EG-STC: An Efficient Secure Two-Party Computation Scheme Based on Embedded GPU for Artificial Intelligence Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration into the integration of Internet of Things(IoT),big data analysis,cloud computing,and Artificial Intelligence(AI),which has led to an unprecedented era of connectivity.We delve into the emerging trend of machine learning on embedded devices,enabling tasks in resource-limited environ-ments.However,the widespread adoption of machine learning raises significant privacy concerns,necessitating the development of privacy-preserving techniques.One such technique,secure multi-party computation(MPC),allows collaborative computations without exposing private inputs.Despite its potential,complex protocols and communication interactions hinder performance,especially on resource-constrained devices.Efforts to enhance efficiency have been made,but scalability remains a challenge.Given the success of GPUs in deep learning,lever-aging embedded GPUs,such as those offered by NVIDIA,emerges as a promising solution.Therefore,we propose an Embedded GPU-based Secure Two-party Computation(EG-STC)framework for Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems.To the best of our knowledge,this work represents the first endeavor to fully implement machine learning model training based on secure two-party computing on the Embedded GPU platform.Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of EG-STC.On an embedded GPU with a power draw of 5 W,our implementation achieved a secure two-party matrix multiplication throughput of 5881.5 kilo-operations per millisecond(kops/ms),with an energy efficiency ratio of 1176.3 kops/ms/W.Furthermore,leveraging our EG-STC framework,we achieved an overall time acceleration ratio of 5–6 times compared to solutions running on server-grade CPUs.Our solution also exhibited a reduced runtime,requiring only 60%to 70%of the runtime of previously best-known methods on the same platform.In summary,our research contributes to the advancement of secure and efficient machine learning implementations on resource-constrained embedded devices,paving the way for broader adoption of AI technologies in various applications.

Secure and Efficient Outsourced Computation in Cloud Computing Environments

Secure and efficient outsourced computation in cloud computing environments is crucial for ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and resource optimization. In this research, we propose novel algorithms and methodologies to address these challenges. Through a series of experiments, we evaluate the performance, security, and efficiency of the proposed algorithms in real-world cloud environments. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of homomorphic encryption-based secure computation, secure multiparty computation, and trusted execution environment-based approaches in mitigating security threats while ensuring efficient resource utilization. Specifically, our homomorphic encryption-based algorithm exhibits encryption times ranging from 20 to 1000 milliseconds and decryption times ranging from 25 to 1250 milliseconds for payload sizes varying from 100 KB to 5000 KB. Furthermore, our comparative analysis against state-of-the-art solutions reveals the strengths of our proposed algorithms in terms of security guarantees, encryption overhead, and communication latency.

Analysis of Secured Cloud Data Storage Model for Information

This paper was motivated by the existing problems of Cloud Data storage in Imo State University, Nigeria such as outsourced data causing the loss of data and misuse of customer information by unauthorized users or hackers, thereby making customer/client data visible and unprotected. Also, this led to enormous risk of the clients/customers due to defective equipment, bugs, faulty servers, and specious actions. The aim if this paper therefore is to analyze a secure model using Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) base 64 algorithms for storage of data in cloud securely. The methodology used was Object Orientated Hypermedia Analysis and Design Methodology (OOHADM) was adopted. Python was used to develop the security model;the role-based access control (RBAC) and multi-factor authentication (MFA) to enhance security Algorithm were integrated into the Information System developed with HTML 5, JavaScript, Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) version 3 and PHP7. This paper also discussed some of the following concepts;Development of Computing in Cloud, Characteristics of computing, Cloud deployment Model, Cloud Service Models, etc. The results showed that the proposed enhanced security model for information systems of cooperate platform handled multiple authorization and authentication menace, that only one login page will direct all login requests of the different modules to one Single Sign On Server (SSOS). This will in turn redirect users to their requested resources/module when authenticated, leveraging on the Geo-location integration for physical location validation. The emergence of this newly developed system will solve the shortcomings of the existing systems and reduce time and resources incurred while using the existing system.

Security Implications of Edge Computing in Cloud Networks

Security issues in cloud networks and edge computing have become very common. This research focuses on analyzing such issues and developing the best solutions. A detailed literature review has been conducted in this regard. The findings have shown that many challenges are linked to edge computing, such as privacy concerns, security breaches, high costs, low efficiency, etc. Therefore, there is a need to implement proper security measures to overcome these issues. Using emerging trends, like machine learning, encryption, artificial intelligence, real-time monitoring, etc., can help mitigate security issues. They can also develop a secure and safe future in cloud computing. It was concluded that the security implications of edge computing can easily be covered with the help of new technologies and techniques.

Towards a blockchain-SDN-based secure architecture for cloud computing in smart industrial IoT

Some of the significant new technologies researched in recent studies include BlockChain(BC),Software Defined Networking(SDN),and Smart Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT).All three technologies provide data integrity,confidentiality,and integrity in their respective use cases(especially in industrial fields).Additionally,cloud computing has been in use for several years now.Confidential information is exchanged with cloud infrastructure to provide clients with access to distant resources,such as computing and storage activities in the IIoT.There are also significant security risks,concerns,and difficulties associated with cloud computing.To address these challenges,we propose merging BC and SDN into a cloud computing platform for the IIoT.This paper introduces“DistB-SDCloud”,an architecture for enhanced cloud security for smart IIoT applications.The proposed architecture uses a distributed BC method to provide security,secrecy,privacy,and integrity while remaining flexible and scalable.Customers in the industrial sector benefit from the dispersed or decentralized,and efficient environment of BC.Additionally,we described an SDN method to improve the durability,stability,and load balancing of cloud infrastructure.The efficacy of our SDN and BC-based implementation was experimentally tested by using various parameters including throughput,packet analysis,response time,bandwidth,and latency analysis,as well as the monitoring of several attacks on the system itself.

A Secure Method for Data Storage and Transmission in Sustainable Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a technology that provides secure storage space for the customer’s massive data and gives them the facility to retrieve and transmit their data efficiently through a secure network in which encryption and decryption algorithms are being deployed.In cloud computation,data processing,storage,and transmission can be done through laptops andmobile devices.Data Storing in cloud facilities is expanding each day and data is the most significant asset of clients.The important concern with the transmission of information to the cloud is security because there is no perceivability of the client’s data.They have to be dependent on cloud service providers for assurance of the platform’s security.Data security and privacy issues reduce the progression of cloud computing and add complexity.Nowadays;most of the data that is stored on cloud servers is in the form of images and photographs,which is a very confidential form of data that requires secured transmission.In this research work,a public key cryptosystem is being implemented to store,retrieve and transmit information in cloud computation through a modified Rivest-Shamir-Adleman(RSA)algorithm for the encryption and decryption of data.The implementation of a modified RSA algorithm results guaranteed the security of data in the cloud environment.To enhance the user data security level,a neural network is used for user authentication and recognition.Moreover;the proposed technique develops the performance of detection as a loss function of the bounding box.The Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network(Faster R-CNN)gets trained on images to identify authorized users with an accuracy of 99.9%on training.

Comparative Evaluation of Elliptic Curve Cryptography Based Homomorphic Encryption Schemes for a Novel Secure Multiparty Computation

In this paper, we focus on Elliptic Curve Cryptography based approach for Secure Multiparty Computation (SMC) problem. Widespread proliferation of data and the growth of communication technologies have enabled collaborative computations among parties in distributed scenario. Preserving privacy of data owned by parties is crucial in such scenarios. Classical approach to SMC is to perform computation using Trusted Third Party (TTP). However, in practical scenario, TTPs are hard to achieve and it is imperative to eliminate TTP in SMC. In addition, existing solutions proposed for SMC use classical homomorphic encryption schemes such as RSA and Paillier. Due to the higher cost incurred by such cryptosystems, the resultant SMC protocols are not scalable. We propose Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) based approach for SMC that is scalable in terms of computational and communication cost and avoids TTP. In literature, there do exist various ECC based homomorphic schemes and it is imperative to investigate and analyze these schemes in order to select the suitable for a given application. In this paper, we empirically analyze various ECC based homomorphic encryption schemes based on performance metrics such as computational cost and communication cost. We recommend an efficient algorithm amongst several selected ones, that offers security with lesser overheads and can be applied in any application demanding privacy.

Online Optimization of Physical-Layer Secure Computation Offloading in Dynamic Environments

Mobile edge computing can provide powerful computation services around the end-users.However,given the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions,offloading the computation tasks via the uplink channels would raise serious security concerns.This paper proposes an online approach to jointly optimize local processing,transmit power,and task offloading decisions without the a-priori knowledge of the dynamic environments.The proposed approach can guarantee the secure offloading and asymptotically minimize the time-average energy consumption of devices while maintaining the stability of the ergodic secrecy queues and task queues.By exploiting the Lyapunov optimization,the local processing,transmit power,and task offloading variables can be decoupled between time slots.The subproblems on local processing and computation offloading can be solved separately.Convex optimization and graph matching can be used to solve the computation offloading subproblem.Simulations show that the performances of the proposed approach are superior to other popular approaches.

Blockchain-Enabled Secure and Privacy-Preserving Data Aggregation for Fog-Based ITS

As an essential component of intelligent transportation systems(ITS),electric vehicles(EVs)can store massive amounts of electric power in their batteries and send power back to a charging station(CS)at peak hours to balance the power supply and generate profits.However,when the system collects the corresponding power data,several severe security and privacy issues are encountered.The identity and private injection data may be maliciously intercepted by network attackers and be tampered with to damage the services of ITS and smart grids.Existing approaches requiring high computational overhead render them unsuitable for the resource-constrained Internet of Things(IoT)environment.To address above problems,this paper proposes a blockchain-enabled secure and privacy-preserving data aggregation scheme for fog-based ITS.First,a fog computing and blockchain co-aware aggregation framework of power injection data is designed,which provides strong support for ITS to achieve secure and efficient power injection.Second,Paillier homomorphic encryption,the batch aggregation signature mechanism and a Bloom filter are effectively integrated with efficient aggregation of power injection data with security and privacy guarantees.In addition,the fine-grained homomorphic aggregation is designed for power injection data generated by all EVs,which provides solid data support for accurate power dispatching and supply management in ITS.Experiments show that the total computational cost is significantly reduced in the proposed scheme while providing security and privacy guarantees.The proposed scheme is more suitable for ITS with latency-sensitive applications and is also adapted to deploying devices with limited resources.

A Secure Microgrid Data Storage Strategy with Directed Acyclic Graph Consensus Mechanism

The wide application of intelligent terminals in microgrids has fueled the surge of data amount in recent years.In real-world scenarios,microgrids must store large amounts of data efficiently while also being able to withstand malicious cyberattacks.To meet the high hardware resource requirements,address the vulnerability to network attacks and poor reliability in the tradi-tional centralized data storage schemes,this paper proposes a secure storage management method for microgrid data that considers node trust and directed acyclic graph(DAG)consensus mechanism.Firstly,the microgrid data storage model is designed based on the edge computing technology.The blockchain,deployed on the edge computing server and combined with cloud storage,ensures reliable data storage in the microgrid.Secondly,a blockchain consen-sus algorithm based on directed acyclic graph data structure is then proposed to effectively improve the data storage timeliness and avoid disadvantages in traditional blockchain topology such as long chain construction time and low consensus efficiency.Finally,considering the tolerance differences among the candidate chain-building nodes to network attacks,a hash value update mechanism of blockchain header with node trust identification to ensure data storage security is proposed.Experimental results from the microgrid data storage platform show that the proposed method can achieve a private key update time of less than 5 milliseconds.When the number of blockchain nodes is less than 25,the blockchain construction takes no more than 80 mins,and the data throughput is close to 300 kbps.Compared with the traditional chain-topology-based consensus methods that do not consider node trust,the proposed method has higher efficiency in data storage and better resistance to network attacks.

Optimal Fuzzy Logic Enabled Intrusion Detection for Secure IoT-Cloud Environment

Recently,Internet of Things(IoT)devices have developed at a faster rate and utilization of devices gets considerably increased in day to day lives.Despite the benefits of IoT devices,security issues remain challenging owing to the fact that most devices do not include memory and computing resources essential for satisfactory security operation.Consequently,IoT devices are vulnerable to different kinds of attacks.A single attack on networking system/device could result in considerable data to data security and privacy.But the emergence of artificial intelligence(AI)techniques can be exploited for attack detection and classification in the IoT environment.In this view,this paper presents novel metaheuristics feature selection with fuzzy logic enabled intrusion detection system(MFSFL-IDS)in the IoT environment.The presented MFSFL-IDS approach purposes for recognizing the existence of intrusions and accomplish security in the IoT environment.To achieve this,the MFSFL-IDS model employs data pre-processing to transform the data into useful format.Besides,henry gas solubility optimization(HGSO)algorithm is applied as a feature selection approach to derive useful feature vectors.Moreover,adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)technique was utilized for the recognition and classification of intrusions in the network.Finally,binary bat algorithm(BBA)is exploited for adjusting parameters involved in the ANFIS model.A comprehensive experimental validation of the MFSFL-IDS model is carried out using benchmark dataset and the outcomes are assessed under distinct aspects.The experimentation outcomes highlighted the superior performance of the MFSFL-IDS model over recentapproaches with maximum accuracy of 99.80%.

An Effective Security Comparison Protocol in Cloud Computing

With the development of cloud computing technology,more and more data owners upload their local data to the public cloud server for storage and calculation.While this can save customers’operating costs,it also poses privacy and security challenges.Such challenges can be solved using secure multi-party computation(SMPC),but this still exposes more security issues.In cloud computing using SMPC,clients need to process their data and submit the processed data to the cloud server,which then performs the calculation and returns the results to each client.Each client and server must be honest.If there is cooperation or dishonest behavior between clients,some clients may profit from it or even disclose the private data of other clients.This paper proposes the SMPC based on a Partially-Homomorphic Encryption(PHE)scheme in which an addition homomorphic encryption algorithm with a lower computational cost is used to ensure data comparability and Zero-Knowledge Proof(ZKP)is used to limit the client’s malicious behavior.In addition,the introduction of Oblivious Transfer(OT)technology also ensures that the semi-honest cloud server knows nothing about private data,so that the cloud server of this scheme can calculate the correct data in the case of malicious participant models and safely return the calculation results to each client.Finally,the security analysis shows that the scheme not only ensures the privacy of participants,but also ensures the fairness of the comparison protocol data.

Blockchain and Data Integrity Authentication Technique for Secure Cloud Environment

Nowadays,numerous applications are associated with cloud and user data gets collected globally and stored in cloud units.In addition to shared data storage,cloud computing technique offers multiple advantages for the user through different distribution designs like hybrid cloud,public cloud,community cloud and private cloud.Though cloud-based computing solutions are highly con-venient to the users,it also brings a challenge i.e.,security of the data shared.Hence,in current research paper,blockchain with data integrity authentication technique is developed for an efficient and secure operation with user authentica-tion process.Blockchain technology is utilized in this study to enable efficient and secure operation which not only empowers cloud security but also avoids threats and attacks.Additionally,the data integrity authentication technique is also uti-lized to limit the unwanted access of data in cloud storage unit.The major objec-tive of the projected technique is to empower data security and user authentication in cloud computing environment.To improve the proposed authentication pro-cess,cuckoofilter and Merkle Hash Tree(MHT)are utilized.The proposed meth-odology was validated using few performance metrics such as processing time,uploading time,downloading time,authentication time,consensus time,waiting time,initialization time,in addition to storage overhead.The proposed method was compared with conventional cloud security techniques and the outcomes establish the supremacy of the proposed method.

Towards Developing Privacy-Preserved Data Security Approach(PP-DSA)in Cloud Computing Environment

In the present scenario of rapid growth in cloud computing models,several companies and users started to share their data on cloud servers.However,when the model is not completely trusted,the data owners face several security-related problems,such as user privacy breaches,data disclosure,data corruption,and so on,during the process of data outsourcing.For addressing and handling the security-related issues on Cloud,several models were proposed.With that concern,this paper develops a Privacy-Preserved Data Security Approach(PP-DSA)to provide the data security and data integrity for the out-sourcing data in Cloud Environment.Privacy preservation is ensured in this work with the Efficient Authentication Technique(EAT)using the Group Signature method that is applied with Third-Party Auditor(TPA).The role of the auditor is to secure the data and guarantee shared data integrity.Additionally,the Cloud Service Provider(CSP)and Data User(DU)can also be the attackers that are to be handled with the EAT.Here,the major objective of the work is to enhance cloud security and thereby,increase Quality of Service(QoS).The results are evaluated based on the model effectiveness,security,and reliability and show that the proposed model provides better results than existing works.

Secured Framework for Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patients

With the emergence of cloud technologies,the services of healthcare systems have grown.Simultaneously,machine learning systems have become important tools for developing matured and decision-making computer applications.Both cloud computing and machine learning technologies have contributed significantly to the success of healthcare services.However,in some areas,these technologies are needed to provide and decide the next course of action for patients suffering from diabetic kidney disease(DKD)while ensuring privacy preservation of the medical data.To address the cloud data privacy problem,we proposed a DKD prediction module in a framework using cloud computing services and a data control scheme.This framework can provide improved and early treatment before end-stage renal failure.For prediction purposes,we implemented the following machine learning algorithms:support vector machine(SVM),random forest(RF),decision tree(DT),naïve Bayes(NB),deep learning(DL),and k nearest neighbor(KNN).These classification techniques combined with the cloud computing services significantly improved the decision making in the progress of DKD patients.We applied these classifiers to the UCI Machine Learning Repository for chronic kidney disease using various clinical features,which are categorized as single,combination of selected features,and all features.During single clinical feature experiments,machine learning classifiers SVM,RF,and KNN outperformed the remaining classification techniques,whereas in combined clinical feature experiments,the maximum accuracy was achieved for the combination of DL and RF.All the feature experiments presented increased accuracy and increased F-measure metrics from SVM,DL,and RF.

Control Framework for Secure Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is touted as the next big thing in the Information Technology (IT) industry, which is going to impact the businesses of any size and yet the security issue continues to pose a big threat on it. The security and privacy issues persisting in cloud computing have proved to be an obstacle for its widespread adoption. In this paper, we look at these issues from a business perspective and how they are damaging the reputation of big companies. There is a literature review on the existing issues in cloud computing and how they are being tackled by the Cloud Service Providers (CSP). We propose a governing body framework which aims at solving these issues by establishing relationship amongst the CSPs in which the data about possible threats can be generated based on the previous attacks on other CSPs. The Governing Body will be responsible for Data Center control, Policy control, legal control, user awareness, performance evaluation, solution architecture and providing motivation for the entities involved.

New Proposed Robust, Scalable and Secure Network Cloud Computing Storage Architecture

Cloud computing describes highly scalable computing resources provided as an external service via the internet. Economically, the main feature of cloud computing is that customers only use what they need, and only pay for what they actually use. Resources are available to be accessed from the cloud at any time, and from any location via the internet. There’s no need to worry about how things are being maintained behind the scenes—you simply purchase the IT service you require. This new, web-based generation of computing utilizes remote servers for data storage and management. One of the challenging issues tackled in the cloud computing is the security of data stored in the service providers’ site. In this paper, we propose a new architecture for secure data storage in such a way that users’ data are encrypted and split into various cipher blocks and distributed among different service providers site rather than solely depend on single provider for data storage. This architecture ensures better reliability, availability, scalability and security.

Security Model for Cloud Computing: Case Report of Organizational Vulnerability

Cloud computing services have quickly become a mainstay in business, leading to success as a business model and numerous advantages from the client’s point of view. Ease and amount of storage and computational services provisions were not previously accessible or affordable. However, parallel to this explosion has been significant security risk concerns. Thus, it is important to understand and define these security risks in a cybersecurity framework. This paper will take a case study approach to approach past security risks and propose a model that can be followed by organizations to eliminate the risk of Cloud-related cyberattacks. The main aims of this systematic literature review (SLR) are to (1) address security risks/vulnerabilities that can target cloud environments, (2) define tools that can be used by organizations to defend their cloud environment against those security risks/vulnerabilities, and (3) analyze case studies of significant cyberattacks and provide recommendations for organizations to mitigate such cyberattacks. This paper will propose a novel cloud cybersecurity model from a two-pronged offensive and defensive perspective for implementation by organizations to enhance their security infrastructure.

ATSSC:An Attack Tolerant System in Serverless Computing

Serverless computing is a promising paradigm in cloud computing that greatly simplifies cloud programming.With serverless computing,developers only provide function code to serverless platform,and these functions are invoked by its driven events.Nonetheless,security threats in serverless computing such as vulnerability-based security threats have become the pain point hindering its wide adoption.The ideas in proactive defense such as redundancy,diversity and dynamic provide promising approaches to protect against cyberattacks.However,these security technologies are mostly applied to serverless platform based on“stacked”mode,as they are designed independent with serverless computing.The lack of security consideration in the initial design makes it especially challenging to achieve the all life cycle protection for serverless application with limited cost.In this paper,we present ATSSC,a proactive defense enabled attack tolerant serverless platform.ATSSC integrates the characteristic of redundancy,diversity and dynamic into serverless seamless to achieve high-level security and efficiency.Specifically,ATSSC constructs multiple diverse function replicas to process the driven events and performs cross-validation to verify the results.In order to create diverse function replicas,both software diversity and environment diversity are adopted.Furthermore,a dynamic function refresh strategy is proposed to keep the clean state of serverless functions.We implement ATSSC based on Kubernetes and Knative.Analysis and experimental results demonstrate that ATSSC can effectively protect serverless computing against cyberattacks with acceptable costs.