Optimization Design of the Multi-Layer Cross-Sectional Layout of An Umbilical Based on the GA-GLM

Marine umbilical is one of the key equipment for subsea oil and gas exploitation,which is usually integrated by a great number of different functional components with multi-layers.The layout of these components directly affects manufacturing,operation and storage performances of the umbilical.For the multi-layer cross-sectional layout design of the umbilical,a quantifiable multi-objective optimization model is established according to the operation and storage requirements.Considering the manufacturing factors,the multi-layering strategy based on contact point identification is introduced for a great number of functional components.Then,the GA-GLM global optimization algorithm is proposed combining the genetic algorithm and the generalized multiplier method,and the selection operator of the genetic algorithm is improved based on the steepest descent method.Genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal solution in the global space,which can converge from any initial layout to the feasible layout solution.The feasible layout solution is taken as the initial value of the generalized multiplier method for fast and accurate solution.Finally,taking umbilicals with a great number of components as examples,the results show that the cross-sectional performance of the umbilical obtained by optimization algorithm is better and the solution efficiency is higher.Meanwhile,the multi-layering strategy is effective and feasible.The design method proposed in this paper can quickly obtain the optimal multi-layer cross-sectional layout,which replaces the manual design,and provides useful reference and guidance for the umbilical industry.

A flexible ultra-broadband multi-layered absorber working at 2 GHz-40 GHz printed by resistive ink

A flexible extra broadband metamaterial absorber(MMA)stacked with five layers working at 2 GHz–40 GHz is investigated.Each layer is composed of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),polyimide(PI),and a frequency selective surface(FSS),which is printed on PI using conductive ink.To investigate this absorber,both one-dimensional analogous circuit analysis and three-dimensional full-wave simulation based on a physical model are provided.Various crucial electromagnetic properties,such as absorption,effective impedance,complex permittivity and permeability,electric current distribution and magnetic field distribution at resonant peak points,are studied in detail.Analysis shows that the working frequency of this absorber covers entire S,C,X,Ku,K and Ka bands with a minimum thickness of 0.098λ_(max)(λ_(max) is the maximum wavelength in the absorption band),and the fractional bandwidth(FBW)reaches 181.1%.Moreover,the reflection coefficient is less than-10 dB at 1.998 GHz–40.056 GHz at normal incidence,and the absorptivity of the plane wave is greater than 80%when the incident angle is smaller than 50°.Furthermore,the proposed absorber is experimentally validated,and the experimental results show good agreement with the simulation results,which demonstrates the potential applicability of this absorber at 2 GHz–40 GHz.

Multi-layer perceptron-based data-driven multiscale modelling of granular materials with a novel Frobenius norm-based internal variable

One objective of developing machine learning(ML)-based material models is to integrate them with well-established numerical methods to solve boundary value problems(BVPs).In the family of ML models,recurrent neural networks(RNNs)have been extensively applied to capture history-dependent constitutive responses of granular materials,but these multiple-step-based neural networks are neither sufficiently efficient nor aligned with the standard finite element method(FEM).Single-step-based neural networks like the multi-layer perceptron(MLP)are an alternative to bypass the above issues but have to introduce some internal variables to encode complex loading histories.In this work,one novel Frobenius norm-based internal variable,together with the Fourier layer and residual architectureenhanced MLP model,is crafted to replicate the history-dependent constitutive features of representative volume element(RVE)for granular materials.The obtained ML models are then seamlessly embedded into the FEM to solve the BVP of a biaxial compression case and a rigid strip footing case.The obtained solutions are comparable to results from the FEM-DEM multiscale modelling but achieve significantly improved efficiency.The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed internal variable in enabling MLP to capture highly nonlinear constitutive responses of granular materials.

Target layer state estimation in multi-layer complex dynamical networks considering nonlinear node dynamics

In many engineering networks, only a part of target state variables are required to be estimated.On the other hand,multi-layer complex network exists widely in practical situations.In this paper, the state estimation of target state variables in multi-layer complex dynamical networks with nonlinear node dynamics is studied.A suitable functional state observer is constructed with the limited measurement.The parameters of the designed functional observer are obtained from the algebraic method and the stability of the functional observer is proven by the Lyapunov theorem.Some necessary conditions that need to be satisfied for the design of the functional state observer are obtained.Different from previous studies, in the multi-layer complex dynamical network with nonlinear node dynamics, the proposed method can estimate the state of target variables on some layers directly instead of estimating all the individual states.Thus, it can greatly reduce the placement of observers and computational cost.Numerical simulations with the three-layer complex dynamical network composed of three-dimensional nonlinear dynamical nodes are developed to verify the effectiveness of the method.

Multi-layer phenomena in petawatt laser-driven acceleration of heavy ions

Laser-accelerated high-flux-intensity heavy-ion beams are important for new types of accelerators.A particle-in-cell program(Smilei) is employed to simulate the entire process of Station of Extreme Light(SEL) 100 PW laser-accelerated heavy particles using different nanoscale short targets with a thickness of 100 nm Cr, Fe, Ag, Ta, Au, Pb, Th and U, as well as 200 nm thick Al and Ca. An obvious stratification is observed in the simulation. The layering phenomenon is a hybrid acceleration mechanism reflecting target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration, and this phenomenon is understood from the simulated energy spectrum,ionization and spatial electric field distribution. According to the stratification, it is suggested that high-quality heavy-ion beams could be expected for fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy nuclei. Two plasma clusters in the stratification are observed simultaneously, which suggest new techniques for plasma experiments as well as thinner metal targets in the precision machining process.

智航无人机载LiDAR系统在轨道交通建设中的应用分析

为了减少轨道交通建设外业勘测的工作量,提高制图的效率和精度,本文首先基于实际项目,选用智航SF1650六旋翼无人机载LiDAR系统对济南新东站片区进行航摄,利用获取的LiDAR点云和影像数据制作DEM、DOM,然后再进行大比例尺地形图和片区断面图的制作。通过外业勘测核实,DEM和DOM精度完全满足轨道交通建设工程制作大比例尺地形图的要求,且相较于传统立体航测,精度和数据利用率得到很大的提升,极大减少了外业勘测工作量,验证了智航SF1650无人机载LiDAR系统的可行性,为今后的工程应用提供了参考方案。

一种DEM辅助下的LiDAR点云PTD滤波改进算法

针对传统渐进加密不规则三角网(PTD)滤波算法在复杂地形环境下需要反复调试地面点判断参数才能获得较好结果的局限性,以往期DEM数据提取的地形高程和地形梯度为辅助,改进PTD中初始地面种子点的选取方法,优化地面点判断参数,并对往期DEM数据和现势LiDAR点云数据之间的地形变化进行检测和处理,适用于不同坡度地形条件的复杂地形,滤波效果较好。对比分析实验数据精度可知,该算法能有效降低I类与II类误差,且样本分类精度均在90%以上,说明DEM辅助可切实提高PTD滤波算法的精度。

改进的密度聚类精确自适应提取LiDAR电力线点云方法

原有邻域半径r_(Eps)与密度阈值p_(MinPts)两个参数的初始赋值导致电力线点云的提取结果存在不确定性,在密度聚类的基础上增添了点云簇类自适应判别方法,该方法避免人员重复测试初始参数的繁琐过程,采用C++语言完成了对该算法电力线精确提取及电力线拟合程序的开发与测试。结果表明:改进后的密度聚类法在电力线点云提取的损失率仅0.02%,三维重建残差为0.213 m;该方法大幅提高了电力线点云提取的准确性与便捷性,适用于高压电力走廊的电力巡检与三维重建等工作。

基于车载LiDAR的交通标线自动提取方法研究

针对自动驾驶技术对高精度道路信息实时存储分析的需求日渐增大、道路点云数据冗余离散的问题,本文提出了一种从车载LiDAR点云数据中自动提取道路面、分类并矢量化交通标线的有效方法。首先,将点云数据中的非地面点滤除;其次,基于载体车辆的行车轨迹线生成伪扫描线实现道路面的提取;然后,构建一系列二维点云参考影像,利用点云强度等特征信息检测交通标线边界像素点及坐标,并去除离群值对交通标线进行分类细化;最后,对本文方法提取与传统方法提取的交通要素进行对比,实验结果表明,本文提取方法的准确度及效率都有了一定的提升。

CNN-Transformer结合对比学习的高光谱与LiDAR数据协同分类

针对高光谱图像(hyperspectral images,HSI)与LiDAR数据多模态分类任务中的跨模态信息表达和特征对齐等问题,提出一种基于对比学习CNN-Transformer高光谱和LiDAR数据协同分类网络(Contrastive Learning based CNNTransformer Network,CLCT-Net)。CLCT-Net通过由ConvNeXt V2 Block构成的共有特征提取模块,获得不同模态间的共性特征,解决异构传感器数据之间语义对齐的问题。构建了包含空间-通道分支和光谱上下文分支的双分支HSI编码器,以及结合频域自注意力机制的LiDAR编码器,以获取更丰富的特征表示。利用集成对比学习进行分类,进一步提升多模态数据协同分类的精度。在Houston 2013和Trento数据集上的实验结果表明,相较于其他高光谱图像和Li‐DAR数据分类模型,本文所提模型获得了更高的地物分类精度,分别达到了92.01%和98.90%,实现了跨模态数据特征的深度挖掘和协同提取。

基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的煤矿防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法

防冲钻孔机器人是冲击地压矿井卸压的关键设备,其在复杂卸压巷道的精确地图构建和的稳定导航是实现钻孔作业智能化的基础和前提。在分析激光雷达点云畸变成因和同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)算法缺陷的基础上,设计了基于惯性测量单元(IMU)连续时间轨迹的点云畸变矫正方法,建立了激光雷达和IMU的数据融合模型,提出了基于IMU-LiDAR紧耦合的防冲钻孔机器人定位建图方法。根据煤矿卸压巷道特点建立了密闭坡道模型,开展了建图效果仿真分析,结果表明,所提算法在定位精度、轨迹误差方面均优于现有常用算法。在此基础上,设计了基于改进人工势场法和快速扩展随机树的动态路径规划方法,建立了适用于防冲钻孔机器人的路径规划与导航融合方案,并设计了2种仿真运动场景,结果表明,所提路径规划方法在全局路径规划和动态路径规划的平均路径长度、平均运行时间、平均生成节点数等方面均具有较好的综合性能。为了进一步验证防冲钻孔机器人定位导航方法的实用性,在校内模拟巷道、地面实验基地和井下卸压巷道等场景下开展了多组对比实验,结果表明:将IMU数据与LiDAR数据紧耦合后,所提方法的定位建图精度明显提高,在特征退化场景中具有优越的定位建图性能,且规划路径的运算效率和路径代价方面均具有良好的表现,验证了所提定位导航方法在多种场景中的可行性和优越性。

Blast wave characteristics of multi-layer composite charge:Theoretical analysis,numerical simulation,and experimental validation

This article investigates the characteristics of shock wave overpressure generated by multi-layer composite charge under different detonation modes.Combining dimensional analysis and the explosion mechanism of the charge,a peak overpressure prediction model for the composite charge under singlepoint detonation and simultaneous detonation was established.The effects of the charge structure and initiation method on the overpressure field characteristics were investigated in AUTODYN simulation.The accuracy of the prediction model and the reliability of the numerical simulation method were subsequently verified in a series of static explosion experiments.The results reveal that the mass of the inner charge was the key factor determining the peak overpressure of the composite charge under single-point detonation.The peak overpressure in the radial direction improved apparently with an increase in the aspect ratio of the charge.The overpressure curves in the axial direction exhibited a multi-peak phenomenon,and the secondary peak overpressure even exceeded the primary peak at distances of 30D and 40D(where D is the charge diameter).The difference in peak overpressure among azimuth angles of 0-90°gradually decreased with an increase in the propagation distance of the shock wave.The coupled effect of the detonation energy of the inner and outer charge under simultaneous detonation improved the overpressure in both radial and axial directions.The difference in peak overpressure obtained from model prediction and experimental measurements was less than 16.4%.

Optimizing slope safety factor prediction via stacking using sparrow search algorithm for multi-layer machine learning regression models

The safety factor is a crucial quantitative index for evaluating slope stability.However,the traditional calculation methods suffer from unreasonable assumptions,complex soil composition,and inadequate consideration of the influencing factors,leading to large errors in their calculations.Therefore,a stacking ensemble learning model(stacking-SSAOP)based on multi-layer regression algorithm fusion and optimized by the sparrow search algorithm is proposed for predicting the slope safety factor.In this method,the density,cohesion,friction angle,slope angle,slope height,and pore pressure ratio are selected as characteristic parameters from the 210 sets of established slope sample data.Random Forest,Extra Trees,AdaBoost,Bagging,and Support Vector regression are used as the base model(inner loop)to construct the first-level regression algorithm layer,and XGBoost is used as the meta-model(outer loop)to construct the second-level regression algorithm layer and complete the construction of the stacked learning model for improving the model prediction accuracy.The sparrow search algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters of the above six regression models and correct the over-and underfitting problems of the single regression model to further improve the prediction accuracy.The mean square error(MSE)of the predicted and true values and the fitting of the data are compared and analyzed.The MSE of the stacking-SSAOP model was found to be smaller than that of the single regression model(MSE=0.03917).Therefore,the former has a higher prediction accuracy and better data fitting.This study innovatively applies the sparrow search algorithm to predict the slope safety factor,showcasing its advantages over traditional methods.Additionally,our proposed stacking-SSAOP model integrates multiple regression algorithms to enhance prediction accuracy.This model not only refines the prediction accuracy of the slope safety factor but also offers a fresh approach to handling the intricate soil composition and other influencing factors,making it a precise and reliable method for slope stability evaluation.This research holds importance for the modernization and digitalization of slope safety assessments.

机载LiDAR点云数据的建筑屋顶面提取算法

针对机载LiDAR点云数据的屋顶面提取过程中因受植被影响导致提取精度低的问题,提出了一种基于区域生长的屋顶面点云提取算法。进行滤波处理得到非地面点云,利用屋顶面点云邻域特征信息提取屋顶面种子点,引入植被指数和RGB差值信息作为生长约束条件对屋顶面点云进行生长分割,利用屋顶面的高程与面积值对提取结果进行过滤优化,得到屋顶面点云。选取了农村、城市、工厂三组不同场景的测试数据进行实验,结果表明:Kappa系数分别达到了97.29%、97.82%、97.13%,算法可实现较好的建筑屋顶面提取效果,且针对不同建筑场景具有良好的适应性。

基于MLS LiDAR点云提取桃树结构参数

为构建数字化果园并提高智能化管理水平,探索基于MLS LiDAR提取桃树结构参数的方法。使用背包搭载多平台激光雷达采集展叶期桃园点云数据,采用改进K-Means聚类算法分割单棵桃树点云;对部分存在空洞的枝条点云上采样,得到较高密度枝条点云数据;使用不同直径的圆柱拟合重建桃树定量结构模型(QSM),提取桃树5项结构参数。结果表明:该方法能实现桃树精准三维模型重建,重建后提取的冠幅值、株高、主干直径、一二级枝条长度与实测值决定系数分别为0.779、0.939、0.978、0.965、0.986,均方根误差分别为0.280 m、0.076 m、0.003 m、0.066 m、0.068 m;平均相对误差为8.6%、2.5%、3.2%、2.6%、8.4%。研究结果可为桃园智能化管理提供数据支撑。

GNSS/IMU/LiDAR融合定位研究

为提升低成本卫星接收机和惯性测量单元(inertial measurement unit,IMU)条件下传统组合导航定位的抗干扰性和定位精度,本文通过融合GNSS、IMU、激光雷达(laser radar,LiDAR)来提高定位的鲁棒性及定位精度.在高楼遮挡等复杂环境下由于卫星信号丢失导致卫星定位结果降低,可通过GNSS与IMU的组合来提升导航定位的鲁棒性及其精度.如果卫星信号缺失时间过长,那么低成本条件下的GNSS/IMU组合定位精度仍不理想,本文提出利用LiDAR里程计输出的位置信息与传统组合导航通过扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)进行融合定位.实验得出:在无遮挡的环境下融合定位标准差(standard deviation,STD)精度较之卫星定位提升53.7%,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)精度提升56%,较之GNSS/IMU组合定位STD精度提升37.9%,RMSE精度提升38.6%.在有遮挡的环境下融合定位STD精度较之卫星定位提升59.4%,RMSE精度提升71.3%,较之GNSS/IMU组合定位STD精度提升26.3%,RMSE精度提升33.7%.

林区机载LiDAR点云的多分辨率层次布料模拟滤波

针对现有机载LiDAR(light detection and ranging)点云滤波方法在地形起伏剧烈的林区适用性不足的问题,提出一种多分辨率层次布料模拟滤波方法。首先,通过多尺度形态学开运算选择大量种子地面点;然后,基于种子地面点,使用布料模拟法由低至高逐层构建参考地形,以快速获取高分辨率参考地形;最后,基于点至参考地形的高差区分地面点和非地面点。利用国际摄影测量和遥感学会提供的数据集和参考方法,评估该方法性能。利用在中国、美国多个代表性林区的点云数据,评估该方法的可推广性。结果表明,该方法的Kappa系数和运行时间是83.72%和34.11 s,精度和效率较经典布料模拟滤波方法提高10.49%和52.17%。相比8种参考方法,该方法能够获得更高精度,并且具有稳定的可推广性。

基于LiDAR数据与光谱影像融合的单木提取方法

针对现有的机载数据单木分割方法对林型的普适度不高,尤其在高郁闭度阔叶林地带提取精度偏低的问题,选用海南省海口市热带阔叶林地带的光谱影像和LiDAR数据,先采用基于距离阈值的单木分割方法,利用高分光谱影像分割得到的树冠边缘,对初始探测树顶点进行位置约束。获得单木顶点的精确定位后,采用基于种子点的单木分割方法分割,完成了阔叶林的单木提取。结果显示,与已有的基于单木间相对间距单木分割方法相比,本研究通过选取最佳分割尺度结合光谱影像进行精确定位,改善了原有单一尺度分割方法导致的过分割现象,将单木识别精确率由0.67提升至0.92。该方法在使用遥感对森林单木进行分割工作中,可以更好地识别单木,对不同林型适用度较高,可以为后续的单木信息提取工作提供数据基础。

一种改进的机载LiDAR数据构建DEM地面种子点选取方法

针对机载激光雷达(LiDAR)数据使用传统方法获取的地面种子点密度低,种子点之间空白区域的地形信息缺失,不利于后续提取地面点和构建高质量数字高程模型(DEM)的问题,本文提出了一种基于新的网格遍历规则的地面种子点选取方法。与传统方法中的起始网格在X和Y方向上每次移动1个规则网格宽度不同,该方法每次移动1/2个网格宽度,增加规则网格数量,获取的地面种子点个数相较于传统方法提高约200%,可补充种子点之间空白区域的地形信息,有利于提高后续点云数据处理的精度和相关产品的可靠性。

Explosive synchronization of multi-layer complex networks based on star connection between layers with delay

Explosive synchronization(ES)is a kind of first-order jump phenomenon that exists in physical and biological systems.In recent years,researchers have focused on ES between single-layer and multi-layer networks.Most research on complex networks with delay has focused on single-layer or double-layer networks,multi-layer networks are seldom explored.In this paper,we propose a Kuramoto model of frequency weights in multi-layer complex networks with delay and star connections between layers.Through theoretical analysis and numerical verification,the factors affecting the backward critical coupling strength are analyzed.The results show that the interaction between layers and the average node degree has a direct effect on the backward critical coupling strength of each layer network.The location of the delay,the size of the delay,the number of network layers,the number of nodes,and the network topology are revealed to have no direct impact on the backward critical coupling strength of the network.Delay is introduced to explore the influence of delay and other related parameters on ES.