"Three-in-One" Multi-Scale Structural Design of Carbon Fiber-Based Composites for Personal Electromagnetic Protection and Thermal Management

Wearable devices with efficient thermal management and electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding are highly desirable for improving human comfort and safety. Herein, a multifunctional wearable carbon fibers(CF) @ polyaniline(PANI)/silver nanowires(Ag NWs) composites with a “branch-trunk” interlocked micro/nanostructure were achieved through "three-in-one" multi-scale design. The reasonable assembly of the three kinds of one-dimensional(1D) materials can fully exert their excellent properties i.e., the superior flexibility of CF, the robustness of PANI, and the splendid conductivity of Ag NWs. Consequently, the constructed flexible composite demonstrates enhanced mechanical properties with a tensile stress of 1.2 MPa, which was almost 6 times that of the original material. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the PNAI(branch) was firmly attached to the CF(trunk) through polydopamine(PDA), forming a robust interlocked structure. Meanwhile, the composite possesses excellent thermal insulation and heat preservation capacity owing to the synergistically low thermal conductivity and emissivity. More importantly, the conductive path of the composite established by the three 1D materials greatly improved its EMI shielding property and Joule heating performance at low applied voltage. This work paves the way for rational utilization of the intrinsic properties of 1D materials, as well as provides a promising strategy for designing wearable electromagnetic protection and thermal energy management devices.

Multi-Scale Design and Optimization of Composite Material Structure for Heavy-Duty Truck Protection Device

In this paper,to present a lightweight-developed front underrun protection device(FUPD)for heavy-duty trucks,plain weave carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP)is used instead of the original high-strength steel.First,the mechanical and structural properties of plain carbon fiber composite anti-collision beams are comparatively analyzed from a multi-scale perspective.For studying the design capability of carbon fiber composite materials,we investigate the effects of TC-33 carbon fiber diameter(D),fiber yarn width(W)and height(H),and fiber yarn density(N)on the front underrun protective beam of carbon fiber compositematerials.Based on the investigation,a material-structure matching strategy suitable for the front underrun protective beam of heavy-duty trucks is proposed.Next,the composite material structure is optimized by applying size optimization and stack sequence optimization methods to obtain the higher performance carbon fiber composite front underrun protection beam of commercial vehicles.The results show that the fiber yarn height(H)has the greatest influence on the protective beam,and theH1matching scheme for the front underrun protective beamwith a carbon fiber composite structure exhibits superior performance.The proposed method achieves a weight reduction of 55.21% while still meeting regulatory requirements,which demonstrates its remarkable weight reduction effect.

Flexible Polydimethylsiloxane Composite with Multi-Scale Conductive Network for Ultra-Strong Electromagnetic Interference Protection

Highly conductive polymer composites(CPCs) with excellent mechanical flexibility are ideal materials for designing excellent electromagnetic interference(EMI) shielding materials,which can be used for the electromagnetic interference protection of flexible electronic devices.It is extremely urgent to fabricate ultra-strong EMI shielding CPCs with efficient conductive networks.In this paper,a novel silver-plated polylactide short fiber(Ag@PL ASF,AAF) was fabricated and was integrated with carbon nanotubes(CNT) to construct a multi-scale conductive network in polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS) matrix.The multi-scale conductive network endowed the flexible PDMS/AAF/CNT composite with excellent electrical conductivity of 440 S m-1and ultra-strong EMI shielding effectiveness(EMI SE) of up to 113 dB,containing only 5.0 vol% of AAF and 3.0 vol% of CNT(11.1wt% conductive filler content).Due to its excellent flexibility,the composite still showed 94% and 90% retention rates of EMI SE even after subjected to a simulated aging strategy(60℃ for 7 days) and 10,000 bending-releasing cycles.This strategy provides an important guidance for designing excellent EMI shielding materials to protect the workspace,environment and sensitive circuits against radiation for flexible electronic devices.

Effect of Steam Explosion Technology Main Parameters on Moso Bamboo and Poplar Fiber

One of the large-scale industrial applications of Moso bamboo and poplar in China is the production of standardized fiberboard.When making fiberboard,a steam blasting pretreatment without the addition of traditional adhesives has become increasingly popular because of its environmental friendliness and wide applicability.In this study,the steam explosion pretreatment of Moso bamboo and poplar was conducted.The steam explosion pressure and holding time were varied to determine the influence of these factors on fiber quality by investigating the morphology of the fiber,the mass ratio of the unexploded specimen at the end face,the chemical composition,and the tensile strength.The following conclusions were drawn:As the steam burst pressure and holding time increased,more cellulose and hemicellulose degradation occurred(the degradation of hemicellulose was greater than that of cellulose),the lignin content rose,and the fiber bundle strength decreased.The degradation of bamboo cellulose was slightly higher than that of poplar,and the degradation of poplar hemicellulose was significantly faster than that of bamboo.Furthermore,increasing the steam explosion pressure and pressure holding time could not effectively increase the lignin content.It is recommended to use a steam blasting pressure of 2.5 MPa or 3.0 MPa and a holding time of 180 s to perform steam blasting on bamboo and poplar specimens.

Concurrent multi-scale design optimization of composite frame structures using the Heaviside penalization of discrete material model

This paper deals with the concurrent multi-scale optimization design of frame structure composed of glass or carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. In the composite frame structure, the fiber winding angle at the micro-material scale and the geometrical parameter of components of the frame in the macro-structural scale are introduced as the independent variables on the two geometrical scales. Considering manufacturing requirements, discrete fiber winding angles are specified for the micro design variable. The improved Heaviside penalization discrete material optimization interpolation scheme has been applied to achieve the discrete optimization design of the fiber winding angle. An optimization model based on the minimum structural compliance and the specified fiber material volume constraint has been established. The sensitivity information about the two geometrical scales design variables are also deduced considering the characteristics of discrete fiber winding angles. The optimization results of the fiber winding angle or the macro structural topology on the two single geometrical scales, together with the concurrent two-scale optimization, is separately studied and compared in the paper. Numerical examples in the paper show that the concurrent multi-scale optimization can further explore the coupling effect between the macro-structure and micro-material of the composite to achieve an ultralight design of the composite frame structure. The novel two geometrical scales optimization model provides a new opportunity for the design of composite structure in aerospace and other industries.

Effects of Refining on the Fiber Properties of Poplar APMP

Poplar alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp （APMP） was refined in a PFI mill at varied revolution and the properties of the refined fibers and the resulting hand sheets were tested. The raw poplar APMP fibers are stiff and have been detached from the lamella during APMP pulping process. During the refining process, the APMP fibers did not swell and fibrillate; they were easily broken and formed into fragments. The breaking length of formed hand sheets increased as the heating degree increased because lots of hydrogen bonds were formed between fibers and fine pieces. The tear strength of hand sheets first increased and then decreased as the beating degree changed from 17 to 70~SR. The maximum tear strength was achieved at 61 ~SR of the beating degree. These results indicated that the hydrogen bond between the fibers was the main factor influencing the tear index followed by the fiber length. Along with the increase of the beating degree, the sheet density increased while the opacity decreased.

Acoustic emission characteristics of damage evolution of multi-scale fiber reinforced rubberized concrete under uniaxial compression and tension after being subjected to high temperatures

Recently developed multi-scale fiber(i.e.,CaCO3 whisker,polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)fiber,and steel fiber)reinforced rubberized concrete exhibits excellent mechanical properties and spalling resistance at high temperatures.Measurement of macro properties such as strength and Young’s modulus cannot reveal and characterize damage mechanisms,particularly those relating to the multi-scale fiber strengthening effect.In this study,acoustic emission(AE)technology is applied to investigate the impact of multi-scale fiber on the damage evolution of rubberized concrete exposed to high temperatures,under the uniaxial compression and tension loading processes.The mechanical properties,AE event location,peak frequency,b-value,the ratio of rise time to amplitude(RA),average frequency(AF)values,and AE energy of specimens are investigated.The results show that the number of events observed using AE gradually increases as the loading progresses.The crumb rubber and fibers inhibit the generation and development of the cracks.It is concluded that both the peak frequency and b-value reflect the extension process of cracks.As the cracks develop from the micro scale to the macro scale,the peak frequency tends to be distributed in a lower frequency range,and the b-value decreases gradually.At the peak stress point,the AE energy increases rapidly and the b-value decreases.The specimens without multi-scale fibers exhibit brittle failure,while the specimens with fibers exhibit ductile failure.In addition,adding multi-scale fibers and crumb rubber increases the peak frequency in the medium and high frequency ranges,indicating a positive effect on inhibiting crack development.After being subjected to high temperatures,the maximum and minimum b-values decrease,reflecting an increase in the number of initial cracks due to thermal damage.Meanwhile,the RA and AF values are used to classify tensile and shear cracks.The specimens fracture with more shear cracks under compression,and there are more tensile cracks in specimens with multi-scale fibers under tension.

Interclonal and within-tree variation in wood properties of poplar clones

The wood basic density, cellulose content and fiber form were investigated for all sample trees at breast height (1.3 m) in seven poplar clones, and at 0 (butt), 5.6, 9.6, 13.6, 17.6, 19.6 and 21.6 m for clone Nanlin-95 and Nanlin-895, respectively, for providing information on variation patterns of wood density, fiber characteristics and holocellulose content within trees and among clones. The results showed that significant variations about wood density, cellulose content, fiber diameter and the ratio of fiber length to diameter existed among poplar clones examined. Variance analysis indicated that there were significant differences in wood basic density, fiber length, fiber diameter and cellulose content among the growth rings, which had an increasing tendency along the direction from pith to bark. The significant differences also existed in wood basic density, fiber length and fiber diameter at different tree height. The mean wood basic density had a general increase trend with increasing height of trees and the lowest was found at the base, while fiber length and fiber diameter had a general decline pattern with increasing height of trees and the biggest value was observed at the height of 5.6 m. Regression analysis indicated that the relationship between examined wood properties and growth ring number (cambial age), and the relationship between examined wood properties and tree height can be described by polynomial functions.

杨木纤维对砂浆流动度、力学性能和自收缩的影响

本文采用控制变量法设计试验,探究了杨木纤维尺寸、体积分数对砂浆流动度、力学性能(抗压、抗折强度)及自收缩的影响。研究发现:与杨木纤维尺寸相比,杨木纤维体积分数对砂浆流动度的影响更为显著,当杨木纤维体积分数自1.0%增至3.0%时,砂浆流动度降低49.56%;增加杨木纤维尺寸和体积分数均会降低砂浆的抗折强度,而增加杨木纤维的体积分数有利于提高砂浆的抗压强度;杨木纤维体积分数比其尺寸对砂浆的减缩作用更显著,添加3.0%长度为0.30~1.25 mm的杨木纤维使砂浆72 h自收缩降低45.6%。

漆酶预处理阻燃纤维板的制备工艺优化及阻燃性能研究

为改善阻燃剂在纤维板中的阻燃效果,采用漆酶预先处理杨木纤维,再使用BL-环保阻燃剂浸渍杨木纤维,制备得到酶处理阻燃纤维板。以纤维板的阻燃剂负载量、氧指数和烟密度为指标,采用正交试验法确定最佳浸渍工艺,并通过氧指数、烟密度、热重(TG)分析和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对杨木纤维的浸渍效果进行分析。研究结果表明:在漆酶处理温度50℃、酶处理时间60 min、酶用量35 U/g、pH值4.8、阻燃剂用量50%、阻燃剂浸渍时间80 min和阻燃剂处理温度35℃的条件下,制备的纤维板阻燃效果最好。此条件下,阻燃剂负载量为20.3%,氧指数为41.5%,烟密度为10.9%,密度为0.774 g/cm~3,静曲强度为30.3 MPa,弹性模量为3 507 MPa,内结合强度为0.61 MPa,吸水厚度膨胀率为17.4%;相比于普通纤维板,BL-环保阻燃剂处理纤维板能提高其氧指数和阻燃剂含量。在干燥阶段与炭化阶段,相比于普通纤维板和仅BL-环保阻燃剂处理制备的阻燃纤维板,漆酶处理的阻燃纤维板产生相同的失重所需的温度更高,不易发生燃烧反应;漆酶处理的阻燃纤维板含氧官能团、羟基官能团明显下降,提高了纤维板的阻燃性能。

Laboratory testing on cracking characteristics and improvement mechanism of coral mud

In recent years,the development and construction of island reefs have been flourishing.Due to the remoteness of island reefs from the mainland,the scarcity of building materials,and the high transportation costs,it is imperative to use local marine resources,and the potential value and status of coral mud on island reefs,which is formed by the remains of corals and other biological entities,is becoming increasingly prominent.Utilization and optimization of natural resources on island reefs have become a brand-new research direction and challenge.This article mainly focuses on the development of a new type of green engineering material,coral mud,for use in building surface layers.Thickness effects,PVA fiber(vinylon staple fiber)modification,and HPMC(Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose)adhesive modification are taken into consideration.Through laboratory tests and image processing technology,fractal theory,and electron microscopy experiments,the macro-meso-microscopic multi-scale cracking rules of the coral mud surface layer and the optimization modification rules of PVA fibers and HPMC adhesives are revealed.The results demonstrate that the performance of the coral mud surface layer is superior to that of the kaolin surface layer,and the 10 mm thickness performs better than the 5 mm and 20 mm thicknesses.As the thickness of the coral mud surface layer increases,the contact between coral mud particles becomes denser,the scale of surface micro-cracks decreases,and the number of micro-pores decreases.PVA fibers can effectively inhibit the further development of macro and micro cracks and play a good bridging role.There is a bonding and adhesion relationship between coral mud and PVA fibers,and they have a good synergistic effect in inhibiting macro and mesoscopic cracks.With the increase in HPMC adhesive content,the number of micro-cracks and the scale of micro-cracks decrease accordingly,and the structure and performance of the coral mud surface layer are further improved.Overall,PVA fibers are more effective than HPMC adhesives in inhibiting the cracking of the coral mud surface layer.This provides valuable guidance for the development and application of coral mud in wall surface materials.

杨树林带木材纤维长度变化规律及其在经营中的应用

为探讨农田防护林合理经营的最佳途径，本文从林带木材生物学特性研究入手，针对杨树农田防护林带不同品种、不同立地、不同行位和不同年龄木纤维长度的变化规律进行了研究，结果表明，杨树林带木纤维长度的变化主要受品种和年龄的影响，与林带特殊生境无显著相关；通过林带纤维长度频率分布和木纤维长度与年龄相关关系的分析，建立了一系列相关模型，据此得出了林带木纤维长度相对稳定的年龄；该年龄即为农田防护林带开始进入全面有效防护农田状态时的年龄，此时林带所达到的树高可作为农田防护林规划设计的成林高。由此为农田防护林带的经营提供了可靠的木材生物学依据。

人工林杨树12个无性系木材纤维形态特征及变异

对人工林杨树12个无性系36个单株的纤维长度、纤维宽度、长宽比、壁腔比和腔径比等纤维形态特征指标进行了系统的测试。结果表明:纤维长度大致呈正态分布,长度平均值达914.75μm,为中长度纤维。纤维长度在树干水平方向上由内向外逐渐增大;纤维宽度的表现较为稳定,变异规律与纤维长度一致,其变异幅度要比纤维长度小。长宽比径向变异趋势有两种:一种为自髓心向外增加,达到最大值后保持平稳和波动;另一种趋势为自髓心向外增加,达到最大值后又减小,呈抛物曲线状态。壁腔比均小于1,腔径比在0.77以上,表明杨树木材适用于造纸工业。

杨树无性系生长和材性的遗传变异及多性状选择

以７年生２５个杨树无性系为材料研究了生长和材质性状的遗传变异及性状之间的相关．６个性状纤维长、纤维宽、长宽比、木材密度、树高、胸径在无性系间均存在极显著的差异。生长和材质性状受中等更强度的遗传控制．６个性状的重复力分别为８１．９％，７３．３％，７０．５２％。６４．３％．６８．８％，７０．５４％．胸径和树高之间、纤维长度与纤维长宽比、胸径之间、木材密度与胸径之间都呈现出较高的遗传正相关．宜接选择效果优于间接选择，指数选择优于直接选择。由４性状树高、胸径、纤维长度与基本密度配合的选择指数对本实验群体比较合适。利用选择指数评选出４个生长和材质兼优的优良无性系。

基于近红外光谱技术预测木材纤维长度

介绍了近红外光谱分析技术应用于测量木材纤维长度的基本原理及流程。采用化学计量学中的偏最小二乘和完全交互验证法,通过建立了我国人工林造纸针叶材湿地松和阔叶材滩地72杨木材样品近红外光谱与纤维长度实验值之间的校正模型,来预测相应树种木材的纤维长度。模型的相关指标表明,近红外光谱分析技术可以快速准确地对这两种木材的纤维长度进行预测。

杨树无性系木材纤维形态特征及其径向变异的研究

以生长在安徽省天长市城西林场的5种不同的杨树无性系人工林木材H22、Z9、Z3、B3和107为对象,对木材纤维形态特征进行了研究,并分析了其径向遗传变异规律。结果表明, 5个无性系杨树的纤维长度、宽度以及长宽比在幼龄期较小,但随着生长轮的增加,呈增大的趋势,并在达到一定的年龄后保持稳定波动或略有减小;腔径、双壁厚以及壁腔比的径向变化规律总体上也是随着生长轮呈增大趋势,可能受到早晚材的影响,部分无性系的双壁厚和壁腔比变化波动较大。

杨树绒毛纤维的性能及其采集应用

探讨杨树绒毛纤维的性能及其采集应用情况。介绍了杨树绒毛纤维的吸湿性能、浸润性能、蓬松性、热学性能和耐洗涤性能以及在纺织中的开发及应用情况。通过对杨树绒毛纤维的采集实践对比,认为:采集穗状花序,且采用晾晒制得杨树绒毛纤维,其杂质较少,便于控制采集的质量和数量。

纤维乙醇发酵残渣中酶解木质素的提取与表征

近年来,将纤维素乙醇生产过程中所产生的废物进行资源化利用已越来越受重视。本研究利用杨木纤维酶解发酵产纤维素乙醇的残渣进行木质素的提取与表征,采用单因素试验分析碱浓度、料液比、反应温度、反应时间对酶解木质素提取效果的影响,并对反应条件进行正交优化,应用UV、FT-IR光谱仪对分离出的酶解木质素结构进行表征。结果表明:酶解木质素最佳的提取工艺条件为Na OH浓度40g/L、料液比1∶30、反应温度60℃、反应时间2.5h。紫外和红外光谱显示酶解木质素保留了完好的木质素结构,以紫丁香基木质素为主,有良好的化学活性。

速生黑杨枝桠材纤维形态、化学组分及APMP制浆性能的研究

测定了3种速生黑杨枝桠材（ZY）的纤维形态和化学组分,并对其碱性过氧化氢机械浆（APMP）制浆性能进行了初步探讨。纤维形态分析结果表明,纤维平均长度0.6 mm,宽度20μm,长宽比值30,壁腔比值0.4-0.6,含细小组分10%-20%,纤维粗度8-10 mg（以100 m计）。化学组分分析结果显示（均以质量分数计）：1%NaOH抽出物22%,苯-乙醇抽出物2.0%,硝酸-乙醇纤维素44%-47%,聚戊糖24%-25%,酸不溶木质素18%-21%。速生黑杨枝桠材的壁腔比和纤维粗度较小,细小组分含量少,抽出物、木质素和聚戊糖含量相对较低,这些特点有利于制浆造纸生产及成纸性能;但其纤维粗短,长宽比值小,对成纸的物理强度显著不利。采用APMP工艺对速生黑杨枝桠材制浆,结果表明枝桠材（去皮）APMP浆的成纸强度性能明显好于枝桠材（带皮）APMP浆,但与主干材相比还有一定差距。

7个南方适生杨树无性系生长和木材纤维性状分析与评价

【目的】分析杨树Populus无性系间纤维性状差异及与生长性状的相关性,为杨树无性系优质材定向培育与选择利用提供基础信息和指导。【方法】选择树干通直,生长量大的7个杨树无性系XL-80、XL-86、XL-83、XL-58、XL-75、ZH-17、I-69(对照)为材料,对纤维长、纤维宽、纤维长宽比及纤维素质量分数、单株纤维素等性状进行了研究,利用主成分综合得分法评价了各无性系纤维性状指标。【结果】7个杨树无性系木材纤维长为0.95~1.12 mm,均达到了国际木材解剖学会规定的中级纤维长(0.91~1.60 mm)的标准;纤维长宽比为49.09~54.62,超出造纸所需纤维长宽比(30)的63.67%~82.00%;纤维素质量分数为53.06%~59.66%,均超出造纸纤维素质量分数的基本要求(40%)。纤维宽与树高、胸径及生物量呈正相关但不显著(P>0.05),纤维长、纤维长宽比及纤维素质量分数分别与胸径、树高及生物量均呈负相关,且均不显著(P>0.05)。通过主成分综合得分法评选出5个杨树优良无性系,分别为XL-80、XL-58、XL-86、ZH-17、XL-83。【结论】筛选的5个优良无性系综合了各性状的优良特性,能够最大程度地实现物尽其用,达到杨树无性系资源利用的最大化,同时也为杨树多目标育种提供了丰富的遗传资源。表6参24。