A semi-analytical model for coupled flow in stress-sensitive multi-scale shale reservoirs with fractal characteristics

A large number of nanopores and complex fracture structures in shale reservoirs results in multi-scale flow of oil. With the development of shale oil reservoirs, the permeability of multi-scale media undergoes changes due to stress sensitivity, which plays a crucial role in controlling pressure propagation and oil flow. This paper proposes a multi-scale coupled flow mathematical model of matrix nanopores, induced fractures, and hydraulic fractures. In this model, the micro-scale effects of shale oil flow in fractal nanopores, fractal induced fracture network, and stress sensitivity of multi-scale media are considered. We solved the model iteratively using Pedrosa transform, semi-analytic Segmented Bessel function, Laplace transform. The results of this model exhibit good agreement with the numerical solution and field production data, confirming the high accuracy of the model. As well, the influence of stress sensitivity on permeability, pressure and production is analyzed. It is shown that the permeability and production decrease significantly when induced fractures are weakly supported. Closed induced fractures can inhibit interporosity flow in the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). It has been shown in sensitivity analysis that hydraulic fractures are beneficial to early production, and induced fractures in SRV are beneficial to middle production. The model can characterize multi-scale flow characteristics of shale oil, providing theoretical guidance for rapid productivity evaluation.

Shale oil development techniques and application based on ternary-element storage and flow concept in Jiyang Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

The ternary-element storage and flow concept for shale oil reservoirs in Jiyang Depression of Bohai Bay Basin,East China,was proposed based on the data of more than 10000 m cores and the production of more than 60 horizontal wells.The synergy of three elements(storage,fracture and pressure)contributes to the enrichment and high production of shale oil in Jiyang Depression.The storage element controls the enrichment of shale oil;specifically,the presence of inorganic pores and fractures,as well as laminae of lime-mud rocks,in the saline lake basin,is conducive to the storage of shale oil,and the high hydrocarbon generating capacity and free hydrocarbon content are the material basis for high production.The fracture element controls the shale oil flow;specifically,natural fractures act as flow channels for shale oil to migrate and accumulate,and induced fractures communicate natural fractures to form complex fracture network,which is fundamental to high production.The pressure element controls the high and stable production of shale oil;specifically,the high formation pressure provides the drive force for the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons,and fracturing stimulation significantly increases the elastic energy of rock and fluid,improves the imbibition replacement of oil in the pores/fractures,and reduces the stress sensitivity,guaranteeing the stable production of shale oil for a long time.Based on the ternary-element storage and flow concept,a 3D development technology was formed,with the core techniques of 3D well pattern optimization,3D balanced fracturing,and full-cycle optimization of adjustment and control.This technology effectively guides the production and provides a support to the large-scale beneficial development of shale oil in Jiyang Depression.

Numerical Study of a Three-Dimensional Laminar Flow in a Rectangular Channel with a 180-Degree Sharp Turn

This study presents a numerical analysis of three-dimensional steady laminar flow in a rectangular channel with a 180-degree sharp turn. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by using finite difference method for Re = 900. Three-dimensional streamlines and limiting streamlines on wall surface are used to analyze the three-dimensional flow characteristics. Topological theory is applied to limiting streamlines on inner walls of the channel and two-dimensional streamlines at several cross sections. It is also shown that the flow impinges on the end wall of turn and the secondary flow is induced by the curvature in the sharp turn.

Theory of Flexural Shear, Bending and Torsion for a Thin-Walled Beam of Open Section

Aspects of the general Vlasov theory are examined separately as applied to a thin-walled channel section cantilever beam under free-end end loading. In particular, the flexural bending and shear that arise under transverse shear and axial torsional loading are each considered theoretically. These analyses involve the location of the shear centre at which transverse shear forces when applied do not produce torsion. This centre, when taken to be coincident with the centre of twist implies an equivalent reciprocal behaviour. That is, an axial torsion applied concentric with the shear centre will twist but not bend the beam. The respective bending and shear stress conversions are derived for each action applied to three aluminium alloy extruded channel sections mounted as cantilevers with a horizontal principal axis of symmetry. Bending and shear are considered more generally for other thin-walled sections when the transverse loading axes at the shear centre are not parallel to the section = s centroidal axes of principal second moments of area. The fixing at one end of the cantilever modifies the St Venant free angular twist and the free warping displacement. It is shown from the Wagner-Kappus torsion theory how the end constrained warping generates an axial stress distribution that varies with the length and across the cross-section for an axial torsion applied to the shear centre. It should be mentioned here for wider applications and validation of the Vlasov theory that attendant papers are to consider in detail bending and torsional loadings applied to other axes through each of the centroid and the web centre. Therein, both bending and twisting arise from transverse shear and axial torsion applied to each position being displaced from the shear centre. Here, the influence of the axis position upon the net axial and shear stress distributions is to be established. That is, the net axial stress from axial torsional loading is identified with the sum of axial stress due to bending and axial stress arising from constrained warping displacements at the fixing. The net shear stress distribution overlays the distributions from axial torsion and that from flexural shear under transverse loading. Both arise when transverse forces are displaced from the shear centre.

Flow体验理论对城郊乡村旅游开发的借鉴和启示——以南京市东郊句容市为例

在乡村振兴大背景下,乡村旅游蓬勃发展,尤其是城郊乡村旅游产品不断丰富,但还存在同质化、旅游者心流体验弱等问题亟待解决。本文以Flow※体验理论为指导,以南京市东郊句容市乡村旅游开发为研究对象,对其现状进行分析,从而提出目前日趋竞争激烈乡村旅游环境下城郊乡村旅游产品开发、创新的应对策略,以期对城郊乡村旅游发展起到指导和借鉴意义。

RESEARCH ON THE BLOCKING FLOW IN A TRANSPORTATION NETWORK──THE GENERAL CONCEPTS AND THEORY OF THE BLOCKING FLOW

Blockage is a kind of phenomenon occurring frequently in modern transportation network. This paper deals with the research work on the blocking now in a network with the help of network flow theory. The blockage phenomena can be divided intO local blockage and network blockage. In this paper, which deals mainly with the latter, the fundamental concepts and definitions of network blocking flow, blocking outset are presented and the related theorems are proved. It is proved that the sufficient and necessary condition for the emergence of a blocking now in a network is the existence of the blocking outset. The necessary conditions for the existence of the blocking outset in a network are analysed and the characteristic cutset of blockage which reflects the all possible situation of blocking nows in the network is defined.In the last part of the paper the mathematical model of the minimum blocking now is developed and the solution to a small network is given.

Generalizing J_2 flow theory: Fundamental issues in strain gradient plasticity

It has not been a simple matter to obtain a sound extension of the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity that incorporates a dependence on plastic strain gradients and that is capable of capturing size-dependent behaviour of metals at the micron scale. Two classes of basic extensions of classical J2 theory have been proposed： one with increments in higher order stresses related to increments of strain gradients and the other characterized by the higher order stresses themselves expressed in terms of increments of strain gradients. The theories proposed by Muhlhans and Aifantis in 1991 and Fleck and Hutchinson in 2001 are in the first class, and, as formulated, these do not always satisfy thermodynamic requirements on plastic dissipation. On the other hand, theories of the second class proposed by Gudmundson in 2004 and Gurtin and Anand in 2009 have the physical deficiency that the higher order stress quantities can change discontinuously for bodies subject to arbitrarily small load changes. The present paper lays out this background to the quest for a sound phenomenological extension of the rateindependent J2 flow theory of plasticity to include a de- pendence on gradients of plastic strain. A modification of the Fleck-Hutchinson formulation that ensures its thermo- dynamic integrity is presented and contrasted with a comparable formulation of the second class where in the higher or- der stresses are expressed in terms of the plastic strain rate. Both versions are constructed to reduce to the classical J2 flow theory of plasticity when the gradients can be neglected and to coincide with the simpler and more readily formulated J2 deformation theory of gradient plasticity for deformation histories characterized by proportional straining.

Three-dimensional Simulation of Gas/Solid Flow in Spout-fluid Beds with Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow

A three-dimensional Eulerian multiphase model, with closure law according to the kinetic theory of granular flow, was used to study the gas/solid flow behaviors in spout-fluid beds. The influences of the coefficient of restitution due to non-ideal particle collisions on the simulated results were tested. It is demonstrated that the simulated result is strongly affected by the coefficient of restitution. Comparison of simulations with experiments in a small spout-fluid bed showed that an appropriate coefficient of restitution of 0.93 was necessary to simulate the flow characteristics in an underdesigned large size of spout-fluid bed coal gasifier with diameter of lm and height of 6m. The internal jet and gas/solid flow patterns at different operating conditions were obtained. The simulations show that an optimal gas/solid flow pattern for coal gasification is found when the spouting gas flow rate is equal to the fluidizing gas flow rate and the total of them is two and a half times the minimum fluidizing gas flow rate. Besides, the radial distributions of particle velocity and gas velocity show similar tendencies; the radial distributions of particle phase pressure due to particle collisions and the particle pseudo-temperature corresponding to the macroscopic kinetic energy of the random particle motion also show similar tendencies. These indicate that both gas drag force and particle collisions dominate the movement of particles.

Cycle-by-Cycle Queue Length Estimation for Signalized Intersections Using Multi-Source Data

In order to estimate vehicular queue length at signalized intersections accurately and overcome the shortcomings and restrictions of existing studies especially those based on shockwave theory,a new methodology is presented for estimating vehicular queue length using data from both point detectors and probe vehicles. The methodology applies the shockwave theory to model queue evolution over time and space. Using probe vehicle locations and times as well as point detector measured traffic states,analytical formulations for calculating the maximum and minimum( residual) queue length are developed. The proposed methodology is verified using ground truth data collected from numerical experiments conducted in Shanghai,China. It is found that the methodology has a mean absolute percentage error of 17. 09%,which is reasonably effective in estimating the queue length at traffic signalized intersections. Limitations of the proposed models and algorithms are also discussed in the paper.

Flow Behaviors of Gas-Solid Injector by 3D Simulation with Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow

A computational study on the flow behavior of a gas-solid injector by Eulerian approach was carried out. The gas phase was modeled with k-ε turbulent model and the particle phase was modeled with kinetic theory of granular flow. The simulations by Eulerian two-fluid model （TFM） were compared with the corresponding results by discrete element method （DEM） and experiments. It was showed that TFM simulated results were in reasonable agreement with the experimental and DEM simulated results. Based on TFM simulations, gas-solid flow pattern, gas velocity, particle velocity and the static pressure under different driving jet velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle were obtained. The results showed that the time average axial gas velocity sharply decreased and then slightly increased to a constant value in the horizontal conveying pipe. The time average axial particle velocity increased initially and then decreased, but in the outlet region of the convergent section the particle velocity remarkably increased once more to the maximal value. As a whole, the static pressure distribution change trends were found to be independent on driving gas velocity, backpressure and convergent section angle. However, the static pressure increased with increase of convergent section angle and gas jet velocities. The difference of static pressure to backpressure increased with increasing backpressure.

Land Cover Classification with Multi-source Data Using Evidential Reasoning Approach

Land cover classification is the core of converting satellite imagery to available geographic data.However,spectral signatures do not always provide enough information in classification decisions.Thus,the application of multi-source data becomes necessary.This paper presents an evidential reasoning (ER) approach to incorporate Landsat TM imagery,altitude and slope data.Results show that multi-source data contribute to the classification accuracy achieved by the ER method,whereas play a negative role to that derived by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC).In comparison to the results derived based on TM imagery alone,the overall accuracy rate of the ER method increases by 7.66% and that of the MLC method decreases by 8.35% when all data sources (TM plus altitude and slope) are accessible.The ER method is regarded as a better approach for multi-source image classification.In addition,the method produces not only an accurate classification result,but also the uncertainty which presents the inherent difficulty in classification decisions.The uncertainty associated to the ER classification image is evaluated and proved to be useful for improved classification accuracy.

Gao's interacting shear flows( ISF) theory and its inferences and their applications

Gao＇s viscous/in-viscid interacting shear flows （ISF） theory, proposed by professor Gao Zhi in Institute of Mechanics, China Academy of Science, and its inferences and their applications in computational fluid dynamics （CFD） are reviewed and some subjects worthy to be studied are pro- posed in this paper. The flow-field and motion law of ISF, mathematics definition of strong viscous shear layer flow in ISF, ISF equations, wall-surface compatibility criteria （Gao＇s criteria ）, space scale variety law of strong viscous shear layer reveals flow mechanism and local space small scale triggered by strong interaction that cause some abnormal severe local pneumatic heating phenomenon in hypersonic flow. Gao＇s ISF theory was used in near wall flow, free ISF flow simulation and design of computing grids, Gao＇s wall-surface criteria were used to verify calculation reliability and accuracy of near wall flows, ISF theory approximate analytical result of shock waves-boundary layer interac- tion and ISF equations were used to obtain the numerical exact solution of local area flow （ such as stationary point flow）. Some new subjects, such as, improving near-wall turbulent models according to the turbulent flow simulation satisfying the wall-criteria and illustrating relation between grid-con- vergence based on the wall criteria and other convergence tactics, are suggested. The necessity of applying Gao＇s ISF theory and wall criteria is revealed. Difficulties and importance of hypersonic vis- cous/in-viscid interaction phenomenon were also emphasized.

Application of extension theory in risk zoning of debris flow in Beijing

The occurrence of debris flow is affected by many factors. Risk zoning of debris flow plays a vital role in the early-warning and prediction of abrupt geological hazards, and exploration of new method is needed in the early-warning and prediction of geological hazards. The extension theory is a new method to solve contradiction matters. Based on extension theory, AHP and GIS, the risk zoning model of debris flow was established in this paper. The result of this research provides a new way in the risk zoning, early-warning and prediction of debris flow

Fault location of distribution networks based on multi-source information

In order to promote the development of the Internet of Things(IoT),there has been an increase in the coverage of the customer electric information acquisition system(CEIAS).The traditional fault location method for the distribution network only considers the information reported by the Feeder Terminal Unit(FTU)and the fault tolerance rate is low when the information is omitted or misreported.Therefore,this study considers the influence of the distributed generations(DGs)for the distribution network.This takes the CEIAS as a redundant information source and solves the model by applying a binary particle swarm optimization algorithm(BPSO).The improved Dempster/S-hafer evidence theory(D-S evidence theory)is used for evidence fusion to achieve the fault section location for the distribution network.An example is provided to verify that the proposed method can achieve single or multiple fault locations with a higher fault tolerance.

A note on the Galilean invariance of aerodynamic force theories in unsteady incompressible flows

As a basic principle in classical mechanics,the Galilean invariance states that the force is the same in all inertial frames of reference.But this principle has not been properly addressed by most unsteady aerodynamic force theories,if the partial force contributed by a local flow structure is to be evaluated.In this note,we discuss the Galilean-invariance conditions of the partial force for several typical theories and numerically test what would happen if these conditions do not hold.

Calculation of the Water Distribution Networks Based on the Theory of Slow Transient Flow

Urban water supply network is a modern urban survival and development of the infrastructure of a city,and its normal running conditions have important significance. The actual hydraulic process in the variableload water distribution networks can be treated as the slow transient flow which belongs to the unsteady flow. This paper analyzes the multi-loops network slow transient model based on graph theory,and the link flow matrix is treated as the variables of the discrete solution model to simulate the process of the slow transient flow in the network. With the simulation of hydraulic regime in an actual pipe network,the changing laws of the flow in the pipes,nodal hydraulic heads and other hydraulic factors with the passage of time are obtained. Since the transient processes offer much more information than a steady process,the slow transient theory is not only practical on analyzing the hydraulic condition of the network,but also on identifying hydraulic resistance coefficients of pipes and detecting the leakage in networks.

Transient flow of magnetized Maxwell nanofluid: Buongiorno model perspective of Cattaneo-Christov theory

The present research article is devoted to studying the characteristics of Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes in the Maxwell nanofluid flow caused by a stretching sheet with the magnetic field properties.The Maxwell nanofluid is investigated with the impact of the Lorentz force to examine the consequence of a magnetic field on the flow characteristics and the transport of energy.The heat and mass transport mechanisms in the current physical model are analyzed with the modified versions of Fourier’s and Fick’s laws,respectively.Additionally,the well-known Buongiorno model for the nanofluids is first introduced together with the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes during the transient motion of the Maxwell fluid.The governing partial differential equations(PDEs)for the flow and energy transport phenomena are obtained by using the Maxwell model and the Cattaneo-Christov theory in addition to the laws of conservation.Appropriate transformations are used to convert the PDEs into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The homotopic solution methodology is applied to the nonlinear differential system for an analytic solution.The results for the time relaxation parameter in the flow,thermal energy,and mass transport equations are discussed graphically.It is noted that higher values of the thermal and solutal relaxation time parameters in the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass fluxes decline the thermal and concentration fields of the nanofluid.Further,larger values of the thermophoretic force enhance the heat and mass transport in the nanoliquid.Moreover,the Brownian motion of the nanoparticles declines the concentration field and increases the temperature field.The validation of the results is assured with the help of numerical tabular data for the surface velocity gradient.

ON THE STABILITY OF DISTORTED LAMINAR FLOW(Ⅰ)—BASIC IDEAS AND THEORY

This paper suggests a hydrodynamic stability theory of distorted laminar flow, and presents a kind of distortion profile of mean velocity in parallel shear flow. With such distortion profiles, the new theory can be used to investigate the stability behaviour of parallel shear flow, and thus suggests a new possible approach to instability.

THE THEORY OF CURRENT TRANSIENTS AT TUBULAR ELECTRODES IN A FLOWING FLUID

A theoretical equation is developed which describes the response of the current transients to a constant potential at tubular electrodes for a reversible electrode reaction in the flowing fluid.

Study on Mooring Design and Calculation Method of Ocean Farm Based on Time-Domain Potential Flow Theory

In order to calculate the mooring force of a new semi-submerged Ocean Farm quickly and accurately,based on the unsteady time-domain potential flow theory and combined the catenary model,the control equation of mooring cable is established,and the mooring force of the platform under the wave spectrum is calculated.First of all,based on the actual situation of the ocean environment and platform,the mooring design of the platform is carried out,and the failure analysis and sensitivity analysis of the single anchor chain by the time domain coupling method are adopted:including different water depth,cycle,pretension size,anchor chain layout direction and wind speed,etc.The analysis results confirm the reliability of anchoring method.Based on this,the mooring point location of the platform is determined,the force of each anchor chain in the anchoring process is calculated,and the mooring force and the number of mooring cables are obtained for each cable that satisfies the specification,the results of this paper can provide theoretical calculation methods for mooring setting and mooring force calculation of similar offshore platforms.