Spatial Distribution Pattern and Influencing Factors of Bed-and-breakfasts(B&Bs)from the Perspective of Urban-rural Differences:A Case Study of Jiaodong Peninsula,China

There are significant differences between urban and rural bed-and-breakfasts(B&Bs)in terms of customer positioning,economic strength and spatial carrier.Accurately identifying the differences in spatial characteristics and influencing factors of each type,is essential for creating urban and rural B&B agglomeration areas.This study used density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise(DBSCAN)and the multi-scale geographically weighted regression(MGWR)model to explore similarities and differences in the spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors for urban and rural B&Bs on the Jiaodong Peninsula of China from 2010 to 2022.The results showed that:1)both urban and rural B&Bs in Jiaodong Peninsula went through three stages:a slow start from 2010 to 2015,rapid development from 2015 to 2019,and hindered development from 2019 to 2022.However,urban B&Bs demonstrated a higher development speed and agglomeration intensity,leading to an increasingly evident trend of uneven development between the two sectors.2)The clustering scale of both urban and rural B&Bs continued to expand in terms of quantity and volume.Urban B&B clusters characterized by a limited number,but a higher likelihood of transitioning from low-level to high-level clusters.While the number of rural B&B clusters steadily increased over time,their clustering scale was comparatively lower than that of urban B&Bs,and they lacked the presence of high-level clustering.3)In terms of development direction,urban B&B clusters exhibited a relatively stable pattern and evolved into high-level clustering centers within the main urban areas.Conversely,rural B&Bs exhibited a more pronounced spatial diffusion effect,with clusters showing a trend of multi-center development along the coastline.4)Transport emerged as a common influencing factor for both urban and rural B&Bs,with the density of road network having the strongest explanatory power for their spatial distribution.In terms of differences,population agglomeration had a positive impact on the distribution of urban B&Bs and a negative effect on the distribution of rural B&Bs.Rural B&Bs clustering was more influenced by tourism resources compared with urban B&Bs,but increasing tourist stay duration remains an urgent issue to be addressed.The findings of this study could provide a more precise basis for government planning and management of urban and rural B&B agglomeration areas.

社区建成环境对老年人活力出行的空间异质效应

针对社区生活圈老年人步行友好出行环境理论缺乏与实践不足的问题,从社区建成环境对老年人活力出行影响的空间异质性问题展开了研究.结合老年人出行特征选取了人口密度、土地利用多样性、公交站点密度、绿视率等8个指标刻画建成环境,考虑路网非直线系数对社区生活圈尺度差异化界定,利用兴趣点(Point of Interest,POI)数据、道路网络、街景图像数据等地理空间数据测度建成环境.提取每日步行时间作为活力出行的测度,以重庆市居民出行行为调查数据作为实证研究数据来源,构建了考虑自变量尺度变异的多尺度地理加权回归模型(Multi-scale Geographic Weighted Regression,MGWR).研究结果表明:对比最小二乘回归(Ordinary Least Squares,OLS)模型与传统的地理加权回归(Geographically Weighted Regression,GWR)模型,纳入变量尺度异质性的MGWR模型降低了残差的自相关性,且调整后R2最高,相比于GWR模型与OLS模型分别提高了1.5倍与3.1倍;从标准化系数来看,社区建成环境指标中公交服务水平对老年人步行时间影响最大;社区建成环境指标中街道绿视率接近全局尺度,空间异质性较弱,其他建成环境变量均具有较强的空间异质性,需要进行差异化的空间设计,其中人口密度对老年人步行时间在不同区域呈现相反的影响,土地利用混合度、公交服务水平、蔬菜市场密度、公园广场密度与街道绿视率对老年人活力出行的影响呈现正效应.