用多期双重差分模型实证检验了“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家的价值链升级作用。研究结果证实:“一带一路”倡议对于沿线国家全球价值链发展具有显著正向影响。机制分析表明:“一带一路”倡议对沿线国家存在“虹吸效应”,有利于沿线国家的发展。此外,政策沟通对于倡议的推行具有积极的促进作用。研究结果不仅证实了倡议对于沿线国家价值链升级的正向影响,也论证了其中存在的影响机制,为未来进一步的研究提供了理论支撑和有益探索。

糖尿病中医治疗切入点的探讨与思考

本文对中医学在糖尿病治疗领域的切入点进行探讨,提出了从中医对糖尿病及其并发症病因病机的独到认识、糖尿病前期的治疗、改善糖尿病患者的临床症状、糖尿病并发症的治疗、改善药物不良反应、历代经典方剂和治疗有效的药物挖掘、中医药治疗手段的多样性等几个方向作为切入点。与现代医学既可以优势互补,又能扬长避短。中医药有着整体调节、多靶点作用的特点,在改善症状、治疗并发症和伴发疾病方面的优势更加明显。

中口径多环境枪弹致伤效应研究

为探究跨介质枪弹的致伤威力,选用明胶为人体模拟靶标,借助LS-DYNA软件对设计的7.62 mm多环境枪弹侵彻模拟靶标过程进行了数值模拟,分析了弹头的运动规律和靶标空腔的变化特性,通过三自由度刚体运动模型,获得了弹头运动的理论曲线。采用多参数同步测量技术,开展了枪弹侵彻靶标实验。结果表明,数值模拟与实验现象一致,较好地再现了多环境枪弹侵彻靶标的过程和致伤效果。理论模型与实验结果误差较小,能准确预测枪弹在靶标中的运动规律。空化槽结构提高了枪弹跨介质运动的稳定性,相较传统的56式7.62 mm普通弹,多环境枪弹在靶标中稳定飞行时间长、距离远、速度衰减慢,翻滚阶段出靶角度小,最大空腔、永久空腔和能量传递效率基本一致,具有一定的致伤效果。研究成果可为新型轻武器弹药优化设计提供数据支撑。

阻垢剂在低温多效海水淡化装置中的工业化应用

目前我国低温多效海水淡化水处理药剂基本为国外公司垄断,价格昂贵。国产海水淡化阻垢缓蚀剂也正在突破瓶颈,质量、性能日渐成熟,但是缺乏统一、完善系统的方法验证,同时缺乏大型海水淡化工程考核验收平台,导致海水淡化水处理药剂价格居高不下。为打破国外垄断,提升我国海水淡化药剂自主创新能力和核心竞争力,并降低药剂使用成本,采用2.5万t/d低温多效海水淡化装置,开展了SD210阻垢剂在工业化试验装置中应用研究。试验结果表明:在为期2个月的试验期内,在SD210投加质量浓度为4~8 mg/L条件下,装置运行安全、平稳,无明显结垢和腐蚀现象;且海水淡化装置产品水水质优于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)所规定的指标要求。综上,SD210阻垢性能良好,能满足低温多效海水淡化装置使用要求。

基于阵列声波测井的井下多尺度压裂效果评价方法

为有效监测水力压裂效果、提高储层压裂效果评价精度,基于阵列声波测井资料的井下压裂效果评价方法,采用反射斯通利波提取和成像技术定量表征近井筒压裂缝,建立适用于测井观测系统的叠前深度偏移成像算法,以实现远井压裂缝的高精度成像,形成了基于阵列声波测井的井下多尺度压裂效果评价方法,并在中国西部某油田X1水平井成功应用。研究表明,基于阵列声波测井资料评价的压裂缝发育程度与压裂液注入量呈正相关关系,并且压裂缝最为发育层段与地震蚂蚁体属性图中天然裂缝发育位置一致。基于阵列声波测井的井下压裂效果评价方法的提出,对表征井周数十米范围内不同尺度压裂缝的发育情况具有重要意义,对更好地发挥水力压裂技术对能源勘探开发行业的支撑作用具有一定指导意义。

考虑累积效应的35 kV油浸式三相变压器温升特性仿真与试验研究

变压器长期处于不停机运行状态,焦耳热、电磁热等热源产生的温升会严重影响变压器的运行状态和使用寿命。为了更准确地得到35 kV油浸式变压器的热点温度和温升特性,针对现有研究未考虑温度影响下参数的时间尺度变化特征的问题,考虑温度累积效应带来的影响,围绕油浸式变压器的温升特性展开研究。首先,建立时变电流密度、磁感应强度的理论模型;其次,基于电磁热流多物理场耦合仿真方法,对油浸式变压器带负载工作过程进行电磁场、温度场及流场的有限元仿真分析,得到了铁心、绕组及漏磁损耗作用下油箱内部温度变化及其分布特性;最后,完成油浸式变压器长期带负载运行实验,并采集得到升高座下方及初级、次级绕组温度。仿真发现绕组附近温度约为95℃,铁心的直角区域及升高座下方也存在高温区,原因是该位置油流流速较大,仿真结果约为28 mm/s。实验与仿真的对照结果表明,考虑累积效应的仿真结果与实测值较为接近。研究内容可为油浸式变压器的温升特性提供技术参考。

一种阶梯块谱下的疲劳累积损伤模型

针对阶梯块谱下的材料疲劳寿命预测问题,尤其是已有相关非线性模型的计算参数依赖大量试验数据或较难选取合适的基准值,导致在实际工程中应用有一定局限性。提出了一种新的基于相邻载荷的作用系数α_(i)=(S_(i+1)/S_(i))1/b lg K,该系数中两个参数b、K来自材料疲劳寿命关系式S=KN^(-b)。结合前人的二级、三级、四级应力加载试验结果,分别计算并对比了与多种疲劳损伤模型的结果。结果表明,新模型在疲劳寿命/损伤的预测结果优于Miner模型、Manson模型、Subramanyan模型及Hashin模型,可更为准确地预测阶梯块谱下的疲劳寿命/损伤。

考虑质量传导的项目调度与人员配置集成优化

研究表明,质量问题是项目返工的主要原因之一,而人员技能水平是影响项目活动完成质量的关键因素。基于一般性的多技能资源受限项目调度问题,综合考虑人员技能水平以及活动间质量传导作用对活动完成质量的影响,进一步数学表达级联作用下的返工子网以及重构的项目网络,并结合一个大型船舶制造项目案例进行实验分析。对比实验结果表明:所提出的模型可有效平衡有限人力资源在不同活动间的分配,有利于减少返工风险的级联,缩短项目总工期。进一步,通过质量评估区间和人员技能水平参数波动的随机实验,验证模型对两类参数波动具有一定的鲁棒性。

湍流的多尺度效应与统计理论

湍流是一种由不同尺度、不同频率组成的不规则涡结构引起的随机现象。研究表明,在湍流脉动过程中虽然存在湍涡的多尺度效应及其演变,但两种尺度的涡最为重要,一种是与时均流动发生相互作用的大尺度涡,这类涡通过时均剪切作用,从时均流动中源源不断地提取能量以维持湍流的脉动;另一种是小尺度的耗散涡,这类涡与黏性尺度同量级,它们通过黏性而耗散湍流脉动。本文详细分析了湍涡的多尺度效应及其演变、大涡和小涡的量级比较,并在此基础上,阐述了湍流中任意两点脉动速度的相关性和频谱分布特性,以便为初学者提供参考。

天线整流罩对GNSS观测值与定位精度影响研究

当前大部分城市为保护卫星连续运行参考站(CORS)系统基准站天线安装了整流罩,但天线整流罩对观测值以及基准站坐标影响的研究仍显不足。为解决基于广州CORS(GZCORS)的网络RTK高程测量存在较大偏差的问题,基于2016—2021年观测站数据,以及拆除基准站天线罩前后的观测数据质量与定位效果相关分析,对天线整流罩对GNSS观测值与高程定位精度的影响进行了深入探究,并分别进行了静态仿动态和城市车载动态定位测试验证。研究结果显示,天线整流罩在一定程度上会增加原始观测值的多路径效应影响,降低约10%的数据可用率,并对基准站高程定位结果产生1~14 cm的系统性偏差,进而影响用户RTK高程定位效果。定位结果显示,拆除基准站天线罩后,基于GZCORS的RTK水平定位均方根误差(RMS)为1 cm左右,高程定位精度RMS为2 cm左右;城市场景下车辆动态定位精度RMS为15~20 cm,满足车道级定位性能。

炼化企业中低温多效蒸馏海水淡化技术的应用

低温多效蒸馏海水淡化技术是一种利用水平管降膜蒸发器或竖直管蒸发器串联并划分为若干效组,以一定量的输入蒸汽作为热源,经多次蒸发、冷凝,利用二次蒸汽潜热,得到多倍加热蒸汽量的蒸馏海水的海水淡化技术。该技术具有传热效率高、产品水质好、负荷调节范围大、工艺温度低等特点,可用于发电厂、化工厂、低温核反应堆等领域,是国际主流海水淡化技术之一。文章结合某炼化企业节能降耗中低温多效蒸馏海水淡化技术创新应用,分析了该技术应用经济效益,并对技术应用前景进行展望,以期促进该技术推广应用和创新发展。

多向加权Tsallis熵最大化导向的自动阈值分割方法

受噪声或随机细节、目标和背景的大小比例、成像时的点扩散等不同因素的影响,许多图像的灰度直方图呈现为无模态、单模态、双模态或者多模态样式.为了在统一框架内处理这4种不同模态情形下的自动阈值选择问题,本文提出了一种多向加权Tsallis熵最大化导向的自动阈值分割方法(Multi-directional Weighted Tsallis Entropy,MWTE).基于新设计的反正切方向性卷积核的多尺度乘积效应,该方法将不同模态的灰度直方图转化为统一的单模态右偏灰度直方图.在4个不同方向上提取出这种特殊的单模态右偏灰度直方图后,通过多向加权策略构建出与原始图像灰度值紧密相关的加权Tsallis熵目标函数,并以该目标函数取最大值时对应的灰度值作为最终分割阈值.本文将提出的方法和3个阈值分割方法、1个软分割方法、1个活动轮廓分割方法以及1个自动聚类分割方法进行了比较.在4种不同模态情形下的4幅合成图像和50幅真实世界图像上的实验结果表明,本文提出的方法虽然在计算效率方面不占有优势,但它对不同模态的测试图像具有更稳健的分割适应性,且在量化分割精度所用的马修斯相关系数方面优于其他6个分割方法.