Effects of Different Sample Parts and Sterilization Methods on Contamination and Survival Rates of Shoots with Buds in Chinese Chestnut

In this study,we investigated the preferable explant types and sterilization method for tissue culture in Chinese chestnut,in order to provide a technical support for the asexual reproduction of Chinese chestnut.The base,middle and apex parts of annual shoots with buds in Chinese chestnut were sampled and cut to 2-3 cm stem segments each with one bud,then sterilized orderly with different duration in 2%NaClO plus 0.1%HgCl_(2)solutions.The results indicated that the duration of 2%NaClO for 20 min+0.1%HgCl_(2)for 15 min exerted an effective disinfection property on the middle parts of annual shoots with buds,and achieved a contamination rate under 5%and a survival rate over 90%.

Experimental and numerical study on dynamic mechanical behaviors of shale under true triaxial compression at high strain rate

High-energy gas fracturing of shale is a novel,high efficacy and eco-friendly mining technique,which is a typical dynamic perturbing behavior.To effectively extract shale gas,it is important to understand the dynamic mechanical properties of shale.Dynamic experiments on shale subjected to true triaxial compression at different strain rates are first conducted in this research.The dynamic stress-strain curves,peak strain,peak stress and failure modes of shale are investigated.The results of the study indicate that the intermediate principal stress and the minor principal stress have the significant influence on the dynamic mechanical behaviors,although this effect decreases as the strain rate increases.The characteristics of compression-shear failure primarily occur in shale subjected to triaxial compression at high strain rates,which distinguishes it from the fragmentation characteristics observed in shale under dynamic uniaxial compression.Additionally,a numerical three-dimensional Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(3D-SHPB),which is established by coupling PFC3D and FLAC3D methods,is validated to replicate the laboratory characteristics of shale.The dynamic mechanical characteristics of shale subjected to different confining stresses are systematically investigated by the coupling PFC3D and FLAC3D method.The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Optimizing Average Electric Power During the Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Through the Taguchi Method

In recent times, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used owing to their high energy density, extended cycle lifespan, and minimal self-discharge rate. The design of high-speed rechargeable lithium-ion batteries faces a significant challenge owing to the need to increase average electric power during charging. This challenge results from the direct influence of the power level on the rate of chemical reactions occurring in the battery electrodes. In this study, the Taguchi optimization method was used to enhance the average electric power during the charging process of lithium-ion batteries. The Taguchi technique is a statistical strategy that facilitates the systematic and efficient evaluation of numerous experimental variables. The proposed method involved varying seven input factors, including positive electrode thickness, positive electrode material, positive electrode active material volume fraction, negative electrode active material volume fraction, separator thickness, positive current collector thickness, and negative current collector thickness. Three levels were assigned to each control factor to identify the optimal conditions and maximize the average electric power during charging. Moreover, a variance assessment analysis was conducted to validate the results obtained from the Taguchi analysis. The results revealed that the Taguchi method was an eff ective approach for optimizing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries. This indicates that the positive electrode material, followed by the separator thickness and the negative electrode active material volume fraction, was key factors significantly infl uencing the average electric power during the charging of lithium-ion batteries response. The identification of optimal conditions resulted in the improved performance of lithium-ion batteries, extending their potential in various applications. Particularly, lithium-ion batteries with average electric power of 16 W and 17 W during charging were designed and simulated in the range of 0-12000 s using COMSOL Multiphysics software. This study efficiently employs the Taguchi optimization technique to develop lithium-ion batteries capable of storing a predetermined average electric power during the charging phase. Therefore, this method enables the battery to achieve complete charging within a specific timeframe tailored to a specificapplication. The implementation of this method can save costs, time, and materials compared with other alternative methods, such as the trial-and-error approach.

A combined method using Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)and Finite Volume Method(FVM)to simulate geothermal reservoirs in Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS)

With the development of industrial activities,global warming has accelerated due to excessive emission of CO_(2).Enhanced Geothermal System(EGS)utilizes deep geothermal heat for power generation.Although porous medium theory is commonly employed to model geothermal reservoirs in EGS,Hot Dry Rock(HDR)presents a challenge as it consists of impermeable granite with zero porosity,potentially distorting the physical interpretation.To address this,the Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM)is employed to simulate CO_(2)flow within geothermal reservoirs and the Finite Volume Method(FVM)to solve the energy conservation equation for temperature distribution.This combined method of LBM and FVM is imple-mented using MATLAB.The results showed that the Reynolds numbers(Re)of 3,000 and 8,000 lead to higher heat extraction rates from geothermal reservoirs.However,higher Re values may accelerate thermal breakthrough,posing challenges to EGS operation.Meanwhile,non-equilibrium of density in fractures becomes more pronounced during the system's life cycle,with non-Darcy's law becoming significant at Re values of 3,000 and 8,000.Density stratification due to buoyancy effects significantly impacts temperature distribution within geothermal reservoirs,with buoyancy effects at Re=100 under gravitational influence being noteworthy.Larger Re values(3,000 and 8,000)induce stronger forced convection,leading to more uniform density distribution.The addition of proppant negatively affects heat transfer performance in geothermal reservoirs,especially in single fractures.Practical engineering considerations should determine the quantity of proppant through detailed numerical simulations.

Annoyance Rate Evaluation Method on Ride Comfort of Vehicle Suspension System

The existing researches of the evaluation method of ride comfort of vehicle mainly focus on the level of human feelings to vibration. The level of human feelings to vibration is influenced by many factors, however, the ride comfort according to the common principle of probability and statistics and simple binary logic is tmable to reflect these uncertainties. The random fuzzy evaluation model from people subjective response to vibration is adopted in the paper, these uncertainties are analyzed from the angle of psychological physics. Discussing the traditional evaluation of ride comfort during vehicle vibration, a fuzzily random evaluation model on the basis of annoyance rate is proposed for the human body＇s subjective response to vibration, with relevant fuzzy membership function and probability distribution given. A half-car four degrees of freedom suspension vibration model is described, subject to irregular excitations from the road surface, with the aid of software Matlab/Simulink. A new kind of evaluation method for ride comfort of vehicles is proposed in the paper, i.e., the annoyance rate evaluation method. The genetic algorithm and neural network control theory are used to control the system. Simulation results are obtained, such as the comparison of comfort reaction to vibration environments between before and after control, relationship of annoyance rate to vibration frequency and weighted acceleration, based on ISO 2631 / 1 （1982）, ISO 2631-1 （1997） and annoyance rate evaluation method, respectively. Simulated assessment results indicate that the proposed active suspension systems prove to be effective in the vibration isolation of the suspension system, and the subjective response of human being can be promoted from very uncomfortable to a little uncomfortable. Furthermore, the novel evaluation method based on annoyance rate can further estimate quantitatively the number of passengers who feel discomfort due to vibration. A new analysis method of vehicle comfort is presented.

Enzyme Inhibition Rate Method for Rapid Detection of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Pesticides in Cowpea

[Objectives ] The paper was to explore enzyme inhibition rate method for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea. [ Methods ] Acetylcholinesterase （ACHE） was added to cowpea extract, to determine the inhibition rate of extract against enzyme. The influences of different sampiing methods and sampling parts on detection results were compared. [ Results] The positive rate of standard sampling was 18.18% higher than that of non-stand- ard sampling, and the positive rate of samples collected from cowpea tail was 16.67% higher than that collected from other parts. [ Condmions] Enzyme inhibi- tion rate method is suitable for rapid detection of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides in cowpea.

Self-heating Probe Instrument and Method for Measuring High Temperature Melting Volume Change Rate of Material

The castings defects are affected by the melting volume change rate of material. The change rate has an important effect on running safety of the high temperature thermal storage chamber, too. But the characteristics of existing measuring installations are complex structure, troublesome operation and low precision. In order to measure the melting volume change rate of material accurately and conveniently, a self-designed measuring instrument, self-heating probe instrument, and measuring method are described. Temperature in heating cavity is controlled by PID temperature controller; melting volume change rate υ and molten density are calculated based on the melt volume which is measured by the instrument. Positive and negative υ represent expansion and shrinkage of the sample volume after melting, respectively. Taking eutectic LiF＋CaF2 for example, its melting volume change rate and melting density at 1 123 K are -20.6% and 2 651 kg/m–3 measured by this instrument, which is only 0.71% smaller than literature value. Density and melting volume change rate of industry pure aluminum at 973 K and analysis pure NaCl at 1 123 K are detected by the instrument too. The measure results are agreed with report values. Measuring error sources are analyzed and several improving measures are proposed. In theory, the measuring errors of the change rate and molten density which are measured by the self-designed instrument is nearly 1/20-1/50 of that measured by the refitted mandril thermal expansion instrument. The self-designed instrument and method have the advantages of simple structure, being easy to operate, extensive applicability for material, relatively high accuracy, and most importantly, temperature and sample vapor pressure have little effect on the measurement accuracy. The presented instrument and method solve the problems of complicated structure and procedures, and large measuring errors for the samples with high vapor pressure by existing installations.

Research on deposition rate of TiZrV/Pd film by DC magnetron sputtering method

An accelerator storage ring needs clean ultrahigh vacuum.A TiZrV non-evaporable getter(NEG) film deposited on interior walls of the chamber can realize distributed pumping,effective vacuum improvement and reduced longitudinal pressure gradient.But accumulation of pollutants such as N_2 and O_2 will decrease the adsorption ability of the NEG,leading to a reduction of NEG lifetime.Therefore,an NEG thin film coated with a layer of Pd,which has high diffusion rate and absorption ability for H_2,can extend the service life of NEG and improve the pumping rate of H_2 as well.In this paper,with argon as discharge gas,a magnetron sputtering method is adopted to prepare TiZrV-Pd films in a long straight pipe.By SEM measurement,deposition rates of TiZrV-Pd films are analyzed under different deposition parameters,such as magnetic field strength,gas flow rate,discharge current,discharge voltage and working pressure.By comparing the experimental results with the simulation results based on Sigmund's theory,the Pd deposition rate C can be estimated by the sputtered depth.

On Minimization of Upper Bound for the Convergence Rate of the QHSS Iteration Method

For an upper bound of the spectral radius of the QHSS (quasi Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting) iteration matrix which can also bound the contraction factor of the QHSS iteration method,we give its minimum point under the conditions which guarantee that the upper bound is strictly less than one. This provides a good choice of the involved iteration parameters,so that the convergence rate of the QHSS iteration method can be significantly improved.

A Kinetic Study of Anaerobic Biodegradation of Food and Fruit Residues during Biogas Generation Using Initial Rate Method

A kinetic study of biogas production from Urban Solid Waste (USW) generated in Dar es Salaam city (Tanzania) is presented. An experimental bioreactor simulating mesophilic conditions of most USW landfills was developed. The goal of the study was to generate the kinetic order of reaction with respect to biodegradable organic waste and use it to model biogas production from food residues mixed with fruit waste. Anaerobic biodegradation was employed under temperature range of 28℃ - 38℃. The main controls were leachate recirculation and pH adjustments to minimize acid inhibitory effects and accelerate waste biodegradation. The experimental setup comprised of three sets of bioreactors. A biodegradation rate law in differential form was proposed and the numerical values of kinetic order and rate constant were determined using initial rate method as 0.994 and 0.3093 mol0.006·day-1, respectively. Results obtained were consistent with that found in literature and model predictions were in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

Description of Mechanism Function about Dehydration of Cobalt Oxalate Dihydrate by Multiple Rates Isotemperature Method

A new method of the multiple rates isotemperature is proposed to define the most probable mechanismg(α) of thermal anlaysis; the iterative isoconversional procedure has been employed to estimate apparent activation energyE; the pre-exponential factorA is obtained on the basis ofE andg(α). By this new method, the thermal analysis kinetics triplet of dehydration of cobalt oxalate dihydrate is determined, apparent activation energyE is 99.84 kJ·mol?1; pre-exponential factorA is 3.427×109–3.872×109 s?1 and the most probable mechanism belongs to nucleation and growth,A m model, the range ofm is from 1.50 to 1.70. Key words multiple rates isotemperature method - isoconversional method - cobalt oxalate dihydrate - accomodation function - differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) CLC number O 636.1 Foundation item: Supported by the Key Foundation of the Science and Technology Committee of Hubei Province (2001ABA009)Biography: Li Li-qing (1977-), female, Master candidate, research direction: material synthesize and thermal analysis kinetics.

A RELAXED INERTIAL FACTOR OF THE MODIFIED SUBGRADIENT EXTRAGRADIENT METHOD FOR SOLVING PSEUDO MONOTONE VARIATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN HILBERT SPACES

In this paper,we investigate pseudomonotone and Lipschitz continuous variational inequalities in real Hilbert spaces.For solving this problem,we propose a new method that combines the advantages of the subgradient extragradient method and the projection contraction method.Some very recent papers have considered different inertial algorithms which allowed the inertial factor is chosen in[0;1].The purpose of this work is to continue working in this direction,we propose another inertial subgradient extragradient method that the inertial factor can be chosen in a special case to be 1.Under suitable mild conditions,we establish the weak convergence of the proposed algorithm.Moreover,linear convergence is obtained under strong pseudomonotonicity and Lipschitz continuity assumptions.Finally,some numerical illustrations are given to confirm the theoretical analysis.

Impact of creatinine methodology on glomerular filtration rate estimation in diabetes

AIM To evaluate the influence of creatinine methodology on the performance of chronic kidney disease(CKD)-Epidemiology Collaboration Group-calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate(CKD-EPI-eGFR) for CKD diagnosis/staging in a large cohort of diabetic patients. METHODS Fasting blood samples were taken from diabetic patients attending our clinic for their regular annual examination, including laboratory measurement of serum creatinine and eGFR.RESULTS Our results indicated an overall excellent agreement in CKD staging(kappa = 0.918) between the Jaffé serum creatinine-and enzymatic serum creatinine-based CKDEPI-eGFR, with 9% of discordant cases. As compared to the enzymatic creatinine, the majority of discordances(8%) were positive, i.e., associated with the more advanced CKD stage re-classification, whereas only 1% of cases were negatively discordant if Jaffé creatinine was used for eGFR calculation. A minor proportion of the discordant cases(3.5%) were re-classified into clinically relevant CKD stage indicating mildly to moderately decreased kidney function(< 60 m L/min per 1.73 m^2). Significant acute and chronic hyperglycaemia, assessedas plasma glucose and Hb A1 c levels far above the recommended glycaemic goals, was associated with positively discordant cases. Due to a very low frequency, positive discordance is not likely to present a great burden for the health-care providers, while intensified medical care may actually be beneficial for the small number of discordant patients. On the other hand, a very low proportion of negatively discordant cases(1%) at the 60 m L/min per 1.73 m^2 eGFR level indicate a negligible possibility to miss the CKD diagnosis, which could be the most prominent clinical problem affecting patient care, considering high risk of CKD for adverse patient outcomes. CONCLUSION This study indicate that compensated Jaffé creatinine procedure, in spite of the glucose-dependent bias, is not inferior to enzymatic creatinine in CKD diagnosis/staging and therefore may provide a reliable and cost-effective tool for the renal function assessment in diabetic patients.

Progress in Determination Methods of Degradation Rate in Ruminants

Degradation rate of feed proteins in rumen is a basic indicator of new intestinal protein system of ruminants. In this paper, determination methods of degradation rate in tureen including in-vivo method, nylon bag method and artificial rumen method are compared in order to provide a reference for animal nutrition.

Simulation Methods of Stochastic Volatility Interest Rate Term Structure

A term structure model bearing features of stochastic volatility and stochastic mean drift with jump （SVJ-SD model for short） is built in the paper to describe the stochastic behavior of interest rates.Based on sample data of an interest rate of national bond repurchase,maximum likelihood （ML）,linear Kalman filter and efficient method of moments （EMM） are used to estimate the model.While ML works well for simple models,it may lead to considerable deviation in parameter estimation when dynamic risks of interest rates are considered in them.Linear Kalman filter is a tractable and reasonably accurate technique for estimation cases where ML was not feasible.Moreover,when compared with the first two approaches,using EMM can obtain better parameter estimates for complex models with non-affine structures.

Effect of loading rate and time delay on the tangent modulus method(TMM)in coal and coal measured rocks

Non-destructive techniques of in-situ stress measurement from oriented cored rocks have great potential to be developed as a cost cost-effective and reliable alternative to the conventional overcoring and hydraulic fracturing methods.The tangent modulus method(TMM)is one such technique that can be applied to oriented cored rocks to measure in-situ stresses.Like the deformation rate analysis(DRA),the rock specimen is subjected to two cycles of uniaxial compression and the stress-tangent modulus curve for the two cycles is obtained from the stress-strain curve.A bending point in the tangent modulus curve of the first cycle is observed,separating it from the tangent modulus curve of the second cycle.The point of separation between the two curves is assumed to be the previously applied maximum stress.A number of experiments were conducted on coal and coal measured rocks(sandstone and limestone)to understand the effect of loading conditions and the time delay.The specimens were preloaded,and cyclic compressions were applied under three different modes of loading,four different strain rates,and time delays of up to one week.The bending point in the stress-tangent modulus curves occurred approximately at the applied pre-stress levels under all three loading modes,and no effect of loading rate was observed on the bending points in TMM.However,a clear effect of time delay was observed on the TMM,contradicting the DRA results.This could be due to the sensitivity of TMM and the range of its applicability,all of which need further investigation for the in-situ stress measurement.

New Estimates for the Rate of Convergence of the Method of Subspace Corrections

We discuss estimates for the rate of convergence of the method of successive subspace corrections in terms of condition number estimate for the method of parallel subspace corrections.We provide upper bounds and in a special case,a lower bound for preconditioners defined via the method of successive subspace corrections.

Infant Mortality Rate Statistic Method and Difference Analysis in China

Infant mortality rate (IMR) has been viewed as the vital index which can be used to measure the health level of a country or a district, and also can indirectly illustrate the economic development level of the country or district. In this paper, the authors 1) introduce three calculation methods of IMR and compare the differences among them;2) calculate the IMR using one method above, and find the IMRs recorded in China Population Statistic Yearbook (CPSY) from National Statistics Institute and in China Health Statistic Yearbook from Ministry of National Hygiene are both overestimated;3) point out three main reasons for this overestimation: firstly, confusion of methods of calculation and concepts, secondly, inconsistent statistical caliber among different yearbooks, thirdly, flaws within the registration system.

Interseismic deformation rate of the Haiyuan fault system based on the modified SBAS method

Radar interferograms are usually influenced by factors such as atmospheric artifacts,orbital errors,and terrain errors.It is difficult to reduce the influence by using the conventional small baseline subset(SBAS)method when determining the deformation rate.This study uses the adjustment model with systematic parameters to improve the conventional SBAS method and employs it to determine the interseismic deformation rate of the Haiyuan fault system,providing a data reference for exploring the locking depth,strain accumulation state,and potential seismic risk assessment of different segments of the Haiyuan fault system.The results are as follows:(1)the simulation experiment verifies the feasibility and robustness of the modified SBAS method.This method can effectively reduce the influence of residual signals such as atmospheric artifacts,orbital errors and terrain errors in the interferograms.The deformation rate map can be significantly improved;(2)the deformation rate field in the radar’s Line of Sight(LOS)direction shows that there are obvious differences between the north and south sides of Haiyuan fault system,which is consistent with the characteristics of the left-lateral strike-slip movement of the Haiyuan fault system.The deformation rate field and profiles reflect the complex trends among different segments of Haiyuan fault system in detail.(3)the deformation rate of the Jingtai pull-apart basin is higher than that of the surrounding areas,possibly indicating strong regional activity,which provides a reference for studying the seismic risk of the Jingtai pull-apart basin;and(4)the interseismic deformation rate and profiles across the fault show that the middle section of the Lao Hu Shan(LHS)segment and the western and middle sections of the Haiyuan segment are locked.

Deviation of the Lagrangian particle tracing method in the evaluation of the Southern Hemisphere annual subduction rate

The classical Lagrangian particle tracing method is widely used in the evaluation of the ocean annual subduction rate.However,our analysis indicates that in addition to neglecting the effect of mixing,there are two possible deviations in the method:one is an overestimation due to not considering that the amount of subducted water at the source location may be inadequate during the late winter of the first year when the mixed layer becomes shallow;the other one is an underestimation due to the neglect of the effective subduction caused by strong vertical pumping.Quantitative analysis shows that these two deviations mainly exist in the low-latitude subduction areas of the South Pacific and South Atlantic.The two deviations have very similar distribution areas and can partially off set each other.However,the overall deviation is still large,and the maximum relative deviation ratio can reach 50%;therefore,it cannot be ignored.