Simulation and reconstruction of particle trajectories in the CEPC drift chamber

The circular electron-positron collider(CEPC)is designed to precisely measure the properties of the Higgs boson,study electroweak interactions at the Z-boson peak,and search for new physics beyond the Standard Model.As a component of the 4th conceptual CEPC detector,the drift chamber facilitates the measurement of charged particles.This study implemented a Geant4-based simulation and track reconstruction for the drift chamber.For the simulation,detector construction and response were implemented and added to the CEPC simulation chain.The development of track reconstruction involves track finding using the combinatorial Kalman filter method and track fitting using the tool of GenFit.Using the simulated data,the tracking performance was studied.The results showed that both the reconstruction resolution and tracking efficiency satisfied the requirements of the CEPC experiment.

Fudan multi-purpose active target time projection chamber(fMeta-TPC)for photonuclear reaction experiments

Active target time projection chambers are state-of-the-art tools in the field of low-energy nuclear physics and are particularly suitable for experiments using low-intensity radioactive ion beams or gamma rays.The Fudan multi-purpose active target time projection chamber(fMeta-TPC)with 2048 channels was developed to studyα-clustering nuclei.This study focused on the photonuclear reaction with a laser Compton scattering gamma source,particularly for the decay of the highly excitedαcluster state.The design of fMeta-TPC is described in this paper.A comprehensive evaluation of its offline performance was conducted using an ultraviolet laser and ^(241)Amαsource.The results showed that the intrinsic angular resolution of the detector was within 0.30°,and the detector had an energy resolution of 6.85%for 3.0 MeVαparticles.The gain uniformity of the detector was approximately 10%(RMS/Mean),as tested by the ^(55)Fe X-ray source.

Effect of coil and chamber structure on plasma radial uniformity in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma

Enhancing plasma uniformity can be achieved by modifying coil and chamber structures in radio frequency inductively coupled plasma(ICP)to meet the demand for large-area and uniformly distributed plasma in industrial manufacturing.This study utilized a two-dimensional self-consistent fluid model to investigate how different coil configurations and chamber aspect ratios affect the radial uniformity of plasma in radio frequency ICP.The findings indicate that optimizing the radial spacing of the coil enhances plasma uniformity but with a reduction in electron density.Furthermore,optimizing the coil within the ICP reactor,using the interior point method in the Interior Point Optimizer significantly enhances plasma uniformity,elevating it from 56%to 96%within the range of the model sizes.Additionally,when the chamber aspect ratio k changes from 2.8 to 4.7,the plasma distribution changes from a center-high to a saddleshaped distribution.Moreover,the plasma uniformity becomes worse.Finally,adjusting process parameters,such as increasing source power and gas pressure,can enhance plasma uniformity.These findings contribute to optimizing the etching process by improving plasma radial uniformity.

Distribution properties of airflow in the full envelope type maize stalk chopping chamber

Chopped and spread maize stalks improve soil structure and fertility. However, because of the absence of research on airflow distribution in the chopping chamber, improvement of the spreading uniformity of chopped stalks has been limited. Therefore, in this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology was applied to analyze the influence of structural and operational parameters of the chopping and spreading machine on the velocity, pressure, and turbulent kinetic energy distribution of airflow in the chopping chamber. The experimental factors considered were the relative position angle (RPA) between the collecting-chopping shaft and the sliding-supporting shaft, working velocity (WV) of the chopping chamber, and rotational velocity of the collecting-chopping blade (RVCCB). The results revealed that RPA and RVCCB had a significant influence on the maximum negative pressure in the inlet (MNPI), the proportion of negative pressure area at inlet (PNPAI), and the maximum pressure drop at inlet and outlet (MPDIO). Additionally, RVCCB had a strong influence on the maximum velocity, average velocity, and velocity variation coefficient of airflow at the outlet. Moreover, maximum turbulence (MT) and maximum turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate (MTKEDR) showed a positive relationship with RVCCB. To determine the values of RPA, RVCCB, and WV, a multivariate parameters optimization regression model was constructed, which yielded the optimal values of 15°, 1800 r/min, and 0.50 m/s, respectively. Subsequently, a hyperbolic spiral-type guiding shell with an arc length of 90° was designed to enhance the uniform distribution of airflow in the chopping chamber. Finally, a validation experiment of airflow distribution was conducted. The results showed that the velocity difference between the simulation and the validation experiment was less than 15%, indicating the accuracy of CFD simulation, and the spreading uniformities of the chopped stalks were better than national standards. These findings can serve as technical and theoretical support for the design and optimization of chopping and spreading machines.

Clinical Effect Analysis of Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Implantation for Correcting High Myopia and Astigmatism

Objective:To explore the corrective effect of posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with phakic eyes in the treatment of high myopia and astigmatism.Methods:From May 2023,the hospital began to collect the case data of diagnosis and treatment of high myopia and astigmatism.By May 2024,310 cases were included,all of which were treated with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation.The visual acuity,astigmatism and axial position of the intraocular lens were observed before and after treatment.Results:At different time points after the operation,the patient’s vision was significantly improved compared with that before the operation(P<0.05),and the vision level was equal to or greater than the best-corrected vision before the operation.At different time points after the operation,the average rotation of the intraocular lens was less than 5 degrees.Astigmatism was significantly lower than that before the operation(P<0.05).After the operation,the intraocular pressure increased in 11 cases,accounting for 3.55%,with no adverse complications such as lens turbidity,glare and obvious halo occurring.Conclusion:The posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation with phakic eyes has an ideal correction effect in the treatment of high myopia and astigmatism,which can effectively improve the vision level of patients and reduce the degree of astigmatism,and has high effectiveness and safety.

Effect of low dose laser cycloplasty on deepening anterior chamber in chronic angle-closure glaucoma

AIM:To describe the outcome of using low-dose laser cycloplasty(LCP)in chronic angle-closure glaucoma(CACG).METHODS:A retrospective case series.Medical charts of CACG patients who underwent LCP in the Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University were reviewed.The main outcomes included intraocular pressure(IOP),the number of glaucoma medication,anterior segment parameters and surgery-related complications.RESULTS:A total of 7 eyes of 7 CACG patients(age 38.9±11.0y)underwent LCP with a mean follow-up of 27.1±13.7mo(range 16-48mo).Following LCP,mean IOP and glaucoma medications decreased from 26.1±6.1 mm Hg with 3.1±1.1 glaucoma medications pre-treatment to 14.9±3.1 mm Hg(P=0.027)with 0.4±1.1 glaucoma medications(P=0.001)at final follow-up.The anterior chamber depth(ACD),angle opening distance500 and trabecular-iris angle increased from 1.65±0.33 mm,0.05 mm(range 0-0.30 mm)and 5.1°(range,0-31.97°)at baseline to 1.98±0.43 mm(P=0.073),0.53 mm(range 0.42-0.91 mm,P=0.015),45.9°(range,40.2°-59.4°),(P=0.015)in the long-term follow-up,respectively.The deepening of ACD and reopening of anterior chamber angle(ACA)was observed in 6 eyes(85.7%).CONCLUSION:LCP is a promising treatment option for patients with CACG via reducing IOP and glaucoma medication without serious complications.In addition,LCP can bring a significant deepening in ACD and reopening of ACA.

Axial length and anterior chamber indices in elderly population: Tehran Geriatric Eye Study

AIM:To determine the normative distribution of axial length(AL),anterior chamber depth(ACD),anterior chamber volume(ACV),anterior chamber angle(ACA),and some of their associated factors in subjects aged 60 and over.METHODS:In this cross-sectional study,160 clusters were sampled using multi-stage cluster sampling in Tehran,Iran.After a preliminary interview,the participants underwent optometric examinations including visual acuity and refraction measurement followed by slit lamp biomicroscopy.Finally,ocular imaging was done using the Pentacam AXL to measure AL,ACD,ACV,and ACA.RESULTS:A total of 4519 eyes of 2436 participants were evaluated,of whom 58.0%(n=1412)were female.The mean age of the subjects was 67.32±6.05y(range:60-95y).The mean AL,ACD,ACV,and ACA was 23.22 mm(23.18-23.27 mm),2.61 mm(2.59-2.62 mm),126.56 mm3(125.08-128.04 mm3),and 30.61°(30.3°-30.92°),respectively.In the multivariable model,after adjusting for the effect of both eyes,the longest and shortest AL was seen in myopic and hyperopic subjects,respectively.AL,ACD,ACV and ACA were significantly larger in men compared to women(P<0.001).Except ACA,other evaluated parameters showed an inverse correlation with age(P<0.001),however,this correlation was insignificant for AL(P=0.623).CONCLUSION:Normative value of AL,and other biometric parameters are specific for each ethnicity,age and sex group.Any alteration in these parameters and their effect on refraction should be considered in this age group,especially in case of cataract surgery.

A heterogeneous double chamber electro-Fenton with high production of H_(2)O_(2) using La–CeO_(2) modified graphite felt as cathode

Hydrogen peroxide synthesis by electro-reduction of O_(2) to substitute the current anthraquinone process has attracted a great deal of attention. Low oxygen utilization rate and low hydrogen peroxide production remain obstacles to electro-Fenton application. In situ H_(2)O_(2) generated by electrochemical reaction depends on the electrochemical performance of the cathode and the structure of the reactor. Here, novel graphite felt(GF) modified by La-doped CeO_(2)(La-CeO_(2)) was developed as a cathode. A new double chamber electro-Fenton reactor was proposed, where an organic ultrafiltration membrane was used to prevent H_(2)O_(2) from spreading to the anode. The effects of hydrothermal temperature, time and urea concentration on the electrochemical properties of graphite felt were investigated. The accumulated concentration of H_(2)O_(2) on the modified cathode reached 218.4 mg·L^(-1)in 1 h when the optimal conditions of hydrothermal temperature 120 ℃ and urea concentration 0.55%(mass) in 24 h. The degradation rate of methyl orange reached 98.29%. The new electro-Fenton reactor can efficiently produce hydrogen peroxide to degrade various organic substances and has a high potential for treating wastewater in the chemical industry.

Axial length,vitreoretinal pathology,and anterior chamber depth can predict postoperative refractive outcomes in phacovitrectomy/silicone oil removal

AIM:To evaluate the postoperative refractive prediction error(PE)and determine the factors that af fect the refractive outcomes of combined pars plana vitrectomy(PPV)or silicone oil removal(SOR)with cataract surgery.METHODS:The study is a retrospective,case-series study.Totally 301 eyes of 301 patients undergoing combined PPV/SOR with cataract surgery were enrolled.Eligible individuals were separated into four groups according to their preoperative diagnoses:silicone oil-filled eyes after PPV(group 1),epiretinal membrane(group 2),macular hole(group 3),and primary retinal detachment(RD;group 4).The variables af fecting postoperative refractive outcomes were analyzed,including age,gender,preoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),axial length(AL),keratometry average,anterior chamber depth(ACD),intraocular tamponade,and vitreoretinal pathology.The outcome measurements include the mean refractive PE and the proportions of eyes with a PE within±0.50 diopter(D)and±1.00 D.RESULTS:For all patients,the mean PE was-0.04±1.17 D,and 50.17%of patients(eyes)had a PE within±0.50 D.There was a significant difference in refractive outcomes among the four groups(P=0.028),with RD(group 4)showing the least favorable refractive outcome.In multivariate regression analysis,only AL,vitreoretinal pathology,and ACD were strongly associated with PE(all P<0.01).Univariate analysis revealed that longer eyes(AL>26 mm)and a deeper ACD were correlated with hyperopic PE,and shorter eyes(AL<26 mm)and a shallower ACD were correlated with myopic PE.CONCLUSION:RD patients have the least favorable refractive outcome.AL,vitreoretinal pathology,and ACD are strongly associated with PE in the combined surgery.These three factors affect refractive outcomes and thus can be used to predict a better postoperative refractive outcome in clinical practice.

Design and Characterization of an Aerosol Test Chamber for Emergency Response Patient Contamination Control Simulation and Research

Contaminated or infected patients present a risk of cross-contamination for emergency responders, attending medical personnel and medical facilities as they enter a treatment facility. The controlled conditions of an aerosol test chamber are required to examine factors of contamination, decontamination, and cross-contamination. This study presents the design, construction, and a method for characterizing an aerosol test chamber for a full-sized manikin on a standard North Atlantic Treaty Organization litter. The methodology combined air velocity measurements, aerosol particle counts and size distributions, and computational fluid dynamics modeling to describe the chamber’s performance in three dimensions. This detailed characterization facilitates future experimental design by predicting chamber performance for a variety of patient-focused research.

Current Status of Rn-220 Chamber Carrier Aerosol Modulation Research

Radon is the most important source of natural radiation to human beings and the second major causative agent of lung cancer other than smoking. In recent years, the hazards of human exposure to thoron (Rn-220), another isotope of radon, and its progeny have gained consensus. To accurately evaluate the dose level and hazards of Rn-220 and its progeny, a standard Rn-220 chamber with strong regulation ability for Rn-220 and its progeny needs to be established for the scale or calibration of measurement instruments. This paper describes the hazards, sources, behavioral characteristics of Rn-220 and its progeny, and some representative Rn-220 chambers established in various countries.

Anterior Chamber Depth Changes in Narrow Iridocorneal Angles after Phacoemulsification

Background: The burden of cataract and glaucoma has been increasing. Primary angle closure occurs as a result of crowded anterior segment anatomy causing appositional contact between peripheral iris and trabecular meshwork. Lens extraction has been proposed as a method of deepening anterior chamber and managing intraocular pressure. Purpose: To assess changes in anterior chamber depth after phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in narrow angle eyes. Design: Prospective controlled trial (before-after) study. Method: The study was conducted from March 2015 to August 2017 among the patients of department of Ophthalmology of BSMMU who were diagnosed as cataract with narrow angles. Anterior chamber angle grading of 2 or less (Shaffer grading) in 3 or more quadrants was considered narrow angle (NA). The purposive type sampling technique was applied to collect sample from the study population, as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Complete clinical evaluation including history, physical examination, relevant ocular examinations and systemic examinations were performed. In this prospective study, subjects underwent phacoemulsification with foldable lens implantation. A scan ultrasonography was performed preoperatively and 10th and 30th postoperative days of surgery. Results: Thirty eyes of 29 patients included in the study, male: female ratio was 1:1, with an overall mean age of 62.03 ± 8.95 years. The mean preoperative central ACD was 2.95 ± 0.35 mm. At 10th and 30th POD mean central ACD were 3.94 ± 0.32, and 3.92 ± 0.28 mm respectively. Mean of increase in central ACD at final follow-up was 0.96 mm (p Conclusion: Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber in bag lens implantation can deepen the anterior chamber depth in patients with narrow angles. Based on these findings, it is concluded that phacoemulsification with foldable intraocular lens implantation is an effective tool in deepening the anterior chamber.

Design and Structure Optimization of Plenum Chamber with Airfoil Baffle to Improve Its Outlet Velocity Uniformity in Heat Setting Machines

The plenum chamber of a heat setting machine is a key structure for distributing hot air to different air channels.Its outlet velocity uniformity directly determines the heating uniformity of textiles,significantly affecting the heat setting performance.In a traditional heat setting machine,the outlet airflow maldistribution of the plenum chamber still exists.In this study,a novel plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was established to improve the uniformity of the velocity distribution at the outlet in a heat setting machine.The structural influence of the plenum chamber on the velocity distribution was investigated using a computational fluid dynamics program.It was found that a chamber with a smaller outlet partition thickness had a better outlet velocity uniformity.The structural optimization of the plenum chamber was conducted using the particle swarm optimization algorithm.The outlet partition thickness,the transverse distance and the longitudinal distance of the optimized plenum chamber were 20,686.2 and 274.6 mm,respectively.Experiments were carried out.The experimental and simulated results showed that the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle could improve the outlet velocity uniformity.The air outlet velocity uniformity index of the optimized plenum chamber with an airfoil baffle was 4.75%higher than that of the plenum chamber without an airfoil baffle and 5.98%higher than that of the conventional chamber with a square baffle in a commercial heat setting machine.

Measuring^(222)Rn in aquatic environment via Pulsed Ionization Chamber Radon Detector

Radon(Rn)is a naturally occurring radioactive inert gas in nature,and^(222)Rn has been routinely used as a powerful tracer in various aquatic environmental research on timescales of hours to days,such as submarine groundwater discharge.Here we developed a new approach to measure^(222)Rn in discrete water samples with a wide range of^(222)Rn concentrations using a Pulsed Ionization Chamber(PIC)Radon Detector.The sensitivity of the new PIC system is evaluated at 6.06 counts per minute for 1 Bq/L when a 500 mL water sample volume is used.A robust logarithmic correlation between sample volumes,ranging from 250 mL to 5000 mL,and system sensitivity obtained in this study strongly suggests that this approach is suitable for measuring radon concentration levels in various natural waters.Compared to the currently available methods for measuring radon in grab samples,the PIC system is cheaper,easier to operate and does not require extra accessories(e.g.,drying tubes etc.)to maintain stable measurements throughout the counting procedure.

Biophysical warming patterns of an open-top chamber and its short-term influence on a Phragmites wetland ecosystem in China

Passive-warming, open-top chambers(OTCs) are widely applied for studying the effects of future climate warming on coastal wetlands. In this study, a set of six OTCs were established at a Phragmites wetland located in the Yellow River Delta of Dongying City, China. With data collected through online transmission and in-situ sensors, the attributes and patterns of realized OTCs warming are demonstrated.The authors also quantified the preliminary influence of experimental chamber warming on plant traits.OTCs produced an elevated average air temperature of 0.8°C(relative to controls) during the growing season(June to October) of 2018, and soil temperatures actually decreased by 0.54°C at a depth of 5 cm and 0.46°C at a depth of 30 cm in the OTCs. Variations in diel patterns of warming depend greatly on the heat sources of incoming radiation in the daytime versus soil heat flux at night. Warming effects were often larger during instantaneous analyses and influenced OTCs air temperatures from-2.5°C to 8.3°C dependent on various meteorological conditions at any given time, ranging from cooling influences from vertical heat exchange and vegetation to radiation-associated warming. Night-time temperature depressions in the OTCs were due to the low turbulence inside OTCs and changes in surface soilatmosphere heat transfer. Plant shoot density, basal diameter, and biomass of Phragmites decreased by23.2%, 6.3%, and 34.0%, respectively, under experimental warming versus controls, and plant height increased by 4.3%, reflecting less carbon allocation to stem structures as plants in the OTCs experienced simultaneous wind buffering. While these passive-warming OTCs created the desired warming effects both to the atmosphere and soils, pest damages on the plant leaves and lodging within the OTCs were extensive and serious, creating the need to consider control options for these chambers and the replicated OTCs studies underway in other Chinese Phragmites marshes(Panjin and Yancheng).

燃烧室抛光技术对汽油机经济性影响的研究

在一台单缸汽油机上,进行了燃烧室壁面抛光前后燃烧相位、燃烧持续期与平均指示热效率相互影响变化规律的试验研究。结果表明:单缸汽油机以化学计量空燃比、低负荷、低圧缩比运行时,抛光后的燃烧室传热损失减少、经济性改善,平均指示热效率从40.8%上升到了42.2%,而随着负荷的增大、压缩比的提高,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减小带来的爆震效果增强,燃烧相位推迟和燃烧持续期延长,最终导致平均指示热效率下降;当汽油机以稀薄燃烧模式运行时,平均指示热效率上升,最高热效率超过45%;当汽油机进入爆震区域以10.5 bar负荷运行时,抛光后燃烧室传热损失减少增强了爆震效果,导致平均指示热效率相比于抛光前总体下降。

气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器设计与试验

针对大豆-玉米复合密植播种模式下传统气吸式排种器单行种盘高转速作业导致充种时间短、气流稳定性差,难以实现高速精量密植播种的问题,设计了一种气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器,阐述了排种器结构与工作原理,对其工作过程及关键部件进行理论分析,构建充种和投种环节的种子力学模型,确定排种盘内外环型孔排布、投种轮、气室等关键结构参数,并开展单、双气道内负压分布、型孔内气流场特性分析,基于DEM-CFD耦合方法对排种器的排种过程进行仿真分析,以作业速度、气室结构和负压为试验因素,充种合格指数、重充指数和漏充指数为评价指标,优选出最优气室结构。通过台架试验开展不同气吸式排种器排种性能对比试验。试验结果表明,在作业速度为5~10 km/h的高速密植工况下,气吸双行错置式密植精量排种器排种合格指数均大于88.7%,且作业速度为10 km/h时,相较于常用单圆环气吸式排种器合格指数提高5.5个百分点,漏播指数降低5.6个百分点;田间试验结果表明,在作业速度为5 km/h下,播种合格指数为95.7%,重播指数为1.6%,漏播指数为2.8%。提出的气吸双行错置式玉米密植精量排种器在高速作业时拥有良好的排种性能,能够满足大豆-玉米高速精量密植播种要求。

大缸径柴油机燃烧系统优化模拟

为提高某缸径200 mm船用发电柴油机的燃油经济性,本文设计了活塞燃烧室和燃油喷射系统的升级方案并进行了模拟优化。升级方案提高了压缩比和燃油喷射压力,采用大径深比浅ω燃烧室配合158°喷油夹角喷油嘴。对不同方案下发动机的缸内工作过程进行了计算流体力学模拟,计算了高压指示功和放热率相位,分析了缸内温度、反应过量空气系数和速度分布及演化。模拟结果表明:升级方案能够提高发动机热效率。增加喷孔数并减小孔径,可以在保持NOx排放基本不变的条件下提高高压指示功4.5%,降低碳烟排放约60%。采用“平顶”浅ω燃烧室与158°喷油夹角喷雾配合,油气混合气快速进入余隙并形成逆时针的漩涡流动,能够加速油气混合和燃烧过程,提高热效率。

单膜双室电沉积金属锰

鉴于含锰废水有毒有害,提出阴离子交换膜代替隔膜处理含锰废水。首先采用单因素法探究最佳工艺参数,在最佳条件下,电流效率为71.36%,锰回收率为85.6%,酸回收率为77.23%,能耗为7 784.78 kWh/t;电解锰的宏观形态光滑均匀,具有金属光泽。用SEM和XRD分析手段分析不同亚硒酸浓度对电解锰的影响,结果表明,当亚硒酸为0.07 g/L时,电解锰微观结构表面均匀、致密性好、光滑、无枝晶且空洞最小,晶体形态为α-Mn。

社交媒体时代“回音室”与“过滤泡”之辨析

在国内研究对信息茧房、回音室、过滤泡三者概念常常混用的情况下,相较于信息茧房较高的关注度,国内对后两者的研究还远远不够,二者的异同也未得到细致辨析。经过对回音室、过滤泡相关研究进行文献计量分析,并从概念提出的背景、概念的内涵、操作化和研究结论方面深入辨析,发现二者概念的相同点在于:它们所描述的信息环境是相似的,即在网络技术的支持之下,一个由与个体喜好/倾向相匹配的同质化信息构成的信息环境。而不同之处在于:回音室强调受众主动选择与己具有相同倾向的个体进行交流互动,从而陷入只能听到自己声音的回音室中,其实质是观点同质化,所导致的后果是受众观点的极化,受众本身常被视为是主动性的;过滤泡强调算法推荐导致受众陷入同质化信息环境之中,其实质是信息接触单一化,导致的主要后果包括受众认知的窄化和观点的极化,受众往往被视为是被动性的。