Optimization Design of the Multi-Layer Cross-Sectional Layout of An Umbilical Based on the GA-GLM

Marine umbilical is one of the key equipment for subsea oil and gas exploitation,which is usually integrated by a great number of different functional components with multi-layers.The layout of these components directly affects manufacturing,operation and storage performances of the umbilical.For the multi-layer cross-sectional layout design of the umbilical,a quantifiable multi-objective optimization model is established according to the operation and storage requirements.Considering the manufacturing factors,the multi-layering strategy based on contact point identification is introduced for a great number of functional components.Then,the GA-GLM global optimization algorithm is proposed combining the genetic algorithm and the generalized multiplier method,and the selection operator of the genetic algorithm is improved based on the steepest descent method.Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution in the global space,which can converge from any initial layout to the feasible layout solution.The feasible layout solution is taken as the initial value of the generalized multiplier method for fast and accurate solution.Finally,taking umbilicals with a great number of components as examples,the results show that the cross-sectional performance of the umbilical obtained by optimization algorithm is better and the solution efficiency is higher.Meanwhile,the multi-layering strategy is effective and feasible.The design method proposed in this paper can quickly obtain the optimal multi-layer cross-sectional layout,which replaces the manual design,and provides useful reference and guidance for the umbilical industry.

Multi-layer perceptron-based data-driven multiscale modelling of granular materials with a novel Frobenius norm-based internal variable

One objective of developing machine learning(ML)-based material models is to integrate them with well-established numerical methods to solve boundary value problems(BVPs).In the family of ML models,recurrent neural networks(RNNs)have been extensively applied to capture history-dependent constitutive responses of granular materials,but these multiple-step-based neural networks are neither sufficiently efficient nor aligned with the standard finite element method(FEM).Single-step-based neural networks like the multi-layer perceptron(MLP)are an alternative to bypass the above issues but have to introduce some internal variables to encode complex loading histories.In this work,one novel Frobenius norm-based internal variable,together with the Fourier layer and residual architectureenhanced MLP model,is crafted to replicate the history-dependent constitutive features of representative volume element(RVE)for granular materials.The obtained ML models are then seamlessly embedded into the FEM to solve the BVP of a biaxial compression case and a rigid strip footing case.The obtained solutions are comparable to results from the FEM-DEM multiscale modelling but achieve significantly improved efficiency.The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed internal variable in enabling MLP to capture highly nonlinear constitutive responses of granular materials.

Target Controllability of Multi-Layer Networks With High-Dimensional Nodes

This paper studies the target controllability of multilayer complex networked systems,in which the nodes are highdimensional linear time invariant(LTI)dynamical systems,and the network topology is directed and weighted.The influence of inter-layer couplings on the target controllability of multi-layer networks is discussed.It is found that even if there exists a layer which is not target controllable,the entire multi-layer network can still be target controllable due to the inter-layer couplings.For the multi-layer networks with general structure,a necessary and sufficient condition for target controllability is given by establishing the relationship between uncontrollable subspace and output matrix.By the derived condition,it can be found that the system may be target controllable even if it is not state controllable.On this basis,two corollaries are derived,which clarify the relationship between target controllability,state controllability and output controllability.For the multi-layer networks where the inter-layer couplings are directed chains and directed stars,sufficient conditions for target controllability of networked systems are given,respectively.These conditions are easier to verify than the classic criterion.

A flexible ultra-broadband multi-layered absorber working at 2 GHz-40 GHz printed by resistive ink

A flexible extra broadband metamaterial absorber(MMA)stacked with five layers working at 2 GHz–40 GHz is investigated.Each layer is composed of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),polyimide(PI),and a frequency selective surface(FSS),which is printed on PI using conductive ink.To investigate this absorber,both one-dimensional analogous circuit analysis and three-dimensional full-wave simulation based on a physical model are provided.Various crucial electromagnetic properties,such as absorption,effective impedance,complex permittivity and permeability,electric current distribution and magnetic field distribution at resonant peak points,are studied in detail.Analysis shows that the working frequency of this absorber covers entire S,C,X,Ku,K and Ka bands with a minimum thickness of 0.098λ_(max)(λ_(max) is the maximum wavelength in the absorption band),and the fractional bandwidth(FBW)reaches 181.1%.Moreover,the reflection coefficient is less than-10 dB at 1.998 GHz–40.056 GHz at normal incidence,and the absorptivity of the plane wave is greater than 80%when the incident angle is smaller than 50°.Furthermore,the proposed absorber is experimentally validated,and the experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results,which demonstrates the potential applicability of this absorber at 2 GHz–40 GHz.

Dynamic Multi-Layer Perceptron for Fetal Health Classification Using Cardiotocography Data

Fetal health care is vital in ensuring the health of pregnant women and the fetus.Regular check-ups need to be taken by the mother to determine the status of the fetus’growth and identify any potential problems.To know the status of the fetus,doctors monitor blood reports,Ultrasounds,cardiotocography(CTG)data,etc.Still,in this research,we have considered CTG data,which provides information on heart rate and uterine contractions during pregnancy.Several researchers have proposed various methods for classifying the status of fetus growth.Manual processing of CTG data is time-consuming and unreliable.So,automated tools should be used to classify fetal health.This study proposes a novel neural network-based architecture,the Dynamic Multi-Layer Perceptron model,evaluated from a single layer to several layers to classify fetal health.Various strategies were applied,including pre-processing data using techniques like Balancing,Scaling,Normalization hyperparameter tuning,batch normalization,early stopping,etc.,to enhance the model’s performance.A comparative analysis of the proposed method is done against the traditional machine learning models to showcase its accuracy(97%).An ablation study without any pre-processing techniques is also illustrated.This study easily provides valuable interpretations for healthcare professionals in the decision-making process.

Multi-layer network embedding on scc-based network with motif

Interconnection of all things challenges the traditional communication methods,and Semantic Communication and Computing(SCC)will become new solutions.It is a challenging task to accurately detect,extract,and represent semantic information in the research of SCC-based networks.In previous research,researchers usually use convolution to extract the feature information of a graph and perform the corresponding task of node classification.However,the content of semantic information is quite complex.Although graph convolutional neural networks provide an effective solution for node classification tasks,due to their limitations in representing multiple relational patterns and not recognizing and analyzing higher-order local structures,the extracted feature information is subject to varying degrees of loss.Therefore,this paper extends from a single-layer topology network to a multi-layer heterogeneous topology network.The Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)training word vector is introduced to extract the semantic features in the network,and the existing graph neural network is improved by combining the higher-order local feature module of the network model representation network.A multi-layer network embedding algorithm on SCC-based networks with motifs is proposed to complete the task of end-to-end node classification.We verify the effectiveness of the algorithm on a real multi-layer heterogeneous network.

Dynamic interwell connectivity analysis of multi-layer waterflooding reservoirs based on an improved graph neural network

The analysis of interwell connectivity plays an important role in the formulation of oilfield development plans and the description of residual oil distribution. In fact, sandstone reservoirs in China's onshore oilfields generally have the characteristics of thin and many layers, so multi-layer joint production is usually adopted. It remains a challenge to ensure the accuracy of splitting and dynamic connectivity in each layer of the injection-production wells with limited field data. The three-dimensional well pattern of multi-layer reservoir and the relationship between injection-production wells can be equivalent to a directional heterogeneous graph. In this paper, an improved graph neural network is proposed to construct an interacting process mimics the real interwell flow regularity. In detail, this method is used to split injection and production rates by combining permeability, porosity and effective thickness, and to invert the dynamic connectivity in each layer of the injection-production wells by attention mechanism.Based on the material balance and physical information, the overall connectivity from the injection wells,through the water injection layers to the production layers and the output of final production wells is established. Meanwhile, the change of well pattern caused by perforation, plugging and switching of wells at different times is achieved by updated graph structure in spatial and temporal ways. The effectiveness of the method is verified by a combination of reservoir numerical simulation examples and field example. The method corresponds to the actual situation of the reservoir, has wide adaptability and low cost, has good practical value, and provides a reference for adjusting the injection-production relationship of the reservoir and the development of the remaining oil.

Target layer state estimation in multi-layer complex dynamical networks considering nonlinear node dynamics

In many engineering networks, only a part of target state variables are required to be estimated.On the other hand,multi-layer complex network exists widely in practical situations.In this paper, the state estimation of target state variables in multi-layer complex dynamical networks with nonlinear node dynamics is studied.A suitable functional state observer is constructed with the limited measurement.The parameters of the designed functional observer are obtained from the algebraic method and the stability of the functional observer is proven by the Lyapunov theorem.Some necessary conditions that need to be satisfied for the design of the functional state observer are obtained.Different from previous studies, in the multi-layer complex dynamical network with nonlinear node dynamics, the proposed method can estimate the state of target variables on some layers directly instead of estimating all the individual states.Thus, it can greatly reduce the placement of observers and computational cost.Numerical simulations with the three-layer complex dynamical network composed of three-dimensional nonlinear dynamical nodes are developed to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Multi-layer phenomena in petawatt laser-driven acceleration of heavy ions

Laser-accelerated high-flux-intensity heavy-ion beams are important for new types of accelerators.A particle-in-cell program(Smilei) is employed to simulate the entire process of Station of Extreme Light(SEL) 100 PW laser-accelerated heavy particles using different nanoscale short targets with a thickness of 100 nm Cr, Fe, Ag, Ta, Au, Pb, Th and U, as well as 200 nm thick Al and Ca. An obvious stratification is observed in the simulation. The layering phenomenon is a hybrid acceleration mechanism reflecting target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration, and this phenomenon is understood from the simulated energy spectrum,ionization and spatial electric field distribution. According to the stratification, it is suggested that high-quality heavy-ion beams could be expected for fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy nuclei. Two plasma clusters in the stratification are observed simultaneously, which suggest new techniques for plasma experiments as well as thinner metal targets in the precision machining process.

A Well Productivity Model for Multi-Layered Marine and Continental Transitional Reservoirs with Complex Fracture Networks

Using the typical characteristics of multi-layered marine and continental transitional gas reservoirs as a basis,a model is developed to predict the related well production rate.This model relies on the fractal theory of tortuous capillary bundles and can take into account multiple gas flow mechanisms at the micrometer and nanometer scales,as well as the flow characteristics in different types of thin layers(tight sandstone gas,shale gas,and coalbed gas).Moreover,a source-sink function concept and a pressure drop superposition principle are utilized to introduce a coupled flow model in the reservoir.A semi-analytical solution for the production rate is obtained using a matrix iteration method.A specific well is selected for fitting dynamic production data,and the calculation results show that the tight sandstone has the highest gas production per unit thickness compared with the other types of reservoirs.Moreover,desorption and diffusion of coalbed gas and shale gas can significantly contribute to gas production,and the daily production of these two gases decreases rapidly with decreasing reservoir pressure.Interestingly,the gas production from fractures exhibits an approximately U-shaped distribution,indicating the need to optimize the spacing between clusters during hydraulic fracturing to reduce the area of overlapping fracture control.The coal matrix water saturation significantly affects the coalbed gas production,with higher water saturation leading to lower production.

The role of polyurethane foam compressible layer in the mechanical behaviour of multi-layer yielding supports for deep soft rock tunnels

The polyurethane foam(PU)compressible layer is a viable solution to the problem of damage to the secondary lining in squeezing tunnels.Nevertheless,the mechanical behaviour of the multi-layer yielding supports has not been thoroughly investigated.To fill this gap,large-scale model tests were conducted in this study.The synergistic load-bearing mechanics were analyzed using the convergenceconfinement method.Two types of multi-layer yielding supports with different thicknesses(2.5 cm,3.75 cm and 5 cm)of PU compressible layers were investigated respectively.Digital image correlation(DIC)analysis and acoustic emission(AE)techniques were used for detecting the deformation fields and damage evolution of the multi-layer yielding supports in real-time.Results indicated that the loaddisplacement relationship of the multi-layer yielding supports could be divided into the crack initiation,crack propagation,strain-hardening,and failure stages.Compared with those of the stiff support,the toughness,deformability and ultimate load of the yielding supports were increased by an average of 225%,61%and 32%,respectively.Additionally,the PU compressible layer is positioned between two primary linings to allow the yielding support to have greater mechanical properties.The analysis of the synergistic bearing effect suggested that the thickness of PU compressible layer and its location significantly affect the mechanical properties of the yielding supports.The use of yielding supports with a compressible layer positioned between the primary and secondary linings is recommended to mitigate the effects of high geo-stress in squeezing tunnels.

Multi-Layer Feature Extraction with Deformable Convolution for Fabric Defect Detection

In the textile industry,the presence of defects on the surface of fabric is an essential factor in determining fabric quality.Therefore,identifying fabric defects forms a crucial part of the fabric production process.Traditional fabric defect detection algorithms can only detect specific materials and specific fabric defect types;in addition,their detection efficiency is low,and their detection results are relatively poor.Deep learning-based methods have many advantages in the field of fabric defect detection,however,such methods are less effective in identifying multiscale fabric defects and defects with complex shapes.Therefore,we propose an effective algorithm,namely multilayer feature extraction combined with deformable convolution(MFDC),for fabric defect detection.In MFDC,multi-layer feature extraction is used to fuse the underlying location features with high-level classification features through a horizontally connected top-down architecture to improve the detection of multi-scale fabric defects.On this basis,a deformable convolution is added to solve the problem of the algorithm’s weak detection ability of irregularly shaped fabric defects.In this approach,Roi Align and Cascade-RCNN are integrated to enhance the adaptability of the algorithm in materials with complex patterned backgrounds.The experimental results show that the MFDC algorithm can achieve good detection results for both multi-scale fabric defects and defects with complex shapes,at the expense of a small increase in detection time.

基于融合MBAM与YOLOv5的PCB缺陷检测方法

随着电子信息产业迅速发展,PCB行业作为电子信息产业的基础,其产品质量对后续生产的电子产品有着决定性影响。针对PCB缺陷目标较小,缺陷类型多,特征不明显,在实际生产过程中易产生误检、漏检等问题,提出了一种多分支注意力MBAM模块方法,在3个不同维度对特征图进行关注,以增强特征提取的能力,对缺陷区域给予更多的注意力表示。通过改进YOLOv5结构,将MBAM与YOLOv5网络结合,有效的提升了对PCB中小目标的检测性能。最后通过在网络不同位置添加MBAM模块进行对比实验,选取了最佳的添加位置。通过在PCB缺陷数据集上的实验结果表明,改进后的PCB缺陷检测算法具有良好的检测性能,优于其他对比算法,最终的AP达到了96.7%,对比标准YOLOv5的94.7%提高了2个百分点,其他项指标均有涨点,在保持检测速度基本不变的情况下,精准地识别PCB缺陷类型。

基于深度学习的PCB缺陷检测技术

印刷电路板(printed circuit board,PCB)是电子产品的关键部件。在实际生产过程中,PCB难免会产生多种缺陷,对缺陷进行及时、精准检测具有一定的研究意义与应用价值。传统的检测方法存在速度慢、成本高、精度低的问题。针对PCB缺陷检测问题,开展基于YOLO系列算法研究,在相同的实验环境下,以平均精度、精确率、召回率、每秒传输帧数作为评价性能指标。实验研究发现,YOLOv7在精度方面比YOLOv5有一定的提升,而YOLOv5在训练和推理的速度上比YOLOv7更快。提出融合CBAM(convolutional block attention module)注意力机制模块的YOLOv5改进算法用于PCB缺陷检测。经实验验证,改进算法在PCB缺陷检测的精确性和速度性能上均得到提升,其中,平均精度、精确度和召回率分别提升了7.40%,3.57%和5.63%。

基于SMT-YOLOv8的PCB缺陷检测研究

针对PCB缺陷检测中目标尺寸小、权重文件庞大难以部署的问题,提出一种改进的YOLOv8小目标缺陷检测方法。该方法将SE注意力机制融入C2f中,使网络能够根据通道域的信息给图像不同位置赋予不同的权重,获取更重要的特征信息;在SPPF中引入Basic RFB以增强网络感受野,提升网络的特征提取能力;新增小目标检测尺度,提升模型对微小缺陷的检测能力;舍弃大目标检测尺度,降低计算负荷并缩小权重文件。实验结果表明,在公开的PCB缺陷数据集,改进后的YOLOv8较原算法平均精度提升了2.6%、权重文件缩小了27.3%、FPS达到34.4 ms/帧。

PCB可靠性测试评估方法简述

印制电路板(PCB)技术向高密度、高集成化等方向发展,导致PCB可靠性问题日益凸显。针对PCB失效机理,并结合现有PCB标准及实践应用情况,详细介绍了3种PCB可靠性测试评估的方法——失效率预计法、加速试验预计法和试验鉴定法,以期为从业者开展PCB可靠性测试评估提供一定的帮助。

PCB化学镀铜新型稳定剂配方与工艺研究

考察了在以EDTA为主络合剂、三聚甲醛为还原剂、酒石酸钾钠为辅助络合剂的化学镀铜基础液里甲醇含量和添加剂盐酸胍、亚铁氰化钾、1,1-联吡啶对镀液性能的影响,同时研究了其中任何一种化合物含量的变化对印刷电路板镀性的影响,得到了适宜的配方和试验条件,实验结果表明:配方中各种添加剂对镀液性能的影响程度不同,少量甲醇的添加能显著抑制甲醛的分解,聚甲醛的使用较甲醛方便,改善了操作环境。添加稳定剂明显改善了镀液的性能,镀液温度可以提高到50℃,生产效率提高。

基于LabVIEW和YOLOv5的PCB缺陷检测方法

传统基于视觉处理的PCB缺陷检测方法通常依赖于人工预设规则下的特征提取,对不同缺陷类型和环境变化的适应性较差。针对这些问题,本文提出了一种基于LabVIEW平台的YOLOv5缺陷检测系统,实现了深度学习与Lab⁃VIEW的结合,提高了缺陷检测的泛化能力。在使用Python完成数据集训练的基础上,将YOLOv5的推理脚本封装为函数,并在LabVIEW平台上通过Python节点调用该推理函数,对摄像机实时采集或照片形式的PCB样品进行缺陷检测和标注。实验表明,该方法具有良好的样本适应性和易于优化等优点,拓展了LabVIEW的视觉处理功能。

高功率微波电磁脉冲对铁路PCB类设备的危害影响及防护措施研究

随着我国铁路朝着电气化和信息化方向不断发展,各种由精密PCB设计集成的电力电子设备广泛应用于各种强弱电系统,当这些设备遭受高功率微波等强电磁脉冲武器照射攻击时,若自身防护能效不足,则会导致设备出现异常状态,直接或间接地影响行车安全。文章通过建模仿真分析高功率微波电磁脉冲对铁路PCB设备的辐射影响和危害评估,并从工程角度提出了一些针对铁路PCB设备应对强电磁冲击的防护建议。

TIA组态控制功能在PCB组装工艺中的应用

针对印刷电路板(PCB)组装工艺装贴方式多样,生产线工艺切换需要改变硬件组态和优化工艺流程,导致生产线停机时间加长、维护成本升高、生产效率降低等问题。以西门子PLC和分布式IO模块为例,提出了组态控制功能在PCB组装系统中的应用方案。采用最大硬件方案组态形成标准机器项目。根据不同的生产工艺、不同的生产方案,存储在专门的组态控制数据块中。当需要切换PCB组装工艺时,加载相应的组态方案,就可以运行新的组态项目和生产工艺,达到快速完成生产工艺切换的目的。使用西门子TIA博途V17的仿真检验,验证了组态控制功能的有效性和可靠性。