CVD Method for Carbon Nanotubes Preparation Based on Orthogonal Experiment Using C_3H_6

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have potential applications in many fields, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an effective method for CNTs preparation. By CVD, the catalytic pyrolysis temperature, pyrolysis time and the size of the raw gas flow have a great influence on yield rate of CNTs and their form. In this paper, the orthogonal experiment analysis method is used for studying the influence factors of yield rate of CNTs. Research results show that, in the suitable temperature range of preparing CNTs, there is relatively more CNTs with excellent morphology, otherwise, if the temperature is too low, the growth of CNTs will not be sufficient; if the temperature is too high, then CNTs will be generated with excessive defects; with longer growth time of suitable pyrolysis of CNTs, higher yield of CNTs will be obtained; CNTs morphology with reaction time is not proportional; too low or too high raw gas flow rate is not conducive to the growth of CNTs. We have found the optimum conditions for the CNTs preparation: pyrolysis temperature 68 degrees C, pyrolysis time 35 min, propylene flow rate of 180 mL/min. The results have a reference value for the preparation of CNTS and their composites.

Parameters Optimization for Piezoelectric Harvesting Energy from Pavement Based on Taguchi’s Orthogonal Experiment Design

To effectively harvest vibration energy from pavement without affecting driving comfort and safety, parameter optimization was done with the orthogonal experiment design and the finite element analysis. L16(44) Taguchi’s orthogonal experiments were carried out with planted depth, PZT material, PZT diameter and thickness as optimization parameters and with open voltage and pavement displacement as optimization objectives. The experiment results were obtained via the finite element method. By using range analysis method, the dominance degree of the influencing factors and the optimum condition was obtained for the two objectives, respectively. Further, the multi-objective optimization was performed based on a weight grade method. The combined optimum conditions in order of their dominance degree are PZT diameter 35 mm, PZT thickness 6 mm, planted depth 50 mm and material PZT4. The validity of optimization scheme was confirmed.

Global Comprehensive Sensitivity Analysis of Arch Dam Construction Parameters Based on Orthogonal Experiment

The construction of arch dams exhibits high uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis of construction parameters is important for the design and optimization of dam construction duration. However, current research cannot fully consider the combined influences of multiple parameters on the total construction. To effectively analyze the duration of arch dam construction, this study proposes a global comprehensive sensitivity analysis method in view of the whole process of arch dam construction based on an orthogonal experiment. This method could comprehensively consider the influence of the construction parameters that may lead to the uncertainty of construction duration. In addition, this method is able to identify the key parameters that may have a significant effect on duration uncertainty and sums up the general rules of combined parameters’ interaction effect, which provides a scientific basis for reasonable optimization of the duration of dam construction. © 2017, Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.

VIRTUAL EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON CLEANING ELEMENT OF SUGARCANE HARVESTER

The laws of influence of different factors have been analyzed in order to enhance the working efficiency and fatigue life of the cleaning element in brush shape of the sugarcane harvester. Based on the principle of orthogonal experiment design, the virtual-orthogonal-experimental analysis for the cleaning element is carried out on the finite element analysis （FEA） software-ANSYS after analyzing the nonlinear structural behavior in the working procedure. The results are analyzed with the overall balancing method, and then the optimal combination is got, which is made up of different levels of different factors. Also the optimal combination of design parameters of the cleaning element received fiom the virtual experimental analysis is conducted an experiment to confirm that the virtual analysis model and results are right, and the effect of factors on the function of the cleaning element is obtained by more analysis and further optimizing.

Application of fuzzy analytical method in the optimization of liposome preparation by orthogonal experiments

A new statistical method, the fuzzy analytical method, was introduced in the optimization processes of liposome preparation. It took the full advantage of the information from orthogonal experiments to obtain the optimal liposome preparation conditions by considering all the evaluation indexes. Liposomes were made by the modified reverse-phase evaporation method and the properties of liposomes including size, encapsulation efficiency and physical stability were selected as the evaluation indexes to indicate the quality of liposomes. The experimental data of these properties were analyzed by three different methods including direct observation, variance analysis and fuzzy analytical method. The optimal preparation conditions obtained from these methods were validated with further experiments. The results of all possible combinations of levels for all factors in orthogonal experiments were acquired by the fuzzy analytical method. All evaluation indexes were taken into account and the optimal preparation condition was obtained. The optimal preparation conditions from direct observation and fuzzy analytical method were different and further validation studies indicated that the optimal conditions obtained from the fuzzy analytical method were in agreement with that from traditional statistical analysis. Fuzzy analytical method avoided the problem resulted from the traditional method, in which different levels of the same factor were obtained when considering different evaluation indexes. More information could be obtained from the fuzzy analytical method and the blind area within the experimental range was eliminated. As a result, fuzzy analytical method can be applied in the optimization processes of liposome preparation.

Effects of Machine Tool Configuration on Its Dynamics Based on Orthogonal Experiment Method

In order to analyze the influence of configuration parameters on dynamic characteristics of machine tools in the working space, the configuration parameters have been suggested based on the orthogonal experiment method. Dynamic analysis of a milling machine, which is newly designed for producing turbine blades, has been conducted by utilizing the modal synthesis method. The finite element model is verified and updated by experimental modal analysis （EMA） of the machine tool. The result gained by modal synthesis method is compared with whole-model finite element method （FEM） result as well. According to the orthogonal experiment method, four configuration parameters of machine tool are considered as four factors for dynamic characteristics. The influence of configuration parameters on the first three natural frequencies is obtained by range analysis. It is pointed out that configuration parameter is the most important factor affecting the fundamental frequency of machine tools, and configuration parameter has less effect on lower-order modes of the system than others. The combination of configuration parameters which makes the fundamental frequency reach the maximum value is provided. Through demonstration, the conclusion can be drawn that the influence of configuration parameters on the natural frequencies of machine tools can be analyzed explicitly by the orthogonal experiment method, which offers a new method for estimating the dynamic characteristics of machine tools.

Excavation collapse of Hangzhou subway station in soft clay and numerical investigation based on orthogonal experiment method

This paper studies the excavation collapse at the Xianghu subway station on Hangzhou metro line 1.The objective is to present an overview of this case study and discuss the cause of the failure.Through field investigation and preliminary analysis,the reasons for the excavation collapse were the misuse of the soil parameters,over excavation,incorrect installation of steel struts,invalid monitoring data,and inadequate ground improvement.Finally,a small strain constitutive model was used for further analysis.In order to estimate damage efficiently,the orthogonal array(OA) was introduced for screening the key factor in the numerical experiments.Six estimated indexes including deformations and internal forces of the excavation were taken,and the effectiveness of four factors which may cause the collapse was evaluated.Through numerical experiments and interaction analysis,it is found that the deformation and internal force can be well controlled by jet grouting of the subsoil under the final cutting surface,but increasing the improvement ratio of the jet grouting cannot help optimize the excavation behavior efficiently,and without jet grouting and the fourth level struts,the deformation and internal force of the excavation in this case will far surpass the allowable value.

Optimization of Quality Control Method and Ethanol Extraction Process of Psoralen and Bergapten in Ficus pandurata

[Objectives]To establish a qualitative identification and content determination method for psoralen and bergapten in the roots and leaves of Ficus pandurata,and the multi-indicator scoring method to optimize the ethanol extraction process for the effective parts of F.pandurata.[Methods]Qualitative identification was carried out by thin-layer chromatography(TLC)and content determination was made by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC);the content of psoralen and bergapten and extract yield were used as indicators,to investigate the effects of ethanol volume fraction,solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction time and extraction times on the ethanol extraction process of F.pandurata;multi-indicator scoring method was adopted,orthogonal test method was designed to optimize the extraction process,and verification test was performed.[Results]TLC chart of F.pandurata shows clear spots and good separation;the detected concentrations of psoralen and bergapten in the roots are in the range of 1.02-32.64μg/mL and shows a good linear relationship with the peak area(r=0.9997);these components have not been detected in the leaves,and the precision,RSD of stability and repeatability test is less than 2%;the average recovery rate was 99.8%-100.2%,and the RSD value is 1.12%-1.13%(n=6);the optimized extraction process is to use 50%ethanol as the extraction solvent,the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶10,reflux extraction of 3 times,and 1.5 h each time;the results of the three batches of verification tests show that the content of the two indicator components obtained is high,and the average value of the total amount is 0.34 mg/g(RSD=0.30%,n=3).[Conclusions]The established quality control method for F.pandurata is simple,easy,accurate and reproducible;the preferred extraction process is stable and feasible,suitable for the extraction and purification of coumarin effective parts in F.pandurata roots,so it is expected to provide references for further development of F.pandurata.

油浸式变压器绕组瞬态温升降阶快速计算方法

油浸式电力变压器绕组温升监测是保证其安全稳定运行的重要手段。为了改善采用有限元方法计算油浸式电力变压器绕组瞬态温升时存在效率不高的问题,提出一种结构保留的本征正交分解(SPOD)与离散经验插值方法(DEIM)相结合的计算策略。首先,该文采用最小二乘有限元法(LSFEM)与迎风有限元法(UFEM)构建变压器绕组瞬态温升计算控制方程;其次,针对控制方程的特点,引入SPOD方法,通过将采样时间内的计算结果构成快照矩阵,建立降阶模型,降低有限元刚度矩阵的计算阶数,提高求解有限元方程的效率;然后,为了改善本征正交分解方法对于非线性问题效率提升不高的缺陷,结合DEIM算法,对有限元方程中的非线性项进行插值处理,从而减少每一时步形成总体刚度矩阵的时间,进一步提高总体计算效率。为了验证文章所提算法的精确性及高效性,根据油浸式电力变压器绕组的基本特点,建立了单分区分匝绕组传热模型,对其瞬态传热过程进行计算,结果表明:基于SPOD-DEIM的有限元降阶计算能够在保证精度的前提下有效提高计算效率,与全阶计算结果相比,流场与温度场的计算误差均不超过1.5%,且计算效率提升5.1倍。同时,为了充分说明SPOD-DEIM算法在工程应用中的价值,该文基于110 kV变压器绕组搭建了温升实验平台,建立了八分区分匝绕组数值计算模型,对算法的精度、效率及工程应用价值进行了验证及讨论,计算及实验结果表明:精度方面,降阶计算较全阶计算的瞬态全过程计算误差小于2.5%,且与实验结果相比,误差不超过5.41K;效率方面,降阶计算的全过程计算时间为54.28 h,与全阶计算相比,计算效率提升至10.57倍,与商业仿真软件Fluent相比,效率提升至6.37倍,充分说明所提算法的高效性及工程应用价值,为大型电力设备快速仿真提供新思路。

水下抗分散水泥土正交试验及配比优化方法研究

水流经过桩基时会形成漩涡侵蚀床面,影响桩基及上部结构的稳定性,冲刷治理是工程界关注的热点问题。为促进固化土技术在桩基冲刷修复中的应用,设计开展了抗分散水泥固化土系列正交试验。针对高岭土和淤泥土,选用PAM、EVA、黄原胶、HPMC四种抗分散剂,采用平均效果分析和极差分析,研究了抗分散剂种类、抗分散剂掺量、含水量和水泥掺量对流动度、浊度、7 d和28 d无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明:对于高岭土,抗分散剂掺量从0.25‰增大到1‰,水泥土流动度减小20%,浊度减小25%,抗分散剂掺量对流动性和抗分散性的影响显著。对于淤泥土,对抗分散性影响显著的仍是抗分散剂掺量,而对流动性的影响显著的则是含水量,含水量从1.4倍液限增大到2.0倍液限,水泥土流动度增大45%。基于综合平衡法、矩阵分析法和多元线性回归模型,提出了一种抗分散水泥土配比设计方法,研究得到了高岭土和淤泥土抗分散水泥固化土的推荐配比,其在泥沙起动实验中的抗冲刷特性明显优于原始土样。

基于POD-αATS的油浸变压器瞬态温升降阶自适应变步长计算方法

针对油浸式电力变压器瞬态温升计算效率过低的问题,该文提出本征正交分解-αATS(proper orthogonal decomposition-adaptive time stepping based onαfactor,POD-αATS)降阶自适应变步长瞬态计算方法。首先,推导变压器绕组瞬态温升计算的有限元离散方程;其次,采用POD降阶算法改善传统瞬态计算中存在的条件数过大及方程阶数过高的问题;同时对于瞬态计算中的时间步长选择问题,提出适用于非线性问题的αATS变步长策略;然后,为验证方法的有效性,基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器绕组的基本结构建立二维八分区数值计算模型,同时将计算结果与基于110 kV绕组的温升实验结果进行对比。数值计算及实验结果表明,所提算法与全阶定步长算法在流场和温度场中的精度几乎相同,且流场计算效率提升约45倍,温度场计算效率提升约38倍,计算速度得到显著提高。这一点在温升实验中同样得到验证,说明该文所提算法的准确性、高效性及一定的工程实用性。

协同智能体强化学习算法的柔性作业车间调度方法研究

为提高柔性作业车间调度效率,构建一种具有柔性作业车间调度问题约束条件的马尔可夫决策过程,针对工件与机器的同时选择问题,提出一种协同智能体强化学习方法进行求解。在构建马尔可夫决策过程中,引入析取图表述状态特征,采用两种智能体执行工件与机器的选取,预测不同时刻最小化最大完工时间的差值来映射整个调度过程的奖励参数;求解时,嵌入GIN(graph isomorphic network)图神经网络提取状态,为工件与机器智能体分别设置编码器-解码器构件输出两种动作策略,以PPO(proximal policy optimization)算法与D3QN算法训练工件与机器智能体的决策网络参数。通过正交试验法选取算法超参数,以标准实例与其他文献进行对比,实验结果表明,所提方法在求解FJSP方面明显优于其他算法,进一步验证所提方法的可行性与有效性。

包含快照选择策略的POD-QDEIM油浸式变压器绕组瞬态温升降阶算法研究及其实验验证

为了提高采用有限元方法对油浸式电力变压器绕组瞬态温升进行仿真的计算速度,该文提出一种包含快照选择策略的本征正交分解(proper orthogonal decomposition,POD)-基于列主元QR分解的离散经验插值(QR factorization-discrete empirical interpolation method,Q-DEIM)(POD-QDEIM)算法。首先,文章基于最小二乘有限元法与迎风有限元法推导绕组流热耦合计算方程;其次,通过引入POD方法,降低有限元方程阶数提高求解效率;同时提出POD自适应快照选择策略,在保证降阶模型精度的前提下,减小快照矩阵规模;随后,为了改善POD方法求解非线性问题时效率不高的劣势,文章结合基于Q-DEIM方法,通过插值的方法形成方程中的非线性项,从而提高每一时步非线性项的形成效率;最后,基于110 kV油浸式电力变压器绕组基本结构,建立了八分区分匝绕组传热模型以及绕组温升试验装置对所提算法进行验证,仿真及实验结果表明POD-QDEIM降阶算法的计算精度在工程上属于可接受范围,其计算效率较全阶计算提升了近11.72倍,说明该算法在油浸式电力变压器绕组瞬态温升快速仿真领域的工程应用价值。

基于数据驱动的动车组镍镉电池记忆效应消除策略研究

在碱性镍镉蓄电池长期未彻底充放电的情况下,蓄电池会产生次级放电平台,称为“记忆效应”。该效应会导致电池可释放容量降低,需要定期消除。在动车组蓄电池检修中,传统的“记忆效应”消除方法耗时过长,会对检修工作带来很大压力。为了降低储能检修成本,对动车组镍镉电池“记忆效应”消除策略优化方案开展研究。以实际动车组三级修镍镉蓄电池电池为研究对象,通过分析电池的充放电循环中的参数特征,结合大量的电池充放电实验,提取出与电池容量密切相关的特征数据。首先,通过特征筛选和降维组合,搭建线性模型和非线性模型的交叉加权耦合方法,创建近似模型以反映电池的真实可释放容量,消除镍镉电池不一致性对优化方案实验设计带来的系统误差。其次,在此基础上,通过调整影响电池状态的高影响因子变量,构建正交实验方案。研究动车组镍镉蓄电池“记忆效应”快速、安全的消除策略。最后,通过重复验证实验和安全性检测实验对该策略进行实证,研究结果表明,提出的镍镉蓄电池“记忆效应”消除策略能够有效恢复镍镉电池真实容量,并且能够极大地缩减时间成本(约44.15%),并且有利于缓解蓄电池因过充导致电池劣化现象。该消除方案对于提升动车组镍镉电池的维护效率及确保其安全性具有重要意义。

树根桩与预应力桩联合加固边坡稳定分析

目前对树根桩与预应力桩联合加固边坡的研究相对较少,对其稳定性与敏感性的分析也不够深入。以徐州奎河边坡加固工程为例,基于强度折减方法,利用FLAC3D软件建立数值模型,分析树根桩与预应力桩联合加固边坡的稳定性及桩体受力与变形情况,并与预应力桩加固、树根桩加固、不加固3种方案进行对比分析,最后通过正交试验分析树根桩与预应力桩联合加固后边坡稳定性影响因素的敏感性。结果表明,采用树根桩与预应力桩联合加固边坡时:(1)比其他加固方案的边坡水平位移与支护桩水平位移更小,安全系数更高,达到了较好的加固效果;(2)边坡潜在滑动面为绕过坡脚的经过土岩交界处的深层滑动面,边坡下滑力主要由预应力桩承担;(3)边坡安全系数对各影响因素的敏感性顺序为预应力桩边长>树根桩桩长>预应力桩桩间距>预应力桩桩长>树根桩桩间距>树根桩直径。研究结果可为类似工程设计提供参考依据。

基于大型地下水试验装置的复合有机污染物迁移性能关键影响参数研究

含水层中的复合污染物迁移过程主要受水文地质条件和水动力条件影响,为探究复合污染物迁移的影响因素,基于建设的大型地下水试验模拟装置,以甲苯和三氯乙烯为特征污染物,利用GMS建立了地下水流模型和溶质迁移模型,并设置不同情景,模拟不同水文地质条件和水动力条件影响下复合污染物迁移过程;通过敏感性分析,探究关键因素的影响.模拟结果表明三氯乙烯迁移能力大于甲苯,模型运行180 d后,甲苯最大迁移距离为3.5 m,而三氯乙烯最大迁移距离超过6.0 m,且甲苯和三氯乙烯迁移距离与渗透系数和弥散度呈线性正相关,与吸附系数呈线性负相关,即迁移距离随渗透系数和弥散度的增大而增大,随吸附系数的增大而减小.敏感性分析结果表明复合污染物迁移程度的关键影响因素为:渗透系数>弥散度>吸附系数.

Fe-Si-B非晶合金粉末的制备及吸波性能

采用正交试验法,利用硼氢化钠水溶液还原氯化亚铁和氟硅酸钠水溶液中的Fe和Si,制备出一种粒径为200~500 nm的球形粉末,采用X射线衍射仪、同步热分析仪、透射电子显微镜及选区电子衍射、X射线光电子能谱仪以及电感耦合等离子体光谱分析表明该粉末是成分为Fe87.6Si1.08B11.31的非晶态合金。利用矢量网络分析仪研究了该粉末的吸波性能,结果表明:该粉末在14.56 GHz处最小反射损耗为-44.8 dB,对应的匹配厚度为1.5 mm,有效带宽为6.16 GHz且为最大吸收带宽。对电磁波的损耗以磁损耗为主,介电损耗为辅,其中介电损耗以偶极极化为主,磁损耗以涡流损耗和自然共振为主。

寒冷地区过渡季教室环境质量对学习效率的影响研究

为探究寒冷地区过渡季教室环境质量影响学生学习效率的主次因素,将人体主观感受与认知能力测试相结合,在西安市某高校模拟教室环境中,设计了温度、CO_(2)浓度、O_(2)浓度的三因素、三水平正交实验,研究了受试者在不同工况下对环境的主观评价、人体生理参数及学习效率的变化。结果表明,影响学生主观评价、生理反应、学习效率的3个因素主次顺序为:温度、CO_(2)浓度、O_(2)浓度。采用极差分析法从9种工况中得到了最佳实验工况S_(4)(温度为23℃,CO_(2)体积分数为600×10^(-6),O_(2)质量分数为24%),并通过层次分析模型验证了其准确性。

鸡蛋壳制备磷酸氢钙的工艺研究

使用鸡蛋壳制备磷酸氢钙,可实现对大量废弃优质钙资源的回收利用,增加经济收益,同时也减少了废物的堆积,对环境起到保护作用。本文以鸡蛋壳为原料,采用直接中和法来合成磷酸氢钙,并采用单因素实验和正交实验研究其最佳工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为预处理后氧化钙5 g、磷酸用量10 g、反应温度70℃、固液比1∶3、反应时间60 min、120℃干燥2 h,该工艺下磷酸氢钙的合成产率为95.04%。

层次分析-熵权法评价结合正交试验优化铁皮石斛颗粒配方工艺

采用多指标综合评分法结合正交试验,优化铁皮石斛颗粒配方工艺。运用复杂系统熵聚类算法,对铁皮石斛保健品的注册信息进行分析,挖掘含铁皮石斛的保健品中原料药的配方组成;进一步以颗粒的成型率、溶化率、吸湿率、休止角为指标,筛选稀释剂,并以原料/稀释剂比例、乙醇体积浓度、乙醇用量为影响因素,采用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)结合熵权法(entropy weight method,EWM)确定综合权重,通过正交试验优化颗粒的配方工艺。结果表明,复杂系统熵聚类算法确定配方组合为铁皮石斛、枸杞、白芍;AHPEWM法确定各指标权重分别为:成型率0.3567、休止角0.0847、溶化率0.1778及吸湿率0.3808;优化所得铁皮石斛-枸杞-白芍颗粒剂最佳工艺:原料药材浸膏粉、糊精和微晶纤维素的用量分别为5、3.5、1.5 g(即比例为10:7:3)、乙醇体积浓度50%、乙醇用量5 mL。验证试验中颗粒的AHP-EWM综合评分为93.63±1.65,与理论预测值接近,表明优选的颗粒剂配方工艺稳定可行,本研究为铁皮石斛的相关保健品开发提供了参考。