Geographical origin identification of winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao')by using multi-element fingerprinting with chemometrics

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.

In situ synthesis of Ti^(3+) self-doped mesoporous TiO_2 as a durable photocatalyst for environmental remediation

This study developed a facile approach for in situ synthesis of a Ti3＋ self-doped mesoporous TiO 2photocatalyst by an evaporation-induced self-assembly method using TiC l3,water,and F127 as the titanium precursor,solvent,and soft template agent,respectively. The as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption measurements,ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,electron paramagnetic resonance,and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of different reaction parameters such as the dosage of F127 and calcination temperature on the photocatalytic performance of the resulting products was evaluated. The optimized product exhibited high photocatalytic activity and stability in the oxidation of nitric oxide in air and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the Ti3＋ self-doped mesoporous TiO 2 photocatalyst is attributed to the cooperation between the mesoporous structure and self-doped Ti3＋ enhancing light absorption and effectively suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes.

Biomass seaweed-derived n itrogen self-doped porous carb on anodes for sodium-ion batteries:Insights into the structure and electrochemical activity

Sustainable transformation and efficient utilization of biomasses and their derived materials are environ-mentally as well as economically compliant strategies.Biomass seaweed-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon with tailored surface area and pore structures are prepared through carb on izatio n and activation.The in fluence of carb on ization temperature on morphology,surface area,and heteroatom dopants are investigated to optimize sodium-ion storage capability.Seaweed-derived nitrogen selfdoped activated carbon(SAC)as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries exhibits remarkable reversible capacity of 303/192 mAh g^(-1) after 100/500 cycles at current densities of 100/200 mA g^(-1) respectively,and a good rate capability.The interconnected and porous conducting nature along with the heteroatom dopant role in creating defective sites and charge stabilization are favorable for ion storage and diffusion and electron transport,indicating the electrodes can offer improved electrochemical performances.In addition,post-mortem analysis of the cycled carbon electrodes through ex-situ tools demonstrates the sodium-ion storage mechanism.

Ti^(3+) self-doped TiO_2 photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting and photoelectrocatalytic pollutant degradation

To improve the harvesting of visible light and reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and assembled into photoanodes with high visible light photoelectrochemical properties. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectra, electron resonance spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectra were used to characterize the structure, crystallinity, morphology and other properties of the obtained nanoparticles. UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectra showed that the Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanoparticles had a strong absorption between 400 and 800 nm. Moreover, when hydrothermal treatment time was prolonged to 22 h, the heterogeneous junction was formed between the anatase and rutile TiO2, where the anatase particles exposed highly active {001} facets. Under visible light irradiation, the Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 electrode exhibited an excellent photoelectrocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and water splitting performance. Intriguingly, by selecting an appropriate hydrothermal time, the high photoconversion efficiency of 1.16% was achieved. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

N-S EQUATION CALCULATIONS ON MULTI-ELEMENT AIRFOILS WITH ZONAL PATCHED GRIDS

For a complex flow about multi-element airfoils a mixed grid method is set up. C-type grids are produced on each element′s body and in their wakes at first, O-type grids are given in the outmost area, and H-type grids are used in middle additional areas. An algebra method is used to produce the initial grids in each area. And the girds are optimized by elliptical differential equation method. Then C-O-H zonal patched grids around multi-element airfoils are produced automatically and efficiently. A time accurate finite-volume integration method is used to solve the compressible laminar and turbulent Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations on the grids. Computational results prove the method to be effective.

The effect of Ti and Zr content on the structure,mechanics and energy-release characteristics of Ti—Zr—Ta alloys

Energetic structural materials(ESMs)are a new type of structural materials with bearing and damage characteristics.In this work the microstructure,mechanical properties and energy release characteristics of multi-element Ti-Zr-Ta alloys with good casting performance were studied.The microstructure of the Ti_(x)ZrTa alloys gradually change from BCC+HCP to single BCC structure with the increase of Ti.While the Ti_(2)Zr_(y)Ta alloys was still uniform and single BCC structure with the increase of Zr.The evolution of microstructure and composition then greatly affect the mechanical properties and energy-release characteristics of Ti-Zr-Ta alloys.The synergistic effect of dual phase structure increases the fracture strain of Ti_(x)ZrTa(x=0.2,0.5)with the Ti content decreases,while the fracture strain of Ti_(x)ZrTa(x=2.0,3.0,4.0)gradually increase with the Ti content increases caused by the annihilation of the obstacles for dislocation movement.And as Zr content increases,the fracture strain of Ti_(2)Zr_(y)Ta alloys decrease,then the oxidation reaction rate and fragmentation degree gradually increase.The higher oxidation rate and the lager exposed oxidation area jointly leads the higher releasing energy efficiency of Ti_(x)ZrTa alloys with low Ti content and Ti_(2)Zr_(y)Ta alloys with high Zr content.

Monte Carlo simulation of reflection effects of multi-element materials on gamma rays

To study the effects of the gamma reflection of multi-element materials,gamma ray transport models of single-element materials,such as iron and lead,and multielement materials,such as polyethylene and ordinary concrete,were established in this study.Relationships among the albedo factors of the gamma photons and energies and average energy of the reflected gamma rays by material type,material thickness,incident gamma energy,and incidence angle of gamma rays were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.The results show that the albedo factors of single-element and multi-element materials increase rapidly with an increase in the material thickness.When the thickness of the material increases to a certain value,the albedo factors do not increase further but rather tend to the saturation value.The saturation values for the albedo factors of the gamma photons,and energies and the reflection thickness are related not only to the type of material but also to the incident gamma energy and incidence angle of the gamma rays.At a given incident gamma energy,which is between 0.2 and 2.5 MeV,the smaller the effective atomic number of the multi-element material is,the higher the saturation values of the albedo factors are.The larger the incidence angle of the gamma ray is,the greater the saturation value of the gamma albedo factor,saturation reflection thickness,and average saturation energy of the reflected gamma photons are.

Aerodynamic and Acoustic Optimization for Multi-element Airfoils

The paper is to integrate aerodynamic and aero-acoustic optimizatiom design of high lift devices,especially for two-element airfoils with slat.Aerodynamic analysis on flow field utilizes a high-order,high-resolution spatial differential method for large eddy simulation(LES),which can guarantee accuracy and efficiency.The aeroacoustic analysis for noise level is calculated with Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings(FW-H)integration formula.Fidelity of calculation is verified by standard models.Method of streamline-based Euler simulation(MSES)is used to obtain the aerodynamic characters.Based on the confirmation of numerical methods,detailed research has been conducted for the leading edge slat on multi-element airfoils.Various slot parameter influences on noise are analyzed.The results of the slot optimization parameters can be used in multi-element airfoil design.

A DDoS Attack Information Fusion Method Based on CNN for Multi-Element Data

Traditional distributed denial of service(DDoS)detection methods need a lot of computing resource,and many of them which are based on single element have high missing rate and false alarm rate.In order to solve the problems,this paper proposes a DDoS attack information fusion method based on CNN for multi-element data.Firstly,according to the distribution,concentration and high traffic abruptness of DDoS attacks,this paper defines six features which are respectively obtained from the elements of source IP address,destination IP address,source port,destination port,packet size and the number of IP packets.Then,we propose feature weight calculation algorithm based on principal component analysis to measure the importance of different features in different network environment.The algorithm of weighted multi-element feature fusion proposed in this paper is used to fuse different features,and obtain multi-element fusion feature(MEFF)value.Finally,the DDoS attack information fusion classification model is established by using convolutional neural network and support vector machine respectively based on the MEFF time series.Experimental results show that the information fusion method proposed can effectively fuse multi-element data,reduce the missing rate and total error rate,memory resource consumption,running time,and improve the detection rate.

Identifying Pathfinder Elements for Gold in Multi-Element Soil Geochemical Data from the Wa-Lawra Belt, Northwest Ghana: A Multivariate Statistical Approach

A multivariate statistical analysis was performed on multi-element soil geochemical data from the Koda Hill-Bulenga gold prospects in the Wa-Lawra gold belt, northwest Ghana. The objectives of the study were to define gold relationships with other trace elements to determine possible pathfinder elements for gold from the soil geochemical data. The study focused on seven elements, namely, Au, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ag, As and Cu. Factor analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed on the analyzed samples. Factor analysis explained 79.093% of the total variance of the data through three factors. This had the gold factor being factor 3, having associations of copper, iron, lead and manganese and accounting for 20.903% of the total variance. From hierarchical clustering, gold was also observed to be clustering with lead, copper, arsenic and silver. There was further indication that, gold concentrations were lower than that of its associations. It can be inferred from the results that, the occurrence of gold and its associated elements can be linked to both primary dispersion from underlying rocks and secondary processes such as lateritization. This data shows that Fe and Mn strongly associated with gold, and alongside Pb, Ag, As and Cu, these elements can be used as pathfinders for gold in the area, with ferruginous zones as targets.

Exploratory Data Analysis Applied in Mapping Multi-element Soil Geochemical Anomalies for Drill Target Definition:A Case Study from the Unpha Layered Non-magmatic Hydrothermal Pb-Zn Deposit,DPR Korea

A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization.A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn,Cu and Pb,related to mineralization,was selected for interpretation.The median+2 MAD(median absolute deviation)method of exploratory data analysis(EDA)and C-A(concentration-area)fractal modeling were then applied to the Mahalanobis distance,as defined by Zn,Cu and Pb from the factor analysis to set the thresholds for defining multi-element anomalies.As a result,the median+2 MAD method more successfully identified the Pb-Zn mineralization than the C-A fractal model.The soil anomaly identified by the median+2 MAD method on the Mahalanobis distances defined by three principal elements(Zn,Cu and Pb)rather than thirteen elements(Co,Zn,Cu,V,Mo,Ni,Cr,Mn,Pb,Ba,Sr,Zr and Ti)was the more favorable reflection of the ore body.The identified soil geochemical anomalies were compared with the in situ economic Pb-Zn ore bodies for validation.The results showed that the median+2 MAD approach is capable of mapping both strong and weak geochemical anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization,which is therefore useful at the reconnaissance drilling stage.

Geochemical analysis of multi-element in archaeological soils from Tappe Rivi in Northeast Iran

Multi-element analysis in historical sites is a major issue in archaeological studies;however,this approach is almost unknown among Iranian scholars.Geochemical multi-element analysis of soil is very important to evaluate anthropogenic activities.The aim of this study consists of assessing the potential usefulness of multi-elemental soil analysis,obtained by Analytical Jena atomic absorption spectrophotometer(AAS) and ICP-MS,to recognize ancient anthropogenic features on the territory of Tappe Rivi(North Khorasan,Iran).For that purpose,a total of 80 ancient soil samples were sampled from each soil horizon and cultural layer.The research involved Fe,Al,Cd,Cu,Ni,Co,Cr,Pb,and P which trace element samples were extracted according to the International Standard ISO 11466 and phosphorus samples by Olsen method.Besides,the contamination of the soils was assessed based on enrichment factors(EFs) by using Fe as a reference element.This geochemical/archaeological approach highlights that the content of most elements in the Parthian and Sassanid ages were significantly higher than the contents of the elements in other zones,which shows that by the development of the eras,the content of the elements has also increased.Also,the accumulation of metals in the Rivi site was significantly higher than in the control area.Among the sampled zones,enrichment factor(EF) indicated that the enrichment of Cu and phosphate at the Parthian and Sassanid had the highest content.This result is important because it shows that the amount of metals and human activities are directly related to each other during different ages.

Effect of Al and Sc on deformation behavior of FeCoNi multi-element alloys

The effects of Al and Sc on mechanical properties of FeCoNi multi-element alloys(MEAs) were investigated by compressive tests. The microstructures of FeCoNi MEAs with different contents of Al and Sc were characterized and the strengthening mechanisms were discussed. The results show that FeCoNi MEA with a low content of Al has a face-centered cubic(FCC) structure. The yield strength increases linearly with the increase of Al content, which is largely caused by solid solution hardening. Further addition of Sc can promote the formation of a new phase in(FeCoNi)1-xAlx MEAs. A minor addition of Sc can significantly increase the yield strengths of(FeCoNi)1-xAlx MEAs with a low Al content and improve the compressive plasticity of(FeCoNi)1-xAlx MEAs with a high Al content.

HYBRID CARTESIAN GRID/GRIDLESS METHOD FOR CALCULATING VISCOUS FLOWS OVER MULTI-ELEMENT AIRFOILS

A hybrid Cartesian grid/gridless method is developed for calculating viscous flows over multi-element airfoils.The method adopts an unstructured Cartesian grid to cover most areas of the computational domain and leaves only small region adjacent to the aerodynamic bodies to be filled with the cloud of points used in the gridless methods,which results in a better combination of the computational efficiency of the Cartesian grid and the flexibility of the gridless method in handling complex geometries.The clouds of points in the local gridless region are implemented in an anisotropic way according to the features of the thin boundary layer of the viscous flows over the airfoils,and the clouds of points at the vicinity of the interface between the grid and the gridless regions are also controlled by using an adaptive refinement technique during the generation of the unstructured Cartesian grid.An implementation of the resulting hybrid method is presented for solving two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes(NS)equations.The simulations of the viscous flows over a RAE2822airfoil or a two-element airfoil are successfully carried out,and the obtained results agree well with the available experimental data.

Experiments of Multi-element Composite Foundation with Steel Pipe Pile and Gravel Pile

A set of serf-developed apparatus for foundation physical model were utilized to conduct model tests of the multi-element composite foundation with a steel pipe pile and several gravel piles. Some load-bearing characteristics of the multi-element Composite foundation, including the curves of foundation settlement, stresses of piles, pile-soil stress ratio, and load-sharing ratio of piles and soil, were obtained to study its working performances in silty sand soil. The experimental results revealed that the multi-element composite foundation with steel pipe pile and gravel pile contributed more than the gravel pile composite foundation in improving the bearing capacity of the silty fine sand.

Heteroatom self-doped graphitic carbon materials from Sargassum thunbergii with improved supercapacitance performance

It is well-known that high specific surface area and improved pore structure is significantly desired for the application of supercapacitor based on biomass-based activated carbon.Herein,Sargassum thunbergii was selected as carbon precursor.Then,a simple and environmentally friendly method was designed to synthesize heteroatom self-doped porous carbon materials via synchronous activation and graphitization by using K_(2)FeO_(4).Our results demonstrated that activation temperature plays an important role in porous structure,morphology,and degree of graphitization,thus affecting the performance of supercapacitance.Sargassum thunbergii-based graphitized porous carbons STGPC-2 sample(calcination temperature at 700℃)has a large specific surface area(1641.98 m^(2)g^(-1)),pore volume(0.91 cm^(3)g^(-1)),high microporosity(Vmicro=0.62 cm^(3)g1,more than 68%),and a certain degree of graphitization.In three-electrode system,The STGPC-2 electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 325.5 F g^(-1)at 0.5 A g^(-1)and displays high rate capability(248 F g^(-1)at 10 A g^(-1)in 6 M KOH electrolyte).The symmetric STGPC-2 supercapacitor exhibits energy density as high as 21.3 Wh kg^(-1)(at a power density of 450 W kg^(-1))and excellent long-term cycling stability(97%capacitance retention after 3000 cycles)in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte.

Elemental Assessments in Paddy Soil for Geographical Traceability of Rice from Peninsular Malaysia

This investigation aimed to establish the geographical traceability of Malaysian rice by assessing the elemental composition in paddy soil.Multi-element determination in combination with a chemometric approach was applied to evaluate the elemental concentrations of paddy soil from granaries cultivated with the same rice variety and to assess the relationship between elements in the soil and rice(SAR) system.A total of 29 elements(aluminum,arsenic,barium,bromine,calcium,chlorine,cobalt,chromium,cesium,europium,iron,gallium,hafnium,potassium,lanthanum,lutetium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium,antimony,scandium,samarium,thorium,titanium,uranium,vanadium,ytterbium and zinc) were successfully determined in paddy soil from Kedah,Selangor and Langkawi by neutron activation analysis.A significant difference(P < 0.05) between 18 elements in the soil samples was obtained.The chemometric approaches of principal component and linear discriminant analyses demonstrated clear discrimination and highly corrected classification(100%) of the soil samples.A high classification(98.1%) was also achieved by assessing 10 elements(aluminum,arsenic,bromine,chlorine,potassium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium and zinc),which similarly applied to rice geographical origin determination.Similar elements in SAR were also observed for differences in the pattern of correlation and bioaccumulation factor between the granaries.Furthermore,the generalized Procrustes analysis showed a 98% consensus between SAR and clear differences between the studied regions.The canonical correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the chemical profile of SAR(r~2 = 0.88,P < 0.001).Therefore,the current work model provides a reliable assessment to establish rice provenance.

Self-doping active sites in microbe-derived carbonaceous electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction performance

Microorganisms are rich in heteroatoms,which can be self-doped to form active sites during pyrolysis and loaded on microbederived carbonaceous materials.In recent years,microbe-derived carbonaceous materials,characterized with abundant selfdoping sites,have been continuously developed as cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).To fully unlock the catalytic potential of microbe-derived carbonaceous materials,a comprehensive analysis of catalytic sites and mechanisms for ORR is essential.This paper provides a summary of the ORR catalytic performance of microbe-derived carbonaceous materials reported to date,with a specific focus on the self-doping sites introduced during their pyrolytic fabrication.It highlights the mono-or co-doping sites involving nonmetallic elements such as oxygen(O),nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and sulfur(S)atoms,as well as covers the doping of metallic iron(Fe)atoms with various coordination configurations in microbe-derived carbonaceous materials.Understanding the impact of these self-doping sites on ORR catalytic performance can guide the design of doping sites in microbe-derived carbonaceous materials.This approach has the potential to maximize electrocatalytic activity of microbe-derived carbonaceous materials and contributes to the development of more efficient and cost-effective carbonaceous electrocatalysts.

Unveiling multi-element synergy in polymetallic oxides for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction is considered as a promising and sustainable method for ammonia synthesis.However,the selectivity and yield rate of ammonia are limited by the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction and the complex eight-electron transfer process.Herein,we developed a(FeCoNiCu)Ox/CeO_(2)polymetallic oxide electrocatalyst for effective nitrate reduction to ammonia.The synergistic effects among the multiple elements in the electrocatalyst were clearly elucidated by comprehensive experiments.Specifically,Cu acted as the active site for reducing nitrate to nitrite,and Co facilitated the subsequent reduction of nitrite to ammonia,while Fe and Ni promoted water dissociation to provide protons.Furthermore,the incorporation of CeO_(2)increased the active surface area of(FeCoNiCu)Ox,resulting in an improved ammonia yield rate to meet industrial demands.Consequently,the(FeCoNiCu)Ox/CeO_(2)electrocatalyst achieved an ammonia current density of 382 mA cm^(-2)and a high ammonia yield rate of 30.3 mg h^(-1)cm^(-2)with a long-term stability.This work offers valuable insights for the future design of highly efficient multi-element electrocatalysts.