Emission of greenhouse gases and depletion of fossil fuel reserves are two key drivers,which are forcing the mankind to generate the future energy demand from the renewable energy resources.These resources are general...Emission of greenhouse gases and depletion of fossil fuel reserves are two key drivers,which are forcing the mankind to generate the future energy demand from the renewable energy resources.These resources are generally distributed in nature and are directly integrated at distribution levels.Increasing penetration of the distributed energy resources in distribution power networks creates additional operational and control issues.These are mostly regulatory,economical load dispatching,power quality and protection issues.Generally power distribution systems are protected with the help of dedicated over current based protection schemes.But increasing share of distributed energy resources penetration in electric utilities poses a serious threat to the existing protection coordination schemes of the distribution systems.Distributed energy resources connected distribution networks become interconnected in nature and protection coordination schemes,which are designed for unidirectional flow of fault currents become ineffective/non-functional.Therefore,new protection coordination schemes are required for providing the adequate protection coordination for distributed energy resources connected electric power networks.In the available literature,the protection coordination schemes for radial distribution systems and developments in the area of protection coordination are discussed in detail.A thorough review for all these protection coordination schemes for distribution systems with and without distributed energy resources is done in this review article.It includes the analytical and artificial intelligence based techniques application for coordination of protective relays in the distribution systems.The limitations and research gaps in the area of protection coordination schemes are also presented in this review article.The aim of this research paper is to bring all the available research in the area of relay coordination on one platform,so that it will help the emerging researcher to identify the future scope of relay coordination application for distributed energy resources connected distribution systems.展开更多
A dynamic cooperation model of multi-agent is established by combining reinforcement learning with distributed artificial intelligence(DAI),in which the concept of individual optimization loses its meaning because of ...A dynamic cooperation model of multi-agent is established by combining reinforcement learning with distributed artificial intelligence(DAI),in which the concept of individual optimization loses its meaning because of the dependence of repayment on each agent itself and the choice of other agents.Utilizing the idea of DAI,the intellectual unit of each robot and the change of task and environment,each agent can make decisions independently and finish various complicated tasks by communication and reciprocation between each other.The method is superior to other reinforcement learning methods commonly used in the multi-agent system.It can improve the convergence velocity of reinforcement learning,decrease requirements of computer memory,and enhance the capability of computing and logical ratiocinating for agent.The result of a simulated robot soccer match proves that the proposed cooperative strategy is valid.展开更多
This paper proposes a distributed computing architecture for protection functions within a digital substation, in order to achieve data redundancy, functional redundancy and functional coordination. This can be realiz...This paper proposes a distributed computing architecture for protection functions within a digital substation, in order to achieve data redundancy, functional redundancy and functional coordination. This can be realized primarily due to the advances in digital and communications technology within a substation, particularly the process bus which allows data sharing between Intelligent Electronic Devices(IEDs). Results of backup protection investigation, using redundant information both within the substation and on a wide area basis, are then presented. A campus microgrid protection scheme was used as a test case to demonstrate the concept of protection using shared information. Finally, the paper proposes a multi-agent system as a simulation platform, which can be used to further demonstrate some of these concepts.展开更多
文摘Emission of greenhouse gases and depletion of fossil fuel reserves are two key drivers,which are forcing the mankind to generate the future energy demand from the renewable energy resources.These resources are generally distributed in nature and are directly integrated at distribution levels.Increasing penetration of the distributed energy resources in distribution power networks creates additional operational and control issues.These are mostly regulatory,economical load dispatching,power quality and protection issues.Generally power distribution systems are protected with the help of dedicated over current based protection schemes.But increasing share of distributed energy resources penetration in electric utilities poses a serious threat to the existing protection coordination schemes of the distribution systems.Distributed energy resources connected distribution networks become interconnected in nature and protection coordination schemes,which are designed for unidirectional flow of fault currents become ineffective/non-functional.Therefore,new protection coordination schemes are required for providing the adequate protection coordination for distributed energy resources connected electric power networks.In the available literature,the protection coordination schemes for radial distribution systems and developments in the area of protection coordination are discussed in detail.A thorough review for all these protection coordination schemes for distribution systems with and without distributed energy resources is done in this review article.It includes the analytical and artificial intelligence based techniques application for coordination of protective relays in the distribution systems.The limitations and research gaps in the area of protection coordination schemes are also presented in this review article.The aim of this research paper is to bring all the available research in the area of relay coordination on one platform,so that it will help the emerging researcher to identify the future scope of relay coordination application for distributed energy resources connected distribution systems.
文摘A dynamic cooperation model of multi-agent is established by combining reinforcement learning with distributed artificial intelligence(DAI),in which the concept of individual optimization loses its meaning because of the dependence of repayment on each agent itself and the choice of other agents.Utilizing the idea of DAI,the intellectual unit of each robot and the change of task and environment,each agent can make decisions independently and finish various complicated tasks by communication and reciprocation between each other.The method is superior to other reinforcement learning methods commonly used in the multi-agent system.It can improve the convergence velocity of reinforcement learning,decrease requirements of computer memory,and enhance the capability of computing and logical ratiocinating for agent.The result of a simulated robot soccer match proves that the proposed cooperative strategy is valid.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 51277009
文摘This paper proposes a distributed computing architecture for protection functions within a digital substation, in order to achieve data redundancy, functional redundancy and functional coordination. This can be realized primarily due to the advances in digital and communications technology within a substation, particularly the process bus which allows data sharing between Intelligent Electronic Devices(IEDs). Results of backup protection investigation, using redundant information both within the substation and on a wide area basis, are then presented. A campus microgrid protection scheme was used as a test case to demonstrate the concept of protection using shared information. Finally, the paper proposes a multi-agent system as a simulation platform, which can be used to further demonstrate some of these concepts.
