In 1989, there were 12 different building ma-terial products winning state awards for theirgood quality, among which two got gold medals andten got silver medals.
Iron ＆ Steel Industry China＇s outputs of crude steel, steel products, coke and ferrous alloys in 2012 were 716.54 million tons （up 3.1% YOY）, 051.86 million tons （up 7.7% YOY）, 443.23 million tons （up 5.2% YOY...Iron ＆ Steel Industry China＇s outputs of crude steel, steel products, coke and ferrous alloys in 2012 were 716.54 million tons （up 3.1% YOY）, 051.86 million tons （up 7.7% YOY）, 443.23 million tons （up 5.2% YOY） and 31.29 million tons （up 15% YOY）,展开更多
In 2013, China＇s outputs of cement and flat glass were 2. 414 billion tons and 778.98 million weight cases, increasing by 9.6% and 11.2% YOY, respectively.
Extensive coal deposits are sterilized beneath surface buildings in China. The paper elaborates on the present status of the study on mining beneath surface buildings from several aspects involving the techniques for ...Extensive coal deposits are sterilized beneath surface buildings in China. The paper elaborates on the present status of the study on mining beneath surface buildings from several aspects involving the techniques for reducing ground subsidence and deformation and the measures for protecting buildings. Following that, it is pointed out that, in the future, more efforts should be directed forwards the following aspects: the laws governing the ground movement; the techniques for constructing anti-deformation buildings; coal-bed gasification and protection of buildings; grouting of the overlying strata with bed separation phenomena; and the method for evaluating the stability of the ground above a worked-out area.展开更多
Seismic hazard levels lower than those for design of new buildings have been permitted for seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings due to the relatively short remaining lifespans. The seismic hazard red...Seismic hazard levels lower than those for design of new buildings have been permitted for seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings due to the relatively short remaining lifespans. The seismic hazard reduction enables costeff ective seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings with limited structural capacity. The current study proposes seismic hazard reduction factors for Korea, one of low to moderate seismicity regions. The seismic hazard reduction factors are based on equal probabilities of non-exceedance within diff erent remaining building lifespans. A validation procedure is proposed to investigate equality of seismic risk in terms of ductility-based limit states using seismic fragility assessment of nonlinear SDOF systems, of which retrofi t demands are determined by the displacement coeffi cient method of ASCE 41-13 for diff erent target remaining building lifespans and corresponding reduced design earthquakes. Validation result shows that the use of seismic hazard reduction factors can be permitted in conjunction with appropriate lower bounds of the remaining building lifespans.展开更多
In this paper we investigate whether innovative and flexible contractual arrange-ments can support the process of achieving ambitious sustainability goals.We explore this question through an analysis of the role of um...In this paper we investigate whether innovative and flexible contractual arrange-ments can support the process of achieving ambitious sustainability goals.We explore this question through an analysis of the role of umbrella agreements in driving energy savings in the building sector.Drawing on a case study of the iconic Empire State building,we examine the typical challenges faced by clients and con-tractors in devising suitable agreements that facilitate managing contractual and performance risks,as well as the sharing of responsibilities and cooperation between multiple project stakeholders.We find that the project arrangements appear to exhibit the adoption of the key characteristics commonly found in umbrella agree-ments which incorporate sustainability measures that maximize income through efficient delivery of outcomes.Specifically,this means that they need to enable stakeholders to manage repeated review cycles,complex perceptions and expecta-tions,and different tacit assumptions and codes of behaviour,as well as managing and communicating in networks and obtaining agreement also from non-contrac-tual parties.Moreover,we demonstrate that umbrella agreements can facilitate a network perspective of business relationships by emphasizing value co-creation and the embeddedness of firms within a network of interactions.展开更多
文摘In 1989, there were 12 different building ma-terial products winning state awards for theirgood quality, among which two got gold medals andten got silver medals.
文摘Iron ＆ Steel Industry China＇s outputs of crude steel, steel products, coke and ferrous alloys in 2012 were 716.54 million tons （up 3.1% YOY）, 051.86 million tons （up 7.7% YOY）, 443.23 million tons （up 5.2% YOY） and 31.29 million tons （up 15% YOY）,
文摘In 2013, China＇s outputs of cement and flat glass were 2. 414 billion tons and 778.98 million weight cases, increasing by 9.6% and 11.2% YOY, respectively.
文摘Extensive coal deposits are sterilized beneath surface buildings in China. The paper elaborates on the present status of the study on mining beneath surface buildings from several aspects involving the techniques for reducing ground subsidence and deformation and the measures for protecting buildings. Following that, it is pointed out that, in the future, more efforts should be directed forwards the following aspects: the laws governing the ground movement; the techniques for constructing anti-deformation buildings; coal-bed gasification and protection of buildings; grouting of the overlying strata with bed separation phenomena; and the method for evaluating the stability of the ground above a worked-out area.
基金supported by the Incheon National University Research Grant in 2015
文摘Seismic hazard levels lower than those for design of new buildings have been permitted for seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings due to the relatively short remaining lifespans. The seismic hazard reduction enables costeff ective seismic evaluation and retrofi t of existing buildings with limited structural capacity. The current study proposes seismic hazard reduction factors for Korea, one of low to moderate seismicity regions. The seismic hazard reduction factors are based on equal probabilities of non-exceedance within diff erent remaining building lifespans. A validation procedure is proposed to investigate equality of seismic risk in terms of ductility-based limit states using seismic fragility assessment of nonlinear SDOF systems, of which retrofi t demands are determined by the displacement coeffi cient method of ASCE 41-13 for diff erent target remaining building lifespans and corresponding reduced design earthquakes. Validation result shows that the use of seismic hazard reduction factors can be permitted in conjunction with appropriate lower bounds of the remaining building lifespans.
文摘In this paper we investigate whether innovative and flexible contractual arrange-ments can support the process of achieving ambitious sustainability goals.We explore this question through an analysis of the role of umbrella agreements in driving energy savings in the building sector.Drawing on a case study of the iconic Empire State building,we examine the typical challenges faced by clients and con-tractors in devising suitable agreements that facilitate managing contractual and performance risks,as well as the sharing of responsibilities and cooperation between multiple project stakeholders.We find that the project arrangements appear to exhibit the adoption of the key characteristics commonly found in umbrella agree-ments which incorporate sustainability measures that maximize income through efficient delivery of outcomes.Specifically,this means that they need to enable stakeholders to manage repeated review cycles,complex perceptions and expecta-tions,and different tacit assumptions and codes of behaviour,as well as managing and communicating in networks and obtaining agreement also from non-contrac-tual parties.Moreover,we demonstrate that umbrella agreements can facilitate a network perspective of business relationships by emphasizing value co-creation and the embeddedness of firms within a network of interactions.
