Direct and Residual Microbicidal Efficacy of Various Antiseptics against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria

Background: Infections in ICU’s patients are known to often originate from the colonization of wounds by the patient’s endogenous microbiota, and to eventually lead to secondary sepsis. Aim: to compare in vitro the direct and residual effects after different exposure times of 4% chlorhexidine, and of 0.1% and 0.04% polyhexanide (in gel and solution forms), on ATCC-microorganisms, and too, on bacterial strains obtained from ICU patients. Methods: We used wild multi-drug resistant strains recently obtained from the wounds of patients hospitalized at ICU and reference strains from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). Chlorhexidine 4% was studied as a reference solution. The direct and residual effects of the 0.1% and 0.04% polyhexanide, in gel and solution forms, were analyzed using cotton germ carriers. To evaluate the direct effect, we exposed the strains to the antiseptic. To assess the residual effect, the germ-carriers were impregnated with antiseptic and were allowed to dry before we contaminated them. We inoculated the germ carriers in a culture medium with an inhibitor of antiseptic effect to count the number of surviving microorganisms. Findings: 0.1% Polyhexanide solution proved a direct and residual efficacy after 24 hours equivalent to 4% chlorhexidine. Is very important to highlight that this great efficacy did not change according to whether they were ATCC or multidrug-resistant strains. Conclusions: 0.1% polyhexanide demonstrated a great direct and residual efficacy (like 4% chlorhexidine), against multi-drug resistant strains isolated from ICU’s patients. Moreover, due to its few cytotoxicity against keratinocytes and fibroblasts can be an optimal antiseptic for burns, wounds or ulcers.

<i>In Vitro</i>Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoid Extracts of Two Selected Libyan Algae against Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Food Products

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of flavonoids extracted from two Libyan brown algae namely Cystoseira compressa and Padina pavonica using microwave-assisted extraction method against pathogenic bacteria isolated from meat, meat products, milk and dairy products (Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (5 isolates), Bacillus cereus (3 isolates), Bacillus pumilus (1 isolate), Salmonella enterica subsp. enteric (4 isolates) and Enterohaemor-rhagic Escherichia coli O157 (EHEC O157) (4 isolates)). All of these isolates were muti-drug resistant with high MAR index. The results showed that C. compressa extract exhibited better and stronger antibacterial activities against the seventeen tested isolates with inhibition zones diameter ranged from 14 - 22 mm compared to P. pavonica extract which showed positive effect against 9 isolates with low inhibition zone ranged from 11 - 16.5 mm. Flavonoids extracted from C. compressa also displayed the best spectrum of bactericidal effect with a ratio MBC/MIC ≤ 4 obtained on all susceptible tested bacterial strains. Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins significantly contributed to the antibacterial properties. The mode of action of these active extracts is under investigation.

Bacterial contamination of orally-consumed crude herbal remedies:A potential source for multi-drug resistant pathogens in man

Objective:The acceptability of herbal remedies for alleviating discomforts and ill-health has become very popular, on the account of the increasing cost of allopathic medicine for personal health maintenance.The observable non-adherence of herbalists to the established World Health Organization(WHO) / National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control(NAFDAC) regulations for the quality control of herbal medicines is an issue for concern.In view of this,34 popular and widely consumed crude herbal remedies in southwestern,Nigeria were screened for compliance with standard limits for bacterial contamination,bacteria flora and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.Methods:Isolates recovered from samples were identified using the cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics.They were also tested for drug sensitivity using standard procedures. Results:A heavy bacteria load ranging from 3.00×10~3-9.58×10~5 CFU/ML and 1.20×10~5- 5.41×10~5 CFU/ML was observed for water and spirit extracted preparations respectively.The bacteria flora cum contaminants were:Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,Bacillus subtilis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus,Lactobacillus plantarum,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Escherichia coli,streptococcus,Shigella, Neisseria,Arthrobacter,Kurthia and Clostridium species.All the isolates were multi-drug resistant(MDR) strains.Conclusion:The crude herbal preparations consumed in Nigeria failed to comply with the internationally recognized standards regarding bacteria load and flora.The presence of MDR pathogens is of greatest concern. It poses a great risk to consumers health and could be a source of introducing MDR organisms into the human population.There is the need for the enforcement of established guidelines to ensure the safety of these preparations.

Analysis of Clinical Symptoms Improvement in Treatment of Severe Pneumonia Caused by Multi-drug Resistant Bacterial Infection by Bronchoscopy Alveolar Lavage

Objective:To explore the effects of bronchoscopy alveolar lavage in the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by multiple drug bacterial infection.Methods:A total of 84 patients with severe pneumonia infected by multi-drug resistant bacteria were randomly selected from Kunming Second People's Hospital,which is our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 for this research.They were divided into a reference group and a study group using a digital table method,with 42 cases in each group.The reference group was given the routine treatment,the research group performed bronchoscopy alveolar lavage on this basis to observe the curative effect.Results:Before treatment,there was no significant difference in serum factor indexes and blood gas analysis indexes between the two groups of patients,P>0.05.After treatment,the time of fever,cough,moist rales disappearing and infection control time in the study group were shorter than those in the reference group,P<0.05.Serum tumor necrosis factorα(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6)and interleukin-8(IL-8)levels were lower than the reference group,and the arterial partial pressure of oxygen(PO2)and oxygen saturation(SO2)were both lower than the reference group,P<0.05.The effective rate of the treatment in the study group was higher than that in the reference group,P<0.05.Conclusion:Bronchoscopic alveolar lavage treatment can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of patients with severe pneumonia caused by multi-drug resistant bacterial infection,and the effects are significant.

Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract against isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Objective:To evaluate antibacterial activity of the Indonesian water soluble green tea extract,Camellia sinensis,against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)(MRSA)and multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MDR-P.aeruginosa).Methods:Antimicrobial activity of green tea extract was determined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)was determined by the twofold serial broth dilutions method.The tested bacteria using in this study were the standard strains and multi-drug resistant clinical isolates of S.aureus and P.aeruginosa,obtained from Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology,Faculty of Medicine,University of Indonesia.Results:The results showed that the inhibition zone diameter of green tea extracts forS.aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were(18.970依0.287)mm,and(19.130依0.250)mm respectively.While the inhibition zone diameter forP.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P.aeruginosawere(17.550依0.393)mm and(17.670依0.398)mm respectively.The MIC of green tea extracts againstS.aureus ATCC 25923 and MRSA were 400μg/mL and 400μg/mL,respectively,whereas the MIC for P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and MDR-P.aeruginosawere 800μg/mL,and 800μg/mL,respectively.Conclusions:Camellia sinensisleaves extract could be useful in combating emerging drug-resistance caused by MRSA andP.aeruginosa.

Analysis of Influencing Factors and Predictive Models of Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Infection in Severe Patients

Objective:To investigate the influencing factors of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections in patients with severe disease and establish a predictive model.Methods:207 infected patients in our hospital from 2018 to May 2020 were selected for the study,of which 73 carried drug-resistant bacteria.Results:The risk factor network of people infected with multidrug resistant bacteria is higher than that of people infected with non-multidrug resistant bacteria,and the interaction between risk factors of the former is stronger.Conclusion:Antibiotics must be used appropriately after surgery.When the elderly was abnormal in indicators such as fever and procalcitonin in the ward,they should be considered as high-risk groups of MDRO infection.They need special care and preventive measures.

Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Methicillin Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Induced Pneumonia with New Antibiotic Adjuvant Entity: A Retrospective Study

Aim/Objective: Increase in incidences of pneumonia due to multi-drug resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in both community and health care settings is of great concern globally. Present study aims to retrospectively analyze the efficacy of new fixed dose combination with antibiotic adjuvant entity (FDC) in comparison with vancomycin to treat patients with multi-drug resistant MRSA pneumonia. Materials and Methods: During this retrospective study, case sheets of patients who were treated for MRSA pneumonia with vancomycin or fixed dose combination of vancomycin + ceftriaxone + adjuvant (FDC) between 20 March 2010 to 20 October 2014 at tertiary care center, were analyzed. Various demographic features, antibiotic therapy, length of treatment duration and the resulting efficacy were evaluated. Microbiological success was measured in terms of bacterial eradication, while clinical success was monitored in terms of complete omission of systemic signs and symptoms. Results: Among 136 patients analyzed, 113 cases were having positive culture for MRSA, and hence were further analyzed. Out of these 113 patients, empirical treatment with vancomycin was given in 59 patients and 54 patients were treated with FDC empirically. After initial culture reports, 22 patients showing resistance to vancomycin were shifted to FDC. Amidst all the patients, 24 (64.86%) of 37 from vancomycin group and 62 (81.57%) of 76 from FDC group achieved clinical success. 9 patients out of these failure cases were cured with FDC + colistin combination therapy. Failure rates in FDC treated patients were significantly low (6.57%) as compared to vancomycin group (13.51%). Conclusion: For the treatment of different types of multi-drug resistant MRSA pneumonia, the empirical intravenous FDC therapy was safe and well tolerated with higher efficacy than vancomycin. Most of the vancomycin failure cases responded to FDC therapy and were cured. This retrospective study also concludes that an alternative option of FDC + colistin is safe and effective to treat the patients which fail to respond to FDC monotherapy.

Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index of Gram-Negative Bacteria from Bird Droppings in Two Commercial Poultries in Enugu, Nigeria

Antimicrobial resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms to grow in the presence of an antimicrobial agent at a concentration that will normally kill or inhibit their growth. Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global threat making treatment of infections tougher especially with high cost of treatment in humans and animals. This study was done to determine the Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Index (MARI) of Gram-negative bacteria from bird droppings in two commercial poultries in Enugu. Forty (40) samples were collected from each of the poultries. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. The isolates identified were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter spp, Proteus spp. and, Enterobacter spp. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique. The organisms were tested against pefloxacin, augmentin (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid), ceftazidime, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cephalothin, neomycin and ofloxacin. The result of the susceptibility test showed that Proteus spp had the highest resistance and MARI value of 0.5 and 1.0 respectively. The other MARI values were Escherichia coli (0.9), Klebsiella pneumonia (0.9), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.8), Citrobacter spp (0.8) and Enterobacter spp (0.7). These results suggest that bacterial organisms from poultry source can contribute significantly to the spread of multi-antibiotic resistant organisms. This could arise from the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in bird feeds in poultries.

Epidemiological Characteristics, Resistance Patterns and Spread of Gram-Negative Bacteria Related to Colonization of Patients in Intensive Care Units

Our aim was to determine the epidemiological characteristics, the resistance patterns and the spread of Gram negative bacteria related to colonization of patients in adult Intensive Care Units. Methods: A prospective cohort of patients colonized and/or infected with Gram negative bacteria was conducted at two adult ICUs from hospitals in Brazil (April 2012 to February 2013). Nasal, groin and perineum swabs were performed. Samples were incubated on MacConkey and cetrimide agar (48 h at 37℃) and identification tests (Vitek-BioMérieux), antibiogram (Bauer-Kirby method), Carba NP test, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing were performed. The patterns of resistant microorganisms were compared by rep-PCR (Diversilab). Results: There were 53 cases of colonization. In these cases, we identified imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (51%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32%), Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL (38%) or imipenem resistant (5.6%). The use of antimicrobials and medical devices were related to colonization (p The resistance patterns expressed by Klebsiella pneumoniae were ESBL (CTX-M, SHV e TEM) and KPC2. A verified profile of Acinetobacter baumannii was related to OXA-23 and OXA-253 (OXA-143 variant). The profiles ESBL and KPC2 expressed by Klebsiella pneumoniae were distributed between the both ICUs. The distribution of OXA-23 and OXA-253 was verified only in one ICU. The similarity of strains ranged from 80% to 95%, highlighting the horizontal transference of these microorganisms.

The Five Years Surveillance and Trends of Antibiotic Resistance in Some Common Gram Negative Bacteria at the Vietnam Military Hospital

The study is to identify trends and levels of antibiotic resistance of some common Gram-negative strains over time. The samples were collected from Vietnam Military Hospital 103 between 2014 and 2019. A total of 405 Acinetobacter baumannii., 528 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 741 Escherichia coli, and 352 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were identified and antimicrobial susceptibility was by Vitek system and Etest method. The multi-drug resistance (MDR) was major proportion of four common bacteria. In particular, there is a tendency to shift from MDR to Extended drug resistance (XDR) or possibly Pan drug resistant (pPDR). A. baumannii had the highest level of antibiotic resistance, namely, carbapenem (61.5% - 82.5%) and cephalosporin (72.7% - 88.7%). P. aeruginosa resisted most of commonly antibiotics, ranging from 50% to 70%. E. coli had a high resistance with antibiotics like ampicillin (87.2% - 97.6%) and the 3rd generation cephalosporins (up to 79.6%). K. pneumoniae resisted carbapenem from 14.7% to 44.4%, and other antibiotics with the higher rate of 40%. The collected data will be a prerequisite for further studies on mechanisms and factors related to antibiotic resistant bacteria, in order to find out a rational and effective using strategy of antibiotics.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolates in Shellfish Samples from Two River Estuaries in South-South Nigeria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pathogens remain the leading cause of shellfish borne diseases and a major health threat to humans worldwide. The objectives of this study were to isolate, identify, and determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of Gram-negative bacteria from shellfish. We analyzed a total of 540 shellfish (117 clams, 88 oysters, and 136 periwinkles) samples collected from different vendors at Iko and Douglas Creeks in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. Conventional cultural techniques, morphological, biochemical characteristics, and PCR amplification were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests (Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method) and ESBL phenotype (disk) of the isolates were performed. One hundred and thirty-five (135) Gram-negative bacteria comprising 5 genera and 14 species were detected at a prevalence of: Alcaligenes faecalis TRB-7 38 (28.2%), Pseudomonas oryzihabitans strain KCB005 16 (11.9%), Paenalcaligenes retgerii strain B5 12 (8.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa JB2 10 (7.4%), Providencia stuartii DMC-28b 9 (6.7%), Alcaligenes species TLT151 8 (5.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa CIFRI DTSB1 7 (5.2%), Paenalcaligenes species UN24 7 (5.2%), Alcaligenes faecalis BT10 7 (5.2%), Vibrio species strain PrVy108 6 (4.4%), Pseudomonas xiamenensis C10-2 5 (3.7%), Providencia vemicola Bu15_38 4 (2.9%), Pseudomonas anguillisceptica 4029 3 (2.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa N15-01092 3 (2.2%). All tested isolates showed various degrees of resistance to the thirteen antimicrobials evaluated. High levels of resistance (100%) to cefepime and imipenem were expressed by all isolates except the Providencia species. For the EBSL indicators, all isolates apart from Alcaligenes species were resistant (100%) to ceftriaxone. All Vibrio species were susceptible to norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ceftazidime. The identification of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria (GNARB) from shellfish in this study highlights the risk of disseminated multi-drug resistance—a serious public health concern.

Current concepts and future strategies in the antimicrobial therapy of emerging Gram-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) is the most common infection in end-stage liver disease patients.SBP is defined as an ascitic fluid infection with a polymorphonuclear leucocyte count ≥ 250/mm^3 without an evident intra-abdominal surgically treatable source.Several mechanisms contribute to SBP occurrence,including translocation of gut bacteria and their products,reduced intestinal motility provoking bacterial overgrowth,alteration of the gut's barrier function and local immune responses.Historically,Gram-negative enteric bacteria have been the main causative agents of SBP,thereby guiding the empirical therapeutic choice.However,over the last decade,a worryingly increasing prevalence of Gram-positive and multi-drug resistant(MDR) SBP has been seen.Recently,the microbiological spectrum of SBP seems to have changed in Europe due to a high prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria(48%-62%).The overall proportion of MDR bacteria is up to 22%-73% of cases.Consequently,empirical therapy based on thirdgeneration cephalosporins or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid,can no longer be considered the standard of care,as these drugs are associated with poor outcomes.Theaim of this review is to describe,with an epidemiological focus,the evidence behind this rise in Gram-positive and MDR SBP from 2000 to present,and illustrate potential targeted therapeutic strategies.An appropriate treatment protocol should include daptomycin plus ceftaroline and meropenem,with prompt stepdown to a narrower spectrum when cultures and sensitivity data are available in order to reduce both cost and potential antibiotic resistance development.

Unresolved issues in the prophylaxis of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis

Bacterial infections are highly prevalent and a frequent cause of hospitalization and short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Due to their negative impact on survival, antibiotic prophylaxis for bacterial infections in high-risk subgroups of patients with cirrhosis has been the standard of care for decades. Patients with prophylaxis indications include those at risk for a first episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis(SBP) due to a low ascitic fluid protein count and impaired liver and kidney function, patients with a prior episode of SBP and those with an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding. Only prophylaxis due to gastrointestinal bleeding has a known and short-time duration. All other indications imply longlasting exposure to antibiotics-once the threshold requirement for initiating prophylaxis is met-without standardized criteria for re-assessing antibiotic interruption. Despite the fact that the benefit of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing bacterial infections episodes and mortality has been thoroughly reported, the extended use of antibiotics in patients with cirrhosis has also had negative consequences, including the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria.Currently, it is not clear whether restricting the use of broad and fixed antibiotic regimens, tailoring the choice of antibiotics to local bacterial epidemiology or selecting non-antibiotic strategies will be the preferred antibiotic prophylaxis strategy for patients with cirrhosis in the future.

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎预防控制对策研究

目的研究ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)细菌感染原因,总结出行之有效的预防和控制对策,以减少细菌定植与污染。方法对2003年12月1日-2006年7月13日医院ICU VAP获得性细菌感染300例患者进行流行病学研究,并采取了防控对策。结果ICU VAP获得性感染病原菌多为多重耐药菌,其中G-菌占56.3%,G+菌占23.0%,真菌占13.7%。结论采取针对性的技术和方法是控制ICU VAP的重要手段,加强ICU医院感染管理及人员培训是控制ICU VAP的根本保证。

ICU多重耐药菌定植调查及耐药性分析

目的了解某院重症监护室(ICU)患者体内多重耐药菌的定植情况和耐药特点。方法应用细菌学监测的方法对2008年11月-2009年4月入住该院ICU的82例患者鼻前庭拭子和直肠拭子进行筛查培养,并做药敏试验。采用WHONET5.4软件进行数据分析。结果在38例患者标本中检测到多重耐药菌,定植率为46.34%。包括62株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌和4株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),未检测到多重耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌。62株产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率(4.84%)低,对其他抗菌药物耐药率较高,不同细菌耐药情况不尽相同;4株MRSA除对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺完全敏感,对克林霉素、磷霉素和庆大霉素部分敏感外,对其他抗菌药物均耐药。结论该院ICU患者体内多重耐药菌定植率高,耐药现象严重,应引起临床医生的高度重视,加强监测,避免多重耐药菌在医院暴发流行。

内生拮抗细菌在哈密瓜植株体内的传导定殖和促生作用研究

采用抗生素标记的方法研究了内生拮抗细菌P38和B167菌株在哈密瓜植株体内的定殖动态和对植株生长的影响.结果表明,接种方法显著影响P38菌株在植株体内的定殖和传导,并以浸种处理最佳,蘸根和灌根处理次之,喷叶处理最差;浸种可使P38菌株在根、茎、叶中良好传导和稳定定殖,随着植株的生长,根内菌量呈下降趋势,而茎、叶内的含菌量先上升后下降;P38菌株还具有促进哈密瓜种子萌发和植株生长的作用.B167菌株只在根内定殖,在体内的扩展性较差,不能进入叶片;它对植株的生长表现出一定的抑制作用.

呼吸道定植菌与病原菌耐药率比较分析

目的比较分析典型的呼吸道定植菌和典型的病原菌对常用抗生素的耐药率的不同。方法依据一定判断标准,从1486株革兰阴性菌中遴选出典型的定植菌392株(肠杆菌科219株,非发酵菌173株)及典型的病原菌504株(肠杆菌科323株,非发酵菌181株),比较两者对9种常用抗生素耐药率的不同。并对其中大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及奇异变形菌进行ESBLs确证实验,比较定植菌和病原菌之间ESBLs阳性率的不同。结果肠杆菌科细菌中,定植菌和病原菌对亚胺培南耐药率相同,对其它抗生素,定植菌的耐药率均显著高于病原菌;非发酵菌中,定植菌和病原菌对左旋氧氟沙星的耐药性比较差异无显著性,对其它抗生素,定植菌的耐药率均显著高于病原菌。426株大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及奇异变形菌中,定植菌ESBL阳性率显著高于病原菌。结论呼吸道定植菌对常用抗生素的耐药性显著高于病原菌,实验室一方面应提高抗生素使用前咳痰标本送检率;另一方面,在进行耐药统计之前,应对咳痰标本培养出的条件致病菌的临床意义仔细甄别,剔除定植菌株。尽可能避免偏倚,高估呼吸道医院内感染的耐药率。

支气管黏膜活检联合保护性毛刷细菌定量培养对机械通气下呼吸道耐药菌感染的诊断价值

目的探讨经支气管镜黏膜活检联合细菌定量培养对机械通气下呼吸道耐药菌定植与感染判定的可行性及诊断价值。方法选取河北医科大学第二医院呼吸重症加强治疗病房(RICU)行机械通气且药敏结果提示存在多耐药菌患者50例,依据综合分析原则,分为定植组和感染组。结合患者的一般情况、APACHEⅡ评分、CPIS评分等,比较其临床特征及意义;两组患者均行经支气管镜黏膜活检及细菌定量培养等,分析各方法单项及联合诊断的敏感性和特异性。结果感染组23例,定植组27例,两组患者在机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、尿管留置时间、疾病构成、耐药菌出现前抗生素使用情况等方面均存在显著差异(P<0.05)。动态CPIS评分显示感染组均高于定植组,但仅在插管14 d时有显著性差异(P<0.05)。支气管黏膜活检:感染组炎症反应检出率显著高于定植组(P<0.05)。感染组的炎细胞总数和中性粒细胞计数亦显著高于定植组(P<0.05);细菌定量培养:感染组阳性率明显高于定植组(P<0.05);组织病理与定量培养联合灵敏度和特异度最高,为呼吸及相关下呼吸道感染诊断准确性最佳方法。结论支气管黏膜活检联合细菌定量培养,在鉴别耐药定植菌或感染菌方面诊断价值较高,临床可行性有待进一步大规模证实。缩短机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及尿管留置时间等,有助于减少定植菌的发生。

重症监护室住院患者多重耐药定植菌调查与临床分析

目的了解某院重症监护室(ICU)患者多重耐药菌定植情况及临床特点。方法对2012年2月14日—3月13日入住该ICU的75例患者,经鼻前庭拭子和直肠拭子采集标本,进行多重耐药定植菌筛查。结果 75例住ICU患者中,27例(36.00%)标本分离出多重耐药定植菌。送检标本中,鼻拭子91份,检出2株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA);肛拭子91份,检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌22株,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌1株,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌1株,多重耐药荧光假单胞菌1株。多重耐药菌定植阳性率,住院时间≥3 d者和<3 d者分别为47.37%、32.14%;年龄≥60岁和<60岁者分别为37.29%、31.25%;患感染性基础疾病者和非感染性基础疾病者分别为39.22%、29.17%。21株多重耐药定植菌分离自第1天采集的标本,其中19株是院外定植,1株为其他医院内定植,1株为本院内科定植;5株分离自第3天采集的标本,定植时间为入ICU后72 h内,在ICU定植;1株分离自第7天采集的标本,定植时间为入ICU72 h后,在ICU定植。结论该院ICU患者多重耐药菌定植率高,以年龄≥60岁、患感染性疾病的患者为主,应引起临床医生高度重视;应加强多重耐药菌的预防和控制工作,避免多重耐药菌感染在医院内暴发流行。

ICU和EICU医务人员多重耐药菌定植监测及多指标分析

目的监测重症监护室(ICU)和急诊监护室(EICU)医务人员鼻咽部定植多重耐药菌(MDR)感染情况,预防院内感染。方法2019年4月监测3个时间点,每个时间点间隔1周。以ICU和EICU共84例医护人员作为观察组,同期118例非监护室医务人员作为对照组,进行鼻、咽拭子培养,筛查MDR。检测所有医护人员的白细胞(WBC)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)和胞内菌作为定植菌辅助判定指标,做对比监测培养、Whonet5.6耐药性分析,并进行统计学处理。结果观察组可认定为定植菌19例(22.6%),来源于鼻前庭14例和咽部5例;对照组可认定为定植菌6例(5.1%),均来源于鼻前庭。观察组与对照组比较,定植菌、CRP及PCT水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),WBC水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论ICU和EICU的MDR定植较为严重,各指标对定植菌判定价值有差异,定期监测定植菌并进行干预,有利于降低院内感染。