Structural insights on anti-biofilm mechanism of heated slightly acidic electrolyzed water technology against multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm on food contact surface

Slightly acidic electrolyzed water(SAEW)has proven to be an efficient and novel sanitizer in food and agriculture field.This study assessed the efficacy of SAEW(30 mg/L)at 40℃on the inactivation of foodbome pathogens and detachment of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)biofilm.Furthermore.the underlying mechanism of MRS A biofilm under heated SAEW at 40℃treatment on metabolic profiles was investigated.The results showed that the heated SAEW at 40℃significantly effectively against foodbome pathogens of 1.96-7.56(lg(CFU/g))reduction in pork,chicken,spinach,and lettuce.The heated SAEW at 40℃treatment significantly reduced MRS A biofilm cells by 2.41(lg(CFU/cm^(2))).The synergistic effect of SAEW treatment showed intense anti-biofilm activity in decreasing cell density and impairing biofilm cell membranes.Global metabolic response of MRSA biofilms,treated by SAEW at 40℃,revealed the alterations of intracellular metabolites,including amino acids,organic acid,fatty acid,and lipid.Moreover,signaling pathways involved in amino acid metabolism,energy metabolism,nucleotide synthesis,carbohydrate metabolites,and lipid biosynthesis were functionally disrupted by the SAEW at 40℃treatment.As per our knowledge,this is the first research to uncover the potential mechanism of heated SAEW treatment against MRSA biofilm on food contact surface.

Development of "Multi-Resistance Rice" by Pyramiding of Insect (Cry1C) and Blast Resistance (Pi1 and Pi2) Genes

[Objective] The paper was to improve the blast resistance of insect-resistant transgenic rice. [Method] The Japonica rice variety Jikang10, a new transgenic variety with exogenous insect-resistant gene Cry1C, was used as the receptor, and Kongyu 131, a traditional breeding variety with broad-spectrum high blast resistance genes Pi1 and Pi2, was used as the donor to breeding new rice varieties. The genes were polymerized by hybridization and multi-generation backcrossing, and the offspring of each generation was screened by molecular marker assisted selection, field identification of multi-resistance against insect pests and diseases and agronomic trait selection. [Result] Four lines SK01, SK02, SK03 and SK04 with better resistances to insect pests and blast and outstanding agronomic traits in field were selected. [Conclusion] The results will lay foundations for breeding new multi-resistance rice varieties in Huanghuai rice region.

Identification of the HAK gene family reveals their critical response to potassium regulation during adventitious root formation in apple rootstock

Adventitious root formation is a bottleneck during vegetative proliferation.Potassium(K^(+))is an essential macronutrient for plants.K^(+)accumulation from the soil and its distribution to the different plant organs is mediated by K^(+)transporters named K^(+)transporter(KT),K^(+)uptake(KUP),or high-affinity K^(+)(HAK).This study aimed to identify members of the HAK gene family in apples and to characterize the effects of K^(+)supply on adventitious root formation and on the expression of HAK genes and the genes that putatively control auxin transport,signaling,and cell fate during adventitious root formation.In this study,34 HAK genes(MdHAKs)were identified in the apple(Malus×domestica‘Golden Delicious’)genome.A phylogenetic analysis divided MdHAKs into four clusters(Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,andⅣ),comprising 16,1,4,and 13 genes,respectively.The syntenic relationships revealed that 62.5%of the total MdHAK genes arise from genomic duplication events.Chromosome location,domain structure,motif analysis,and physico-chemical characteristics were subsequently investigated.Furthermore,the application of K^(+)indicated the emergence of adventitious roots at 8 d and produced more adventitious roots at 16 d than the K^(+)-free control(CK)treatment.In addition,various MdHAKs showed root-specific expression in B9 apple rootstock stem cuttings and enhanced expression during the initiation and emergence stages of adventitious root formation in response to K^(+)treatment.Additionally,K^(+)treatment enhanced the expression levels of MdPIN1,MdPIN2,and MdAUX1.Further data indicated that a higher expression of MdWOX11,MdLBD16,and MdLBD29 and of cell cycle-related genes contributed to the auxin-stimulated adventitious root formation in response to K^(+).

Effects of Different Dwarfing Rootstocks on Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality of‘Tianhong 2’Apple Trees

[Objectives]The paper was to provide a reference for screening dwarfing rootstock suitable for main spur-type Fuji cultivars in central and southern Hebei Province.[Methods]With spur-type Fuji‘Tianhong 2’as the material,the vegetative growth,yield and fruit quality of 8 different rootstock-scion combinations were compared.[Results]‘Tianhong 2’/SH6 as self-rooted rootstock had large average single fruit weight(256.33 g),large number of fruits per plant(188.68),the highest yield[(3250.08±23.42)kg/667 m ^(2)]and the highest colored area(93.5%),and the soluble solid content reached the requirement of high quality fruit(15.78%).[Conclusions]In central and southern Hebei Province,‘Tianhong 2’grafted on SH6 self-rooted rootstock has moderate growth,high yield and good fruit quality,so it can be considered as the preferred rootstock-scion combination in the local area.

Technical Studies of Controlling Jujube Witches Broom Disease with Resistant Rootstock

[Objectives]The paper was to screen and identify the control effect of resistant rootstock on jujube witches broom disease.[Methods]The seeds or branches of disease-free plants were collected from wild jujube bushes infected by witches broom disease,and 5434 seedlings were obtained by sowing or cutting.The virus was inoculated by grafting diseased bark.After 6 years of preliminary screening,40 plants with resistance to jujube witches broom disease were obtained.Taking these resistant plants as the rootstocks,the susceptible variety‘long red jujube’was grafted at a height of 40 cm.When the plants grew to appropriate thickness,diseased bark was grafted to‘long red jujube’and rootstock to transmit the virus.After 18 years of observation and judgment,4 rootstock strains with high resistance or immunity to jujube witches broom disease were finally determined,namely 90801,90803,90806 and 908011.The susceptible variety‘long red jujube’was grafted to 4 rootstocks and inoculated the virus through diseased bark grafting method.[Results]The resistant rootstock had obvious disease resistance effect.When the branches of 90801 and 90803 rootstocks were grafted to the trunk of diseased trees,the symptoms of jujube witches broom disease gradually alleviated till disappeared.[Conclusions]Using germplasm with high resistance or immunity to jujube witches broom disease as rootstock can effectively prevent the spread of jujube witches broom disease,and bridging the trunk of diseased trees with branches from resistant rootstock has certain therapeutic effect.

不同油茶品系果实、种子及砧木性状差异及其相关性分析

【目的】研究不同油茶品系间果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状的差异,并对果实、种子及砧木性状各指标间的相关关系进行分析,为油茶优良砧木的选育研究提供理论依据。【方法】测定不同油茶品系果实性状、种子性状及砧木性状18项指标,通过单因素方差分析研究不同油茶品系间的果实、种子及砧木性状的差异,筛选出综合表现较好的油茶品系;运用相关分析得出18项指标间的相关关系,选出与砧木性状相关性较强的指标。【结果】不同油茶品系间单果质量、果实纵径、果实横径、果实纵横比、果皮厚、果实籽数及籽质量均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单果质量为15.71~35.99 g,果实纵径为29.81~40.17 mm,果实横径为29.06~39.99mm,果形指数为0.85~1.28,果皮厚为1.85~4.19mm,果实籽数为2.20~9.67粒。不同油茶品系间单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径、纵横比、横侧比、纵侧比均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系单种质量为1.07~4.26 g,种子纵径为16.98~27.40 mm,种子横径为13.17~23.12 mm,种侧径为9.00~16.93 mm。不同油茶品系间上胚轴长、下胚轴长、上胚轴粗、下胚轴粗均存在极显著差异,22个油茶品系上胚轴长为5.38~9.08 cm,上胚轴粗为1.72~2.97 mm,下胚轴长为14.35~23.97 cm,下胚轴粗为1.80~3.14 mm。砧木性状中上胚轴长与果实横径、单种质量、种侧径及果实纵径的相关性较大,下胚轴长与种纵径、种侧径、果实纵径及果实籽数的相关性较大,上胚轴粗与单果质量、果实纵径、单种质量、种纵径、种横径、种侧径均呈极显著正相关,下胚轴粗与果实纵横比、果实纵径呈显著正相关。【结论】综合果实、种子及砧木性状各指标筛选出适合作优良砧木的油茶品系为赣无2、赣石83-4、长林53号、GLS赣州油1号。砧木性状中4个指标均与果实纵径呈极显著、显著正相关或相关性较大,故可从以上4个适合作优良砧木的油茶品系中选择果实纵径相对较大的果实进行砧木培育。

不同砧木嫁接对金冠王甜瓜生长及品质的影响

以薄皮甜瓜金冠王为接穗,强势、伊丽莎白、勇士和强力为砧木进行嫁接,自根苗作为对照(CK),调查嫁接后甜瓜植株生长、果实产量及品质等指标并进行比较分析,采用主成分分析法进行综合评价,以期筛选出适宜薄皮甜瓜金冠王嫁接的砧木品种。各项指标调查与分析结果表明,勇士嫁接苗的株高、子蔓数和节间数显著高于自根苗,与CK相比,强势嫁接苗单果质量显著升高46.65%,强势、伊丽莎白和勇士嫁接苗每667 m^(2)产量分别显著提高24.54%、10.36%、19.96%,强势、勇士、强力嫁接苗的维生素C含量分别显著升高44.48%、82.23%、89.25%。主成分分析结果表明,强势和勇士2个砧木的嫁接苗表现最好,适宜作为金冠王的嫁接砧木。

不同丝瓜砧木嫁接对苦瓜产量品质及抗病性的影响

针对多年连作导致苦瓜土传病害危害严重的问题,通过对17个丝瓜砧木品种与苦瓜接穗如玉178进行嫁接栽培试验,研究不同丝瓜砧木对接穗苦瓜亲和性、生长势、抗病性、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:不同丝瓜砧木嫁接均能明显降低苦瓜枯萎病发病率,其产量均显著优于自根苗,不同砧木嫁接对接穗苦瓜果实的水分、蛋白质、粗纤维、VC含量等有不同影响。通过对不同嫁接砧木处理农艺性状指标与苦瓜产量进行相关性分析,产量与茎粗、主蔓长、瓜长、瓜横径、单瓜质量存在极显著正相关。综合各性状分析结果,砧木-17、砧木-15在亲和性、产量、品质抗病性等方面表现良好,适宜作为苦瓜嫁接砧木进行示范推广。

苹果砧木新品种鲁砧1号离体叶片高效不定植株再生

【目的】建立苹果半矮化砧木新品种鲁砧1号离体叶片高效不定梢再生技术体系,为该砧木快繁和遗传改良奠定技术基础。【方法】以鲁砧1号无菌苗离体叶片为外植体,研究碳源、细胞分裂素种类和质量浓度对叶片不定梢再生的影响;以不定梢为试材,研究基本培养基、蔗糖质量浓度对不定梢生根的影响。【结果】MS添加较低质量浓度(0.6 mg·L^(-1))细胞分裂素(TDZ)时,碳源物质为D-山梨醇的叶片不定梢再生率显著高于蔗糖;其他激素处理下,D-山梨醇和蔗糖之间叶片不定梢再生率无显著差异。两种碳源上的平均每叶不定芽(梢)数,都表现较高细胞分裂素质量浓度处理高于或显著高于较低细胞分裂素质量浓度处理,以TDZ质量浓度为1 mg·L^(-1)时产生的不定芽数最多,平均每叶不定芽数为3.8~4个。在不定芽诱导培养基上,6-苄基氨基嘌呤(BA)比TDZ更容易诱导产生直接伸长生长的不定梢。不定梢生根率和平均每株生根条数,两种基本培养基及两个蔗糖质量浓度之间都表现差异不显著,但以1/4MS基本培养基和20 g·L^(-1)蔗糖组合的生根培养基上获得的生根率和单株生根条数最高,分别超过93%和5.8。【结论】鲁砧1号离体叶片容易诱导再生不定芽和不定梢生根,诱导叶片不定芽再生最佳培养基为MS添加1 mg·L^(-1)TDZ、0.3 mg·L^(-1)IBA和30 g·L^(-1)蔗糖,最佳生根培养基为1/4MS添加0.3~0.5 mg·L^(-1)IBA和20 g·L^(-1)蔗糖。

M9在苹果矮化砧木育种实践中的应用价值

矮砧栽培是推动果业高质量发展的关键要素之一。M9是欧洲最早一批培育的苹果矮化砧木,具有矮化性好、早果性强、丰产稳产等优点,引起世界各国的重视。至今,国内外以其为亲本,通过各种途径培育出众多性状优良的苹果矮化砧木,是砧木育种创新的重要种质资源。该文梳理以M9为核心亲本培育矮化砧木的应用案例,为合理挖掘M9的矮砧育种价值提供参考和依据。

桃树矮化砧木樱桃李嫁接3个桃品种的表现

以樱桃李、青州蜜为砧木,分别嫁接3个桃品种:春艳、春元、北京52,经10年的栽培观察发现:与青州蜜砧穗组合相比,樱桃李砧穗组合树体矮化,冠径小,长势弱,总枝量少但中短枝/长枝比率高;品种与砧木的粗度比小,即亲和性相对差;果实较小但产量高;果实的可溶性固形物含量高,品质优;樱桃李砧穗组合具有矮化的特性。

伊藤杂种牡丹嫁接繁殖试验研究

伊藤杂种牡丹以其植株健壮、长势旺、抗性强、茎秆挺拔、花色丰富、花型多样而成为花卉的“新宠”,为了提高伊藤杂种牡丹的嫁接繁殖效率,本研究进行了采用不同砧木、不同嫁接方法、不同绑扎方法的嫁接对比试验。试验结果表明:采用赤芍根为砧木和‘凤丹’为砧木对嫁接成活率影响不大,采用劈接法比采用贴接法嫁接成活率高约5%,采用塑料膜绑扎比采用麻绳绑扎嫁接成活率高约7.5%。使用贴接法嫁接处理的伊藤杂种牡丹成活率最低,使用塑料膜嫁接处理的伊藤杂种牡丹成活率最高。

2种砧木嫁接对山核桃幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

本文开展了2种砧木嫁接山核桃幼苗的生长及光合特性比较分析,为筛选更适宜的山核桃嫁接砧木提供参考。结果表明:以薄壳山核桃为砧木的山核桃嫁接苗成活率达到90.26%,极显著高于湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗;湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗苗高、地径、叶片数等指标极显著高于薄壳山核桃砧木嫁接苗。2种砧木嫁接的山核桃苗P_(n)存在极显著差异,G_(s)存在显著差异,C_(i)、T_(r)、WUE等各指标值差异不显著,qP、NPQ及F_(v)/F_(m)存在极显著差异。湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗P_(n)与G_(s)呈显著性正相关,而薄壳山核桃砧木嫁接苗P_(n)与G_(s)呈负相关。薄壳山核桃砧木嫁接苗成活率显著高于湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗,但湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗长势更好。薄壳山核桃砧木嫁接苗P_(n)显著高于湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗,光合能力较强,蒸腾速率较高,水分利用率高,且薄壳山核桃砧木嫁接苗耗散过剩光能热量、适应干旱天气能力较强,具有较高的光保护能力,在育苗中应保证充足的光照及水分供给;而湖南山核桃砧木嫁接苗苗期建议搭建遮阳网进行适度遮蔽。

不同类型砧木嫁接对西瓜果实品质的影响

采用南瓜和葫芦两种不同的砧木材料,分别与西瓜品种嫁接,对比嫁接和不嫁接处理,研究了不同类型砧木嫁接对西瓜果实品质的影响。结果表明,不同砧木嫁接对西瓜产量、植株生长发育和果实品质均有显著影响,南瓜砧木嫁接能够显著提高西瓜的产量和果实品质,增加果实中番茄红素和可溶性糖含量,同时改善植株的根系发育和矿质营养吸收。该研究可为西瓜高效栽培提供理论依据和技术指导。

抗青枯病番茄砧木新品种勇士3号的选育

勇士3号是以自交系4为母本,以自交系1为父本配制而成的番茄砧木一代杂种。无限生长型,中熟,植株生长势强,根系发达,茎粗2.3~3.3 cm,第1花序着生节位为第7~9节;果实扁圆形,成熟果橙色,单果质量约60 g,每667 m^(2)产量约4000 kg,种子扁平短卵形,表面有茸毛,千粒重约1.9 g;嫁接亲和性好、成活率高,高抗青枯病,适宜广西南部产区作为番茄嫁接砧木。

不同砧木对普通型和短枝型富士系苹果花芽分化的影响

选取了宝鸡地区生产上常用的T337自根砧和M26中间砧分别搭配普通型富士‘长富2号’和短枝型富士‘礼泉短富’,对4种砧穗组合苹果树叶片的养分吸收和蔗糖代谢,短枝顶芽的激素代谢、成花基因表达等进行了全面的评价,探究了不同砧木对普通型和短枝型富士系苹果花芽分化的影响,以期为宝鸡地区筛选适宜搭配富士系苹果的最优砧木类型。结果表明:同一富士系品种嫁接不同砧木类型,T337自根砧组合较M26中间砧组合有更高的开花率和更饱满的短枝顶芽,并且在花芽生理分化期,T337自根砧组合中糖类物质的合成和积累、蔗糖代谢和激素代谢水平以及成花基因的表达均显著优于M26中间砧组合。可见,T337自根砧搭配富士系苹果较M26中间砧搭配富士系苹果更易成花。

基于深度学习的葡萄砧木叶片识别研究

嫁接有利于增强树体对生物及非生物胁迫的适应能力,提高葡萄产量和品质。葡萄砧木品种多样复杂,识别难度较大,深度学习能够快速提取图像的深层特征,被广泛应用于植物图像分类识别领域。本研究以30份葡萄砧木成龄叶图像作为研究对象,通过采集叶片图像,构建了一个包含13547张的葡萄砧木叶片图像的数据集。采用GoogleNet、ResNet-50、ResNet-101以及VGG-16等4个卷积神经网络对其进行自动识别。结果表明:精度最高的分类网络为ResNet-101,在最优模型参数(学习率:0.005,最小批次:32,迭代次数:50)下精度达到97.5%。ResNet-101模型检测的30个品种中,平均预测精确率为92.59%,有7个品种的预测精确率达到100%;平均召回率为91.08%,有8个品种的召回率达到100%,叶片的叶面纹理、叶脉以及叶缘部分对品种识别的影响最大。以上结果证实,深度学习网络模型可以实现对葡萄砧木的自动实时识别,为葡萄砧木品种的保护、利用、分类研究以及其他农作物的品种识别提供参考。

不同中间砧对富士苹果贮藏期表皮蜡质和角质的影响

【目的】对果实表皮的蜡质和角质层组分进行定性和定量测定,探究果实表皮蜡质和角质对果实采后贮藏的影响,以提高果实贮藏品质。【方法】比较SH6和M26作中间砧的富士苹果在常温贮藏期间的失重率和呼吸强度,通过扫描电子显微镜观察表皮蜡质形态和结构的差异,并采用气相色谱/质谱联用仪测定蜡质和角质的单体含量。【结果】常温贮藏期间,SH6果实的失重率和呼吸强度显著低于M26果实,表皮蜡质层厚度、蜡质和角质总量显著高于M26果实。两种砧木果实的果皮中鉴定出28种角质共有成分,34种蜡质共有成分,其中角质共有成分包括14种脂肪酸、7种羟基脂肪酸、2种二羧酸和5种醇。此外,SH6果实还有5种特有角质成分,包括花生四烯酸、顺式-8,11,14-二十烷三烯酸、18-羟基-9,12-十八碳二烯酸、22-羟基二十二烷酸和二十四烷醇。M26果实也有4种特有角质成分,包括十八烷酸、(3β)-3-三羟基-齐墩果-12-烯-28-酸、10,13-二十碳二烯酸和7,10,13-二十碳三烯酸。两种砧木果实的果皮中蜡质共有成分包括5种烷烃、6种醇、4种脂肪酸、12种酯类、2种醛类和4种其他物质。SH6果实还有3种特有蜡质成分,包括熊果醛、二十烷酸丁酯和熊果酸甲酯。M26果实也有3种特有蜡质成分,包括二十烷酸、棕榈酸-3-甲基丁酯和山嵛酸乙酯。相关性分析表明,果实贮藏期间的失重率和呼吸强度与蜡质层厚度呈显著负相关(r=-0.85,r=-0.77),失重率与羟基脂肪酸和酯类含量呈显著正相关(r=0.81,r=0.87),呼吸强度与羟基脂肪酸和二羧酸含量呈正相关(r=0.59,r=0.50)。【结论】与M26作中间砧相比,SH6作中间砧的富士苹果果实具有较厚的表皮蜡质层和更丰富的角质和蜡质含量,使其在贮藏期间具有更低的失重率和呼吸速率。

Evaluation of Productivity and Light Quality in Two High Density Dwarf Rootstock Apple Orchards in Central China

[Ohjective] The aim of the study is to investigate the productivity and light quality in two high density M26 dwarf rootstock apple orchards in central China so as to provide some management guidance for close planting of dwarf rootstock apples.[Method] The technical parameters of individual trees and group parameters as shoot number and composition and canopy coverage were determined, and the light quality in the canopy, fruit production and quality were investigated. [Result] Slender spindle （SS） orchard has 54 thousands shoots per 667 m^2. Coverage rate is 76%. Leaf area index is 1.9. The ratio of long, medium and spur shoots is 1：1：8. Fruit yield is 3 263 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. Light interception in the canopy is 58% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 65%. Modified slender spindle （MSS） orchard has 93 thousands shoots per 667 m^2 and the coverage is 77%. Leaf area index is 3.3. The ratio cf long, medium and spur shoots is 1：2：7. Fruit yield is 3 931 kg/667 m^2 with 85% first grade fruit. The light interception in the canopy is 73% while the ratio of canopy with good light is 35%. [Conclusion] Apple orchard with M26 dwarf rootstock trained as SS and MSS tree form in medium planting density may be useful to the management of the similar orchards in Central China.

不同砧木对河西走廊酿酒葡萄枝条及果实品质的影响

以5种砧木(1103P、SO4、5BB、3309M、110R)嫁接‘赤霞珠’(CS)和‘马瑟兰’(MS)的嫁接苗及自根苗为试验材料,探讨不同砧木对河西走廊酿酒葡萄产区‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’枝条生长及果实品质的影响,为酿酒葡萄的嫁接栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:CS/3309M的嫁接成活率最高,为94.44%,其次是CS/SO4,为83.33%,CS/5BB组合的达75%。MS/5BB的嫁接成活率最高,为83.33%,其次为MS/3309M,为77.78%,MS/SO4的为72.22%。砧木嫁接显著提高了‘赤霞珠’和‘马瑟兰’枝条的生长量,CS/SO4、CS/5BB和CS/110R、MS/SO4、MS/3309M的接穗年生长量和新梢节间长均显著高于自根苗。CS/5BB和MS/5BB的抗寒性最强,分别能耐-24.67℃和-26.46℃的低温,其次为CS/SO4和MS/110R,分别能耐-24.25℃和-24.81℃的低温。CS/3309M果实的可溶性固形物比自根苗高7.03%,‘赤霞珠’的5个砧穗组合果实的还原糖含量均低于自根苗,CS/SO4组合果实的可滴定酸含量为0.265%,显著高于自根苗和其他砧穗组合,CS/1103P、CS/110R、CS/5BB、CS/3309M组合果实的可滴定酸含量分别比自根苗低9.80%、27.45%、7.84%、9.80%。‘马瑟兰’的5个砧穗组合果实的可溶性固形物、还原糖含量均低于自根苗,MS/SO4、MS/1103P、MS/110R组合果实的可滴定酸含量均显著高于自根苗。‘赤霞珠’的5种组合每667 m^(2)产量均高于自根苗,CS/3309M的最高,每667 m^(2)产量比自根苗增产98.42%。5BB和SO4提高了MS的每667 m^(2)产量,分别比自根苗增产29.82%、17.98%。经隶属函数法综合分析,3309M、5BB、110R嫁接‘赤霞珠’,SO4、5BB和3309M嫁接‘马瑟兰’,其葡萄生长势、枝条抗寒性和果实品质最优。