International Standardization of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology:Overlaps,Gaps and Challenges

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.

AudiTEE: Efficient, General-Purpose and Privacy-Preserving Audit for Distributed Ledgers

Privacy-preservation and effective auditing are two desirable but challenging requirements on distributed ledgers. To meet the requirements, this paper presents an auditing scheme, called as AudiTEE, which can audit a distributed ledger in a generic, efficient, and privacy-preserving manner. AudiTEE leverages Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) to generate confidential but auditable transactions and realize arbitrary, efficient and confidential audit on them. Unfortunately, TEE suffers from some inherent barriers and is itself not a complete solution for fast audit. To tackle these challenges, AudiTEE takes advantage of KAMT (K-anonymity Authentication Based on Merkle Tree) protocol for efficient management on account and user-defined anonymous transactions. Further, to achieve a complete and fast audit with unlinkability, TEE doesn’t process through all but only a comparatively small part of transactions according to a special ktag attached on each transaction to ensure that a user cannot hide transactions from auditor even when auditor is blind with who is involved in each transaction on the ledger. Apart from the above, AudiTEE allows flexible control on user behaviors. We implement a concrete instance of AudiTEE under a bank setting and demonstrate the scalability with all its core functionalities.

Distributed ledger technology for securities clearing and settlement: benefits, risks, and regulatory implications

This article outlines the benefits and risks of the distributed ledger technology(DLT)for the clearing and settlement of exchange-traded and OTC securities,followed by a description of the technology’s potential role for central counterparties and central securities depositories.Although the industry and scholars are attempting to solve the technological and operational issues that DLT systems still face,outstanding legal risks are such that the financial industry is asking for more regulatory guidance and intervention.This article wants to contribute to the public policy debate by presenting potential regulatory barriers that may have to be removed for DLT to be fully adopted.In addition,it identifies areas requiring an update of the legal framework in order to address certain prudential and conduct risks that this technology could introduce.

Privacy-preserving analytics for the securitization market: a zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology application

A zero-knowledge proof or protocol is a cryptographic technique for verifying private data without revealing it in its clear form.In this paper,we evaluate the potential for zero-knowledge distributed ledger technology to alleviate asymmetry of information in the asset-backed securitization market.To frame this inquiry,we conducted market data analyses,a review of prior literature,stakeholder interviews with investors,originators and security issuers and collaboration with blockchain engineers and researchers.We introduce a new system which could enable all market participants in the securitization lifecycle(e.g.investors,rating agencies,regulators and security issuers)to interact on a unique decentralized platform while maintaining the privacy of loan-level data,therefore providing the industry with timely analytics and performance data.Our platform is powered by zkLedger(Narula et al.2018),a zero-knowledge protocol developed by the MIT Media Lab and the first system that enables participants of a distributed ledger to run publicly verifiable analytics on masked data.

A Framework for e-Voting System Based on Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technologies

Election allows the voter of a country to select the most suitable group of candidates to run the government.Election in Pakistan is simply paper-based method but some certain political and socio-economic issues turn that simple process in complicated and disputes once.Solutions of such problems are consisting of many methods including the e-voting system.The e-voting system facilitates the voters to cast their votes by electronic means with very easy and convenient way.This also allows maintaining the security and secrecy of the voter along with election process.Electronic voting reduces the human-involvement throughout the process from start to the end.Such system is not established yet in Pakistan.Hence,every election is disputed always.In this paper we proposed the framework of an e-voting system and simulation with the use of blockchain ledger technology.The proposed framework owns the capacity to deal with ballots in Pakistan.The novelty of the framework is that the e-voting system is linked to National Database and Registration Authority(NADRA)database which assures voter’s validation.The fundamental requirements were kept in consideration during the performance evaluation of the system.The results are processed and depicted specially with reference to the number of voters and voting stations,real time of vote casting,network bandwidth and controlling principles.The results support the decision makers and guide them in the foundation and customization of an e-voting system in Pakistan.

Simulation study on the security of consensus algorithms in DAG-based distributed ledger

Due to the advantages of high volume of transactions and low resource consumption,Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)-based Distributed Ledger Technology(DLT)has been considered a possible next-generation alternative to blockchain.However,the security of the DAG-based system has yet to be comprehensively understood.Aiming at verifying and evaluating the security of DAG-based DLT,we develop a Multi-Agent based IOTA Simulation platform called MAIOTASim.In MAIOTASim,we model honest and malicious nodes and simulate the configurable network environment,including network topology and delay.The double-spending attack is a particular security issue related to DLT.We perform the security verification of the consensus algorithms under multiple double-spending attack strategies.Our simulations show that the consensus algorithms can resist the parasite chain attack and partially resist the splitting attack,but they are ineffective under the large weight attack.We take the cumulative weight difference of transactions as the evaluation criterion and analyze the effect of different consensus algorithms with parameters under each attack strategy.Besides,MAIOTASim enables users to perform largescale simulations with multiple nodes and tens of thousands of transactions more efficiently than state-of-the-art ones.

基于区块链技术的数据溯源模型设计

文章设计并实现了一个基于区块链技术的数据溯源模型,详细介绍了模型的架构设计、关键技术选取及实现过程。结果表明,该区块链数据溯源模型不仅能提升数据的安全性、透明度,还能在实际应用中提高系统的操作效率与信任度,充分展示了区块链技术在跨行业数据管理中的广泛适用性与潜在优势。

联盟链型供应链金融系统的构建、机制和应用

供应链金融有利于缓解企业融资瓶颈,但还有许多理论和实践问题亟须解决。以联盟链为底层技术,将企业、银行和政府部门等参与主体连接在一起,构建联盟链型供应链金融系统,并深入讨论联盟链型供应链金融系统的选型依据、网络架构、运行机制和业务应用。研究表明:(1)相对于公有链和私有链而言,联盟链的部分去中心化、共识信任、不可篡改、智能合约和隐私性等优良特性,能够有效满足供应链金融的业务性、安全性和监管性等要求;(2)采用实用性拜占庭容错算法经过“选主、打包、建块和验证”实现一致共识后将数据上链存储于联盟链分布式总账本,是联盟链型供应链金融系统运行机制的关键;(3)通过采用联盟链型供应链金融系统,供应链上中小企业的融资绩效能够显著提高,即获取资金时间缩短、贷款利率降低和贷款规模扩大。研究结果可以为解决供应链上中小企业的融资难融资贵问题提供新路径和新方案,同时为银行和企业等进行联盟链型供应链金融系统的开发与应用提供现实指引。

云际分布记账模型、机理与关键技术展望

云际计算是支持公有云、私有云、边缘云和微云等异源异质云服务以自主对等方式纵横协作共赢的新型计算模式,可为独立云服务实体间行为交互、信任构建和贡献度量等提供防篡改、可追溯能力支持,进而最大限度削弱阻碍不同利益攸关者协作的不确定性因素.提升云际协作意愿和效率需要基于何种机理进行何种机制创新,是云际计算成长演化中需要进一步阐述的新问题.本文首先以基于“数字空间证据”构建或增强信任关系为设计原则,提出了基于区块链的云际分布记账软件定义模型,并系统阐述了分布记账支撑云际服务独立性、可审计性以及释放云际协作潜能的内在机理;其次,面向云际复杂交互行为,深化并固化了云际分布记账运行逻辑流程及关键环节的设计,避免其在错综复杂要素综合作用下呈现不确定冲突和矛盾;再次,针对数据要素流通及复杂异步交互场景,细化并优化了云际分布记账合约逻辑模型;最后,论述了以分布共识、智能合约等为代表的云际分布记账核心技术及相应指标的现状,并对关键技术的目标属性体系、前瞻性挑战等进行了展望.

一种面向非全网共识账本的高效查询方法

存证是分布式账本的重要应用领域.为了满足大数据场景下海量数据的存证需求,出现了新型的非全网共识账本.这种账本采用非全网共识算法,大大提高了系统的存证性能.但是,这种账本的数据会随机分布在网络中,因此对数据查询带来了挑战.为适应非全网共识账本数据分散存储的特点,提出了一种高效的数据查询方法.该方法在查询过程中加入了学习机制,通过账户地址的相似度来指导请求转发,使得查询过程具有更高的性能和更低的延迟.基于该方法,设计和实现了用于非全网共识账本的查询系统,并在仿真环境和真实环境中进行了测试.结果表明,该查询方法在查询性能方面提升了12%,在响应时间方面降低了12%,验证了该查询方法的有效性.

基于分布式智能合约的蜂群自组网安全组播通信及应用

随着无人集群技术的发展及其在竞争性环境中的部署应用,基于对称加密方法的自组织网络通信安全技术已不能满足分布式作战应用对组播通信安全、分布式行为审计和动态成员管理的安全要求。基于此,本文提出利用非对称数字签名进行会员身份管理,通过分布式块链处理进行组播通信安全审核,基于分布式智能合约实现蜂群自组网安全组播通信架构的无中心、防篡改、可追溯的通信安全策略,同时采用轻量化认证账本进行多任务链的分块存储,以此保障数据区块链的存储效率。本文深入研究了自组网安全组播通信的关键技术,并给出了这些技术的潜在应用方向,可供本领域系统架构设计和技术研究参考。

基于区块链的装备维修支持系统设计与开发

为了提高装备保障资源的调配效率,解决现有装备维修管理信息系统容易被修改、数据共享水平低的问题,开发了一种基于区块链的装备维修支持平台。通过分析装备维修保障需求及所面临的挑战,详细设计了该装备维修支持平台的系统模型,给出了该系统的业务结构、功能模块、系统架构和算法模型。采用以太坊作为底层架构,通过智能合约、分布式账本,实现对装备维修保障数据的上链,确保维修工时真实有效、维修器材消耗准确清晰、维修质量全域可追溯、维修成本真实可控、维修经费结算准确。试验结果表明:该系统运行良好,节点区块计算平均时间为46.6ms,节点数据调阅平均响应时间为1.3s。该系统可有效提升装备维修保障数据的管理效率。

基于区块链技术的智能合约软件系统设计与实现

本文从原理出发深入剖析了区块链和智能合约,提出了以分布式账本和智能合约为基础的系统架构,并对其设计思路与关键实现技术进行了详细的讲解。接着,结合实战案例对系统进行了验证与性能评估,对其在安全性可扩展性和效率上的优势进行说明与论证,为区块链技术在智能合约领域的应用提供了有益的参考和指导。

基于分级的PHANTOM交易一致排序协议研究

DAG(Directed Acyclic Graph)分布式账本是对比特币中存在的一些交易确认时间过长等问题的改进。DAG分布式账本具有交易速度快,吞吐量大等优点。DAG分布式账本的主要优点是交易效率高,交易不用打包,做轻量级的工作量证明(POW)就可以直接发布交易,但是DAG分布式账本中异步的发布交易带来了全局交易一致性排序的困难问题。PHANTOM协议是DAG分布式账本中的一种具体的协议。PHANTOM协议中交易的排序需要求解一个NP困难问题,因此不适合于实际应用。为了避免这种复杂的计算,高效的贪心算法GHOSTDAG协议是对PHANTOM协议的改进,不仅提高了吞吐量,而且增加了抵抗双花攻击的能力。GHOSTDAG协议使用连通度得分较高的链作为主链,再利用连通度得分对区块做线性排序,当连通度得分相同时,使用哈希函数打破僵局(tie-breaking),选择哈希值较小的排在前面。但是哈希函数是伪随机函数,因此这一排序不尽合理。本文提出了基于分级的PHANTOM区块一致排序协议,采用了区块分级的概念,解决了PHANTOM协议中区块排序不唯一性的问题,并且该协议排序速度更快,且排序更合理,吞吐量更大。模拟实验评估和分析表明:基于分级的PHANTOM交易一致排序协议方案的吞吐量为1300TPS,较之前的PHANTOM协议有显著的增加,并且新方案具有安全性和可扩展性。

基于区块链的建筑合同与项目管理系统

作为一种新兴的去中心化分布式账本技术,区块链在金融、物联网、供应链管理等领域展现出了巨大潜力。文章将探讨区块链技术在建筑合同与项目管理系统中的应用,分析其优势、应用场景。通过引入区块链技术,旨在提升建筑合同管理的安全性、效率及透明度,以优化项目管理流程,进而推动建筑行业向现代化、智能化方向发展。

区块链对工业企业财务信息质量的影响与研究——以海尔公司为例

区块链技术作为数字时代的产物,对许多行业产生了深刻的影响,区块链技术应用在工业企业中,对其财务信息质量亦有许多影响,在传统记账模式下,企业财务数据真实性难以得到保证,区块链采用的分布式账本技术等大大规避了其原有弊端,并以其优势性保证了财务数据的真实性。大大提高了工业企业财务信息的质量,增强了投资者、第三方独立机构、政府部门对工业企业的信任度。

工控网络安全新兴理念及发展态势分析

随着数字技术的泛在化和网络攻击的与日俱增,加之AI和量子计算等颠覆性技术开始应用,常规网络安全防护理念及技术已不能满足新形势下关键基础设施工控网络安全的需求。本文描述了九位一体安全深度防护、设计安全、默认安全等新兴安全理念的概念、模型结构、特性及应用,并简要分析了边缘计算、AI、量子计算、分布式账簿、去中心化网络安全管理等新兴技术方面的发展态势。

基于区块链的第三方物流企业存货质押监管研究

采用新技术解决存货质押监管不力的问题迫在眉睫,探究基于区块链的第三方物流企业存货质押监管具有较强的现实意义和理论价值。以第三方物流企业为视角,运用信息不对称等理论探究得出存货质押监管存在质权设立纠纷等痛点,采用区块链分布式账本等核心技术共享质物信息、达成三方共识、保证信息安全、自动执行合约,最终确定质权设立、监管库存质物和确保质权实现。结果表明:区块链技术作为维护可靠数据库的方案,有助于加强第三方物流企业存货质押监管。

法定数字货币在跨境支付领域应用前景探析

现有跨境支付主要采用代理行模式,存在成本高、耗时长和透明度低等弱点。随着法定数字货币的兴起,基于分布式账本的技术运用于跨境支付,各参与方可直接点对点交易,将会给该领域带来革命性变化。当前,不少国家就法定数字货币跨境支付展开联合实验,在技术框架上各具特色。在此基础上,进一步探讨我国数字人民币跨境支付的实现途径,提出加强国际协调合作、创造条件参与国际原油结算、先行在“一带一路”沿线国家推广、提高平台抗风险能力、各央行实施共同治理等一系列框架设计。

区块链技术下政府环境审计优化研究

随着我国现代化建设进程的加快,中共中央对生态环境治理提出了更高的要求,政府环境审计工作面临新的挑战。传统政府环境审计过程中存在环境信息披露少、审计数据难取得、审计标准难统一等顽疾,而区块链技术作为一种新兴技术能为政府环境审计提供充分的支持。基于此,通过分析区块链技术在政府环境审计中的应用机制,利用智能合约、数字签名、分布式账本等区块链底层技术,构建数据存储、协同审计、审计应用三个应用模块。进一步从审计准备、审计实施、审计报告三个阶段优化政府环境审计流程,从区块链技术在政府环境审计中的有效应用视角提出建议。