Role of Multi-Generation Dyke Emplacements in Moyar-Bhavani Shear Zone, South India

The Moyar-Bhavani Shear Zone(MBSZ)of the South Indian Granulite Terrain(SIGT),a complex continental block formed by the accretion of various crustal units during the Archaean to Neoproterozoic,bear evidences of

Evaluation of Precipitation in Multi-Generation Reanalyses with Land Observations over Zhejiang Province

Based on various statistical indices,the abilities of multi-generation reanalyses,namely the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1(R1),the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2(R2)and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR),to reproduce the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation over Zhejiang Province are comprehensively compared.The mean absolute bias percentages for three reanalyses are 20%(R1),10%(R2)and 37%(CFSR).R2(R1)gives the best(worst)general depiction of the spatial characteristics of the observed precipitation climatology,whereas a significant wet bias is noticed in the CFSR.All reanalyses reasonably reproduce the interannual variability with the correlation coefficients of 0.72(R1),0.72(R2)and 0.84(CFSR).All reanalyses well represent the first two modes of the observed precipitation through Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis,with CFSR giving the best capture of the principal components.The root-mean-square error(RMSE)is the largest(smallest)in the CFSR(R2).The large RMSE of CFSR in summer(especially in June)contributes mostly to its systematic wet bias.After 2001,the wet bias of CFSR substantially weakens,probably attributed to increasing observations assimilated in the CFSR.On a monthly basis,the percentage of neutral bias cases are similar for all reanalyses,while the ratio of positive(negative)bias cases for CFSR is distinctly larger(smaller)than that of R1 and R2.The proportions of negative bias cases for R1 and R2 begin to increase after 2001 while keeping stable for CFSR.On a daily basis,all reanalyses give good performances of reproducing light rain;however,the reflection of moderate rain and heavier rain by the CFSR is better than R1 and R2.Overall,despite being a third-generation reanalysis product,the CRSR does not exhibit comprehensive superiorities over R1 and R2 in all aspects on a regional scale.

Geochemistry and geochronology of multi-generation garnet:New insights on the genesis and fluid evolution of prograde skarn formation

Origin of garnet in skarn(magmatic vs.hydrothermal)and the prograde skarn fluid evolution are still controversial.Two generations of garnet(Grt1,Grt2)were identified at the Tongshankou deposit:Grt1 is anisotropic with oscillatory zoning and resorbed boundary,whilst Grt2 grew around Grt1 and formed oscillatory rims.In-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of Grt1 and Grt2 yielded a lower intercept^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 142.4±2.8 Ma(n=57;MSWD=1.16)and 142.3±9.6 Ma(n=60;MSWD=1.06),respectively,coeval with the ore formation and ore-related granodiorite emplacement.Positive Eu anomaly,non-CHARAC Y/Ho value and low TiO_(2)content,together with the mineral assemblages indicate that both Grtl and Grt2 have a hydrothermal origin.The existence of melt and melt-fluid inclusions in Grt1,together with similar LREE-enriched patterns to the granodiorite,further indicate that Grt1 may have formed in the magmatic-hydrothermal transition.Higher U contents and LREE-enriched patterns of Grt1 indicate that fluid I is mildly acidic pH and low fO_(2).The inner gray Grt2 rims(Grt2A)is HREE-enriched with low U contents,indicating that fluid II has nearly neutral pH and high fO_(2).The wider Y/Ho range and LREE-enriched patterns of the outer light-gray Grt2 rims(Grt2B)show that the evolved magmatic fluidⅡhad mixed with an external fluid,characterized by being mildly acidic pH and with high fO_(2)·Our results suggest that the prograde skarn-forming fluids can be multistage at Tongshankou,and the mixing of meteoric water may have been prominent in the prograde skarn stage.

Clonal Transgenerational Effects Transmit for Multiple Generations in a Floating Plant

Environmental conditions of a parent plant can influence the performance of their clonal offspring,and such clonal transgenerational effects may help offspring adapt to different environments.However,it is still unclear how many vegetative generations clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for and whether it depends on the environmental conditions of the offspring.We grew the ancestor ramets of the floating clonal plant Spirodela polyrhiza under a high and a low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of two types(from these two environments).Then we grew the 1^(st)-generation offspring ramets of each type under the high and the low nutrient level and obtained the so-called 2^(nd)-generation offspring ramets of four types.We repeated this procedure for another five times and analyzed clonal transgenerational effects on growth,morphology and biomass allocation of the 1^(st)-to the 6^(th)-generation offspring ramets.We found positive,negative or neutral(no)transgenerational effects of the ancestor nutrient condition on the offspring of S.polyrhiza,depending on the number of vegetative generations,the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.We observed significant clonal transgenerational effects on the 6^(th)-generation offspring;such effects occurred for all three types of traits(growth,morphology and allocation),but varied depending on the nutrient condition of the offspring environment and the traits considered.Our results suggest that clonal transgenerational effects can transmit for multiple vegetative generations and such impacts can vary depending on the environmental conditions of offspring.

Research on the Renewal Strategy of Social Space for the Elderly in Colleges and Universities from the Perspective of Multi Generations:Take a University in the North as an Example

Under the background of population aging,while the living environment of the elderly is improved,it is necessary to pay attention to their spiritual needs and build an elderly-friendly and livable social environment.In this paper,through field investigation and research on social behavior and space,the social behavior and needs of the elderly in a university in the north were analyzed,and based on the social characteristics and psychological needs of the elderly and students in the university,the construction of a dynamic space with multi-generational shared space as the core was proposed to develop a social platform that integrates virtual and reality,so as to provide reference for the updating of social space in college communities in the future.

Study on Cultivation Nutrition of Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantations with Multi-generation Management

Based on the previous study on cultivation nutrition of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations of first generation, the cultivation nutrition of C. lanceolata plantations with multi-generation was studied. The results show that there are significant differences in the growth, development and nutrient assimilation among C. lanceolata plantations with different generations and nutrition conditions. These differences are closely related to the land fertility decline of C. lanceolata plantations. This paper de...

Developmental toxicity and programming alterations of multiple organs in offspring induced by medication during pregnancy

Medication during pregnancy is widespread,but there are few reports on its fetal safety.Recent studies suggest that medication during pregnancy can affect fetal morphological and functional development through multiple pathways,multiple organs,and multiple targets.Its mechanisms involve direct ways such as oxidative stress,epigenetic modification,and metabolic activation,and it may also be indirectly caused by placental dysfunction.Further studies have found that medication during pregnancy may also indirectly lead to multi-organ developmental programming,functional homeostasis changes,and susceptibility to related diseases in offspring by inducing fetal intrauterine exposure to too high or too low levels of maternal-derived glucocorticoids.The organ developmental toxicity and programming alterations caused by medication during pregnancy may also have gender differences and multi-generational genetic effects mediated by abnormal epigenetic modification.Combined with the latest research results of our laboratory,this paper reviews the latest research progress on the developmental toxicity and functional programming alterations of multiple organs in offspring induced by medication during pregnancy,which can provide a theoretical and experimental basis for rational medication during pregnancy and effective prevention and treatment of drug-related multiple fetal-originated diseases.

Reproductive Influences of Erythromycin and Sulfamethoxazole on Caenorhabditis elegans over Generations Mediated by Lipid Metabolism

Antibiotics are emerging pollutants with pseudo-persistence.However,their reproductive toxicities over generations and underlying mechanisms were seldom explored.In the present study,reproductive effects of erythromycin(ERY)and sulfamethoxazole(SMZ)were studied on Caenorhabditis elegans(C.elegans)with multi-generational exposure from F1 to F4,and their effects in the non-direct exposed offspring of F1 and F4(T4 and T4’)were explored to investigate trans-generational outcomes.At high concentrations,ERY and SMZ inhibited the reproduction and the inhibition decreased with more generations’exposure.At low concentrations,SMZ stimulated reproduction in T4,opposite to its inhibition in F1.Further analysis on ten enzymes and proteins in lipid and glucolipid metabolism showed that ERY commonly inhibited fatty acid synthetase(FAS)in F1 to F4,while ERY and SMZ showed stimulation and inhibition on other biochemicals.Integrated biomarker response(IBR)index values showed that ERY and SMZ stimulated the overall metabolism in F1,and the stimulation decreased and even altered to inhibition in later generations.When comparing multi-and trans-generational effects,ERY and SMZ at high concentration caused inhibition on reproduction in T4 and stimulation in T4’,which were opposite to those in F1 and F4.

Security Analysis and Improvement of a Tag Encoding Authentication Scheme for Network Coding

A tag encoding authentication scheme for network coding proposed by Wu et al was claimed to defend pollution attacks efficiently. However, we find that the scheme easily incurs multi-generation pollution attacks, where an adversary may be able to recover the main secret key of the source with high probability during multi-generation transmitting, and the scheme also cannot resist against inter-generation pollution attacks. Using a dynamic source secret key technology that the key can be updated with the change of generation identifier, an improved scheme is then presented, which can counteract these security defects without any efficiency compromise.