Experimental study on wax deposition of highly paraffinic oil in intermittent gas-oil flow in pipelines

Oil-gas two phase wax deposition is a fairly common and open-ended question in flow assurance of multiphase transportation pipelines.This paper investigated the two main aspects of oil-gas two phase wax deposition layer:apparent thickness and crystal structure characteristics.A typical highly paraffinic oil in Bohai Sea,China,was used as the experimental material to investigate the wax deposition thickness in oil-gas two phase under the influence of different oil temperatures,superficial gas/liquid phase velocities and gas-oil ratios by using multiphase flow loop experimental device.Just as in the classical theory of wax molecular diffusion,it showed that wax deposition thickness of oil-gas two phase increased with increasing oil temperature.Analysis of the impact of different superficial phase velocities found that the actual liquid flow heat transfer and shear stripping was the gas phase dominant mechanisms determining wax deposit thickness.In addition,the crystal structure of the wax deposition layer was characterized with the help of small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS)for different circumferential positions,flow rates and gas-oil ratios.The bottom deposition layer had a complex crystal structure and high hardness,which were subject to change over flow rate variations.Furthermore,the SAXS results provided evidence that the indirect effect of the actual liquid velocity modified by the gas phase was the main mechanism.Our study of the effect of gas phase on the wax deposition of oil-gas two phase will help shed light onto the mechanism by which this important process occurs.Our findings address a very urgent need in the field of wax deposition of highly paraffinic oil to understand the flow security of oilgas two phase that occurs easily in multiphase field pipelines.

Novel Method for Evaluating the Aging of Aviation Turbine Engine Oils via High-Temperature Bearing Deposit Tests

Aviation turbine engine oils require excellent thermal-oxidative stability because of their high-temperature environments.High-temperature bearing deposit testing is a mandatory method for measuring the thermal-oxidative performance of aviation lubricant oils,and the relevant apparatus was improved in the present study.Two different commercial aviation turbine engine oils were tested,one with standard performance(known as the SL oil)and the other with high thermal stability,and their thermal-oxidative stability characteristics were evaluated.After 100 h of high-temperature bearing testing,the SL oil was analyzed by using various analytical techniques to investigate its thermal-oxidative process in the bearing test,with its thermal-oxidative degradation mechanism also being discussed.The results indicate that the developed high-temperature bearing apparatus easily meets the test requirements of method 3410.1 in standard FED-STD-791D.The viscosity and total acid number(TAN)of the SL oil increased with the bearing test time,and various deposits were produced in the bearing test,with the micro-particles of the carbon deposits being sphere-like,rod-like,and sheet-like in appearance.The antioxidant additives in the oil were consumed very rapidly in the first 30 h of the bearing test,with N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine being consumed faster than dioctyldiphenylamine.Overall,the oil thermal-oxidative process involves very complex physical and chemical mechanisms.

Prediction Model of Wax Deposition Rate in Waxy Crude Oil Pipelines by Elman Neural Network Based on Improved Reptile Search Algorithm

A hard problem that hinders the movement of waxy crude oil is wax deposition in oil pipelines.To ensure the safe operation of crude oil pipelines,an accurate model must be developed to predict the rate of wax deposition in crude oil pipelines.Aiming at the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,which easily falls into the local minimum value and weak generalization ability in the implementation process,an optimized ENN prediction model based on the IRSA is proposed.The validity of the new model was confirmed by the accurate prediction of two sets of experimental data on wax deposition in crude oil pipelines.The two groups of crude oil wax deposition rate case prediction results showed that the average absolute percentage errors of IRSA-ENN prediction models is 0.5476% and 0.7831%,respectively.Additionally,it shows a higher prediction accuracy compared to the ENN prediction model.In fact,the new model established by using the IRSA to optimize ENN can optimize the initial weights and thresholds in the prediction process,which can overcome the shortcomings of the ENN prediction model,such as weak generalization ability and tendency to fall into the local minimum value,so that it has the advantages of strong implementation and high prediction accuracy.

Pre-heating temperature induced flowability and wax deposition characteristics of crude oil adding wax inhibitors

This paper investigated the effects of pre-heating treatment temperatures(T_(pre))on the flowability and wax deposition characteristics of a typical waxy crude oil after adding wax inhibitors.It is found that there is little difference in wax precipitation exothermic characteristics of crude oils at different T_(pre),as well as the wax crystal solubility coefficient in the temperature range of 25-30℃.For the undoped crude oil,the flowability after wax precipitation gets much improved and the wax deposition is alleviated as T_(pre)increasing.At T_(pre)=50℃,the viscosity and wax deposition rate of crude oil adding wax inhibitors are higher than those of the undoped crude oil.When the T_(pre)increases to 60,70,and 80℃,the flowability of the doped crude oil are largely improved and the wax deposition is suppressed with the T_(pre)increase,but the wax content of wax deposit increases gradually.It is speculated that,on the one hand,the T_(pre)increase helps the dispersion of asphaltenes into smaller sizes,which facilitates the co-crystallization with paraffin waxes and generates more aggregated wax crystal flocs.This weakens the low-temperature gel structure and increases the solid concentration required for the crosslink to form the wax deposit.On the other hand,the decrease in viscosity increases the diffusion rate of wax molecules and accelerates the aging of wax deposits.The experimental results have important guiding significance for the pipeline transportation of doped crude oils.

Depositional process of hyperpycnal flow deposits:A case study on Lower Cretaceous Sangyuan outcrop in the Luanping Basin,Northeast China

Sedimentary process research is of great significance for understanding the distribution and characteristics of sediments.Through the detailed observation and measurement of the Sangyuan outcrop in Luanping Basin,this paper studies the depositional process of the hyperpycnal flow deposits,and divides their depositional process into three phases,namely,acceleration,erosion and deceleration.In the acceleration phase,hyperpycnal flow begins to enter the basin nearby,and then speeds up gradually.Deposits developed in the acceleration phase are reverse.In addition,the original deposits become unstable and are taken away by hyperpycnal flows under the eroding force.As a result,there are a lot of mixture of red mud pebbles outside the basin and gray mud pebbles within the basin.In the erosion phase,the reverse deposits are eroded and become thinner or even disappear.Therefore,no reverse grading characteristic is found in the proximal major channel that is closer to the source,but it is still preserved in the middle branch channel that is far from the source.After entering the deceleration phase,normally grading deposits appear and cover previous deposits.The final deposits in the basin are special.Some are reverse,and others are normal.They are superimposed with each other under the action of hyperpycnal flow.The analysis of the Sangyuan outcrop demonstrates the sedimentary process and distribution of hyperpycnites,and reasonably explain the sedimentary characteristics of hyperpycnites.It is helpful to the prediction of oil and gas exploration targets in gravity flow deposits.

Prediction Model Based on the Grey Theory for Tackling Wax Deposition in Oil Pipelines

Problems involving wax deposition threaten seriously crude pipelines both economically and operationally. Wax deposition in oil pipelines is a complicated problem having a number of uncertainties and indeterminations. The Grey System Theory is a suitable theory for coping with systems in which some information is clear and some is not, so it is an adequate model for studying the process of wax deposition. In order to predict accurately wax deposition along a pipeline, the Grey Model was applied to fit the data of wax deposition rate and the thickness of the deposited wax layer on the pipe-wall, and to give accurate forecast on wax deposition in oil pipelines. The results showed that the average residential error of the Grey Prediction Model is smaller than 2%. They further showed that this model exhibited high prediction accuracy. Our investigation proved that the Grey Model is a viable means for forecasting wax deposition. These findings offer valuable references for the oil industry and for firms dealing with wax cleaning in oil pipelines.

Depositional conditions and modeling of Triassic Oil shale in southern Ordos Basin using geochemical records

Based on the element geochemistry and biomarkers of the oil shale from the Chang 7 sub-unit in the southern Ordos Basin,the depositional conditions and organic source of the oil shale are discussed.Biomarkers analyses show that the oil shale has a homologous organic matter source,with a mix of plankton and advanced plants.U/Th and V/Ni ratios suggest that the redox condition is dominated by a reducing condition,and the degree of anoxia in the Tongchuan area is higher than that of the Xunyi area.Sr/Ba ratios illustrate that the oil shale is deposited in fresh water and the paleosalinity in the Tongchuan area is slightly higher.Fe/Ti ratios imply that the Tongchuan area underwent obvious hydrothermal fluid activities.Sr/Cu ratios show warm and humid paleoclimate in both areas.As assessed by(La/Yb)NASC,the deposition rate in the Tongchuan area is relatively lower.Fe/Co and Th/U ratios suggest that the paleo-water-depth in the Tongchuan area is deeper.The source rock could have the advance plants source,which must have close relationship with the Qinling orogeny.Comparing the paleoenvironment,the Tongchuan area has better depositional conditions,and is the key oil shale exploration area in the southern Ordos Basin.

Deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin and their oil and gas geological significance in eastern China

The types,evolution processes,formation mechanisms,and depositional models of deep-water gravity flow deposits in a lacustrine rift basin are studied through core observation and systematic analysis.Massive transport of slide and slump,fluid transport of debris flow and turbidity currents are driven by gravity in deep-water lacustrine environment.The transformation between debris flow and turbidity current,and the transformation of turbidity current between supercritical and subcritical conditions are the main dynamic mechanisms of gravity flow deposits in a lake basin.The erosion of supercritical turbidity current controls the formation of gravity-flow channel.Debris flow deposition gives rise to tongue shape lobe rather than channel.Deep-water gravity flow deposits are of two origins,intrabasinal and extrabasinal.Intrabasinal gravity flow deposits occur as single tongue-shape lobe or fan of stacking multiple lobes.Extrabasinal gravity-flow deposits occur as sublacustrine fan with channel or single channel sand body.However,the nearshore subaqueous fan is characterized by fan of stacking multiple tongue shape lobes without channel.The differential diagenesis caused by differentiation in the nearshore subaqueous fan facies belt results in the formation of diagenetic trap.The extrabasinal gravity flow deposits are one of the important reasons for the abundant deep-water sand bodies in a lake basin.Slide mass-transport deposits form a very important type of lithologic trap near the delta front often ignored.The fine-grained sediment caused by flow transformation is the potential"sweet spot"of shale oil and gas.

Origin and depositional environments of source rocks and crude oils from Niger Delta Basin: Carbon isotopic evidence

Thirty-nine crude oils and twenty-one rock samples from Niger Delta Basin,Nigeria have been characterized based on their isotope compositions by elemental analysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry.The bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole rock extracts,saturate and aromatic fractions range from–28.7‰to–26.8‰,–29.2‰to–27.2‰and–28.5‰to–26.7‰,respectively while the bulk carbon isotopic values of the whole oils,saturate and aromatic fractions range from–25.4‰to–27.8‰,–25.9‰to–28.4‰and–23.5‰to–26.9‰,respectively.The average carbon isotopic compositions of individual alkanes(nC12-nC33)in the rock samples range from–34.9‰to–28.2‰whereas the average isotopic values of individual n-alkanes in the oils range from–31.1‰to–23.8‰.Theδ13C isotope ratios of pristane and phytane in the rock samples range from–29.2‰to–28.2‰and–30.2‰to–27.4‰respectively while the pristane and phytane isotopic values range from–32.1‰to–21.9‰and–30.5‰to–26.9‰,respectively.The isotopic values recorded for the samples indicated that the crude oils were formed from the mixed input of terrigenous and marine organic matter and deposited under oxic to sub-oxic condition in lacustrine-fluvial/deltaic environments.The stable carbon isotopic compositions were found to be effective in assessing the origin and depositional environments of crude oils in the Niger Delta Basin.

SEDIMENTARY PATTERN OF PROTOTYPE BASIN IN THE DEPOSITION PERIOD OF LAIYANG FORMATION AND THE ADVANTAGEOUS AREAS FOR OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION OF JIAOLAI BASIN

Laiyang formation of Jiaolai Basin is the target stratum for oil and gas exploration. By measuring several field sections, the authors find that Laiyang formation reveals the whole processes from development to death of the lake basin and its sedimentary facies differ in different structural locations. Analyses about sedimentary facies and paleocurrent orientations in association with researches about the positive tectonic units such as Dayetou horseback and Chaigou horst indicate that Laiyang sag is a relatively independent sedimentary unit that shows great water depth typical of deep lake or semideep lake and was controlled by Wulongcun fault during the deposition period of Laiyang formation. Its sediments mainly originated from Jiaobei uplift area and Dayetou horseback. Gaomi-Zhucheng sag was a fast-filled basin controlled by Wurong fault and Yishu fault zone, being high in the northeast and low in the northwest and characterized by the development of pluvial facies and fluvial facies in most areas, and with the development of lake facies being limited to local low-lying regions. Selection of advantageous hydrocarbon reservoir areas for exploration purpose mainly relies on the sedimentation pattern of prototype basin and conservation conditions. The central-west area of Laiyang sag covered by overlying Laiyang formation is the most advantageous exploration area.

Sedimentary facies and depositional model of shallow water delta dominated by fluvial for Chang 8 oil-bearing group of Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin,China

A systematic analysis of southwestern Ordos Basin's sedimentary characteristics,internal architectural element association styles and depositional model was illustrated through core statistics,well logging data and outcrop observations in Chang 8 oil-bearing group.This analysis indicates that shallow water delta sediments dominated by a fluvial system is the primary sedimentary system of the Chang 8 oil-bearing group of the Yanchang Formation in southwestern Ordos Basin.Four microfacies with fine grain sizes are identified: distributary channels,sheet sandstone,mouth bar and interdistributary fines.According to the sandbody's spatial distribution and internal architecture,two types of sandbody architectural element associations are identified: amalgamated distributary channels and thin-layer lobate sandstone.In this sedimentary system,net-like distributary channels at the delta with a narrow ribbon shape compose the skeleton of the sandbody that extends further into the delta front and shades into contiguous lobate distribution sheet sandstone in the distal delta front.The mouth bar is largely absent in this system.By analyzing the palaeogeomorphology,the palaeostructure background,sedimentary characteristics,sedimentary facies types and spatial distribution of sedimentary facies during the Chang 8 period,a distinctive depositional model of the Chang 8 shallow water fluvial-dominated delta was established,which primarily consists of straight multi-phase amalgamated distributary channels in the delta plain,net-like distributary channels frequently diverting and converging in the proximal delta front,sheet sandstones with dispersing contiguous lobate shapes in the distal delta front,and prodelta or shallow lake mudstones.

Re–Os Dating of Bitumen from Paleo–Oil Reservoir in the Qinglong Antimony Deposit, Guizhou Province, China and Its Geological Significance

Abundant organic inclusions are present in the Qinglong antimony deposit. However, the source rocks of these organic matters have not been reliably identified. Recently, a paleo--oil reservoir was found in the Qinglong antimony deposit. In view of similar components of gaseous hydrocarbon, we propose that the organic matters observed in inclusions in Qinglong antimony deposit would come from this paleo-oil reservoir. We used the Re-Os dating method to determine the age of the bitumen from this paleo-oil reservoir, and obtained an isochron age of 254.3~2.8 Ma. The age indicates that the oil- generation from source rock occurred in the early Late Permian, earlier than the Sb mineralization age （-148~8.5 Ma） in the Qinglong antimony deposit area. After oil generation from Devonian source rock, first and secondary migration, the crude oil have probably entered into the fractures and pores of volcanic rocks and limestone and formed a paleo-oil reservoir in the western wing of Dachang anticline. As burial process deepened, the crude oil has turned into natural gas, migrates into the core of Dachang anticline and formed a paleo-gas reservoir. The hydrocarbons （including CH4） in the reservoirs can serve as reducing agent to provide the sulfur required for Sb mineralization through thermal chemical reduction of sulfates. Therefore, the formation of oil-gas in the area is a prerequisite for the Sb mineralization in the Qinglong antimony deposit.

Waxes in asphaltenes of crude oils and wax deposits

Composition and molecular mass distribution of n-alkanes in asphaltenes of crude oils of different ages and in wax deposits formed in the borehole equipment were studied. In asphaltenes, n-alkanes from C12 to C60 were detected. The high molecular weight paraffins in asphaltenes would form a crystalline phase with a melting point of 80–90 ℃. The peculiarities of the redistribution of high molecular paraffin hydrocarbons between oil and the corresponding wax deposit were detected. In the oils, the high molecular weight paraffinic hydrocarbons C50–C60were found, which were not practically detected in the corresponding wax deposits.

Fine-grained gravity flow sedimentation and its influence on development of shale oil sweet sections in lacustrine basins in China

The geological conditions and processes of fine-grained gravity flow sedimentation in continental lacustrine basins in China are analyzed to construct the model of fine-grained gravity flow sedimentation in lacustrine basin,reveal the development laws of fine-grained deposits and source-reservoir,and identify the sweet sections of shale oil.The results show that fine-grained gravity flow is one of the important sedimentary processes in deep lake environment,and it can transport fine-grained clasts and organic matter in shallow water to deep lake,forming sweet sections and high-quality source rocks of shale oil.Fine-grained gravity flow deposits in deep waters of lacustrine basins in China are mainly fine-grained high-density flow,fine-grained turbidity flow(including surge-like turbidity flow and fine-grained hyperpycnal flow),fine-grained viscous flow(including fine-grained debris flow and mud flow),and fine-grained transitional flow deposits.The distribution of fine-grained gravity flow deposits in the warm and humid unbalanced lacustrine basins are controlled by lake-level fluctuation,flooding events,and lakebed paleogeomorphology.During the lake-level rise,fine-grained hyperpycnal flow caused by flooding formed fine-grained channel–levee–lobe system in the flat area of the deep lake.During the lake-level fall,the sublacustrine fan system represented by unconfined channel was developed in the flexural slope breaks and sedimentary slopes of depressed lacustrine basins,and in the steep slopes of faulted lacustrine basins;the sublacustrine fan system with confined or unconfined channel was developed on the gentle slopes and in axial direction of faulted lacustrine basins,with fine-grained gravity flow deposits possibly existing in the lower fan.Within the fourth-order sequences,transgression might lead to organic-rich shale and fine-grained hyperpycnal flow deposits,while regression might cause fine-grained high-density flow,surge-like turbidity flow,fine-grained debris flow,mud flow,and fine-grained transitional flow deposits.Since the Permian,in the shale strata of lacustrine basins in China,multiple transgression-regression cycles of fourth-order sequences have formed multiple source-reservoir assemblages.Diverse fine-grained gravity flow sedimentation processes have created sweet sections of thin siltstone consisting of fine-grained high-density flow,fine-grained hyperpycnal flow and surge-like turbidity flow deposits,sweet sections with interbeds of mudstone and siltstone formed by fine-grained transitional flows,and sweet sections of shale containing silty and muddy clasts and with horizontal bedding formed by fine-grained debris flow and mud flow.The model of fine-grained gravity flow sedimentation in lacustrine basin is significant for the scientific evaluation of sweet shale oil reservoir and organic-rich source rock.

Atmospheric Dry Deposition in the Proximity of Oil-Fired Power Plants at Mexican Pacific Coast

Dry deposition samples were collected in a weekly basis during 2010 in a site located at the Mexican Pacific Coast: Manzanillo, Colima. Samples were collected with an automatic wet/dry deposition sampler using nylon filters as surrogate surfaces. Samples were extracted with deionized water and analyzed for pH, conductivity, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4-, NO3-, SO42- and Cl-. Nitrate and sulfate were the most abundant ions, contributing with 53% to the total ionic mass;and their levels exceeded the hemispheric background concentrations proposed for marine remote sites. The influence of the power plants burning combustoleo located upwind the sampling site was completely evident. From meteorological analysis, it could be observed that the sampling site was all time under the influence of power plants as a result of the effect of breezes. However, in spite of the high levels of NO3- and SO42- found in the samples collected, pH value average was almost neutral, with 28% of samples slightly acid. Potassium was the most abundant cation and from the quantification of the neutralization effect of the main alkaline components, the prevalence role of K+ was completely evident, suggesting the influence of the mining complex Pe?a Colorada located upwind the sampling site, where amyl xanthate potassium is used as collector in tailing dams. Dry deposition fluxes were estimated for all ions measured. Nitrogen dry deposition at Manzanillo is already in the upper extreme of the threshold value reported for sensible ecosystems. On the other hand, sulfur deposition exceeded slightly the critical load value reported for some ecosystems in Europe. Even at this moment, nitrogen and sulfur deposition is not a problem, it is necessary to take steps to avoid that total deposition of these elements exceeds critical loads, considering that results reported in this study not include the wet deposition fluxes.

渤海C油田馆陶组储层堵塞实验评价研究

为了分析明确渤海C油田导管架期间预钻井的12口生产井,在组块安装后投产产量达不到配产目标的原因,针对有机质沉积、原油乳化堵塞、流体配伍性、钻完井液漏失与返排等潜在储层伤害因素,开展了储层堵塞实验评价研究。实验结果表明:1)免破胶无固相钻开液(EZFLOW)漏失量越高渗透率伤害程度越大,同时考虑钻完井液漏失时,天然岩心的渗透率伤害程度为37%,伤害程度中等;2)有机质沉积对储层伤害较为明显,注入0.4 PV原油后渗透率伤害程度达到98%,且随有机质沉积量的增加,储层伤害越大;3)油包水型乳状液(W/O型)驱替对岩心渗透率伤害程度高达75.01%,水包油型乳状液(O/W型)驱替对岩心渗透率伤害程度为25.21%,低含水层受原油乳化堵塞影响较明显。综合分析认为,渤海C油田12口预钻井低产原因为导管架预钻井后待组块安装期间关井静置过程中有机质沉积和原油乳化伤害。同时,渤海C油田12口预钻井目的层馆陶组储层物性因子较小,产液指数较低是导致低产的原因之一。研究结论为后续增产措施以及方案提供了依据。

草鱼肠系膜脂肪沉积量的测定与分析

为精确且批量测定草鱼肠系膜脂肪(肠脂)沉积量,避免传统人工刮取称量方法耗时费力、量化粗糙等问题,实验利用脂溶性染料油红O可特异性着色脂肪的特性,探索开发出一种便捷定量草鱼肠脂含量的新方法。结果发现,麻醉解剖200尾平均体重约80 g的草鱼,取出整个内脏团简单处理并塞入PIT个体识别标记后,样品集中进行多聚甲醛固定、无水乙醇脱水、油红O染液定染,可在维持样品组织完整的基础上,实现肠脂组织的特异性、均一化批量染色处理。各染色样品再分别通过无水乙醇溶剂完全萃取,萃取液吸光度测定,并依据绘制的标准曲线(y=0.0276x+0.0403,R^(2)=0.9997),即可精确获得个体肠脂沉积的相对含量,是以萃取出的油红O质量来表示。对比发现,样品肠脂组织染色-萃取量化结果与传统刮取称量数据保持了较高的相关性(n=20,r=0.80)。进一步的统计分析显示,对于同塘养殖体重变异系数8.93%的草鱼群体(n=200),萃取测定的肠脂沉积量变异系数达到24.49%,预示该性状具有丰富变异特征及遗传改良潜力。相关与聚类分析显示,肠脂沉积量与内脏质量相关性最高(r=0.60),并且聚为一类,符合二者同属脏器关联指标的预期。多元线性回归分析显示,利用简单易测的形态指标只能解释肠脂沉积量的少量变异(R^(2)=0.20),表明基于表型性状的拟合回归方程进行间接预测的效果不佳,直接测定是该性状精准量化的有效途径。本研究为草鱼体脂性状改良提供了一种性状精确测定方法。

页岩油注CO_(2)过程中重有机质沉积预测

综合考虑页岩基质纳米孔隙中吸附引发的限域效应、毛管压力作用及极性分子间的缔合作用,建立页岩油重有机质沉积预测模型及求解方法,并选取典型区块页岩油样开展重有机质沉积预测,对比分析页岩油重有机质沉积相边界的变化规律及CO_(2)注入对重有机质沉积相边界的影响。结果表明:缔合作用加剧低温区间的重有机质沉积风险,而高压区间内的重有机质沉积现象受纳米限域效应的影响更加显著;考虑耦合效应时,典型油样在CO_(2)注入量(摩尔分数)仅为5%时的重有机质沉积压力上限可达26.57 MPa,相比于未注气的情况下提高3 MPa;页岩油注CO_(2)过程中的重有机质沉积风险最大,控制CO_(2)注入量和避免地层压力降低过快是潜在的规避重有机质沉积风险的有效手段。

中国断陷和坳陷湖盆高可容纳空间层序细粒重力流沉积及其页岩油意义

重力流包括粗粒和细粒重力流,是深湖环境最重要的沉积类型之一,其中,细粒重力流能成为非常规页岩油的“甜点段”。研究该沉积在陆相湖盆层序格架中的分布规律,对页岩油“甜点段”的预测具有重要意义。作者通过对中国主要湖盆重力流发育与层序格架的系统对比研究发现,重力流沉积体系主要发育在高可容纳空间沉积层序中。断陷湖盆的低位域(LST)湖底扇近端发育粗粒重力流沉积,远端发育薄层细粒重力流沉积,其分布受沟谷和同沉积构造坡折的控制。水进体系域(TST)发育细粒水道—堤—朵叶体系。高位体系域(HST)发育非限定水道湖底扇,细粒重力流沉积分布在扇的远端。坳陷湖盆的水进体系域(TST)主要发育受洪泛影响的大型细粒水道—堤—朵叶体系,而在湖盆挠曲坡折的较陡斜坡发育细粒湖底扇体系。高位域(HST)及低位域(LST)既可形成细粒湖底扇体系,也可发育细粒的水道—堤—朵叶体系。分布在湖底扇远端和水道—堤—朵叶体系的细粒重力流沉积能形成页岩油的“甜点段”。泥流沉积形成页理型“甜点段”,细粒碎屑流、细粒浊流、细粒异重流和细粒过渡流沉积形成纹层型、层理型“甜点段”,细粒浓缩密度流沉积只形成层理型“甜点段”。细粒重力流沉积是页岩油勘探开发的有利“甜点段”。

铈改性磁性核壳HZSM-5催化富油煤热解研究

【目的】富油煤是集煤、油气属性为一体的宝贵煤炭资源,催化热解是实现其绿色低碳开发的重要途径。然而,高效可回收催化剂的研发仍面临着极大的挑战。【方法】以HZSM-5@SiO_(2)@MgFe_(2)O_(4)(HSMF)为原料,采用水热法与碱改性制备具有多级孔结构的HZSM-5@SiO_(2)@MgFe_(2)O_(4)(mHSMF),再通过沉淀法制备铈改性mHSMF(5-CeO_(2)/mHSMF);并利用固定床反应器考察了5-CeO_(2)/mHSMF对神府富油煤热解产物的调控作用及其抗积炭性能。【结果和结论】结果表明,CeO_(2)改性有助于在HSMF表面形成微−介孔多级孔道结构;在5-CeO_(2)/mHSMF催化剂上,650℃、N_(2)气氛、反应1 h的条件下,神府富油煤焦油产率达到13.38%,是格金试验焦油产率的176%;相较于原煤热解,催化热解得到的焦油中脂肪烃类及苯类化合物含量分别增加了3.04%和3.07%,煤气中H_(2)和CH_(4)含量提高了10.49%;经CeO_(2)改性后,催化剂的抗积炭性能增幅达86.1%,积炭量仅为11.60 mg/g,且积炭趋于稳定的石墨化结构。5-CeO_(2)/mHSMF对神府富油煤催化热解产物的分布及组成具有明显调控作用,并表现出良好的抗积炭效果和磁性可回收性能。