Transfer learning framework for multi-scale crack type classification with sparse microseismic networks

Rock fracture mechanisms can be inferred from moment tensors(MT)inverted from microseismic events.However,MT can only be inverted for events whose waveforms are acquired across a network of sensors.This is limiting for underground mines where the microseismic stations often lack azimuthal coverage.Thus,there is a need for a method to invert fracture mechanisms using waveforms acquired by a sparse microseismic network.Here,we present a novel,multi-scale framework to classify whether a rock crack contracts or dilates based on a single waveform.The framework consists of a deep learning model that is initially trained on 2400000+manually labelled field-scale seismic and microseismic waveforms acquired across 692 stations.Transfer learning is then applied to fine-tune the model on 300000+MT-labelled labscale acoustic emission waveforms from 39 individual experiments instrumented with different sensor layouts,loading,and rock types in training.The optimal model achieves over 86%F-score on unseen waveforms at both the lab-and field-scale.This model outperforms existing empirical methods in classification of rock fracture mechanisms monitored by a sparse microseismic network.This facilitates rapid assessment of,and early warning against,various rock engineering hazard such as induced earthquakes and rock bursts.

Chemical simulation teaching system based on virtual reality and gesture interaction

Background Most existing chemical experiment teaching systems lack solid immersive experiences,making it difficult to engage students.To address these challenges,we propose a chemical simulation teaching system based on virtual reality and gesture interaction.Methods The parameters of the models were obtained through actual investigation,whereby Blender and 3DS MAX were used to model and import these parameters into a physics engine.By establishing an interface for the physics engine,gesture interaction hardware,and virtual reality(VR)helmet,a highly realistic chemical experiment environment was created.Using code script logic,particle systems,as well as other systems,chemical phenomena were simulated.Furthermore,we created an online teaching platform using streaming media and databases to address the problems of distance teaching.Results The proposed system was evaluated against two mainstream products in the market.In the experiments,the proposed system outperformed the other products in terms of fidelity and practicality.Conclusions The proposed system which offers realistic simulations and practicability,can help improve the high school chemistry experimental education.

A Multi-Scale Study on Silicon-Oxide Etching Processes in C_4F_8/Ar Plasmas

A multi-scale numerical method coupled with the reactor,sheath and trench model is constructed to simulate dry etching of SiO_2 in inductively coupled C_4F_8 plasmas.Firstly,ion and neutral particle densities in the reactor are decided using the CFD-ACE＋ commercial software.Then,the ion energy and angular distributions（IEDs and IADs） are obtained in the sheath model with the sheath boundary conditions provided with CFD-ACE＋.Finally,the trench profile evolution is simulated in the trench model.What we principally focus on is the effects of the discharge parameters on the etching results.It is found that the discharge parameters,including discharge pressure,radio-frequency（rf） power,gas mixture ratios,bias voltage and frequency,have synergistic effects on IEDs and IADs on the etched material surface,thus further affecting the trench profiles evolution.

Intermolecular and Surface Interactions in Engineering Processes

Interactions involving chemical reagents,solid particles,gas bubbles,liquid droplets,and solid surfaces in complex fluids play a vital role in many engineering processes,such as froth flotation,emulsion and foam formation,adsorption,and fouling and anti-fouling phenomena.These interactions at the molecular,nano-,and micro scale significantly influence and determine the macroscopic performance and efficiency of related engineering processes.Understanding the intermolecular and surface interactions in engineering processes is of both fundamental and practical importance,which not only improves production technologies,but also provides valuable insights into the development of new materials.In this review,the typical intermolecular and surface interactions involved in various engineering processes,including Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(DLVO)interactions(i.e.,van der Waals and electrical doublelayer interactions)and non-DLVO interactions,such as steric and hydrophobic interactions,are first introduced.Nanomechanical techniques such as atomic force microscopy and surface forces apparatus for quantifying the interaction forces of molecules and surfaces in complex fluids are briefly introduced.Our recent progress on characterizing the intermolecular and surface interactions in several engineering systems are reviewed,including mineral flotation,petroleum engineering,wastewater treatment,and energy storage materials.The correlation of these fundamental interaction mechanisms with practical applications in resolving engineering challenges and the perspectives of the research field have also been discussed.

Interaction between semantic and phonological processes in stuttering Evidence from the dual-task paradigm

Stuttering is a common neurological deficit and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are a matter of debate, with evidence suggesting abnormal modulation between speech encoding and other cognitive components. Previous studies have mainly used single task experiments to investigate the disturbance of language production. It is unclear whether there is abnormal interaction between the three language tasks （orthographic, phonological and semantic judgment） in stuttering patients. This study used dual tasks and manipulated the stimulus onset asynchrony （SOA） between tasks 1 and 2 and the nature of the second task, including orthographic, phonological, and semantic judgments. The results showed that the performance records of orthographic judgment, phonological judgment, and semantic judgment were significantly reduced between the patient and control groups with short SOA （P 〈 0.05）. However, different patterns of interaction between task 2 and SOA were observed across subject groups： subjects with stuttering were more strongly modulated by SOA when the second task was semantic judgment or phonological judgment （P 〈 0.05）, but not in the orthographic judgment experiment （P 〉 0.05）. These results indicated that the interaction mechanism between semantic processing and phonological encoding might be an underlying cause for stuttering.

MULTI-SCALES RELAXATION PROCESSES OF SHORT FIBER OF NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINE COPOLYMER IN POLYCARBONATE MATRIX

Multi-scales relaxation processes of short fiber of a nematic liquid crystalline copolymer(LCP)in polycarbonate matrix were investigated.First,the structure relaxation of LCP was studied by rheology.The relaxation spectrum of the nematic liquid crystalline copolymer at 295℃was calculated from the combined dynamic modulus.There are three kinds of relaxation mechanisms for nematic liquid crystalline copotymer:the relaxation of chain orientation,the relaxation of deformed polydomains and the coalescence of pol...

A Case Study on MJO Energy Transport Path in a Local Multi-scale Interaction Framework

A new local kinetic energy(KE)budget for the Madden−Julian Oscillation(MJO)is constructed in a multi-scale framework.This energy budget framework allows us to analyze the local energy conversion processes of the MJO with the high-frequency disturbances and the low-frequency background state.The KE budget analysis is applied to a pronounced MJO event during the DYNAMO field campaign to investigate the KE transport path of the MJO.The work done by the pressure gradient force and the conversion of available potential energy at the MJO scale are the two dominant processes that affect the MJO KE tendency.The MJO winds transport MJO KE into the MJO convection region in the lower troposphere while it is transported away from the MJO convection region in the upper troposphere.The energy cascade process is relatively weak,but the interaction between high-frequency disturbances and the MJO plays an important role in maintaining the high-frequency disturbances within the MJO convection.The MJO KE mainly converts to interaction KE between MJO and high-frequency disturbances over the area where the MJO zonal wind is strong.This interaction KE over the MJO convection region is enhanced through its flux convergence and further transport KE to the high-frequency disturbances.This process is conducive to maintaining the MJO convection.This study highlights the importance of KE interaction between the MJO and the high-frequency disturbances in maintaining the MJO convection.

Relative Contributions of Spatial and Environmental Processes and Biotic Interactions in a Soil Collembolan Community

Understanding the underlying processes of how communities are structured remains a central question in community ecology. However, the mechanisms of the soil animal community are still unclear, especially for communities on a small scale. To evaluate the relative roles of biotic interactions and environmental and spatial processes in a soil collembolan community, a field experiment was carried out on a small scale(50 m) in the farmland ecosystem of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. In August and October, 2011, we took 100 samples each month in a 50 m × 50 m plot using a spatially delimited sampling design. Variation partitioning was used to quantify the relative contributions of the spatial and environmental variables. A null model was selected to test for the non-randomness pattern of species co-occurrence and body size in assemblages of collembolans and to test whether the pattern observed was the result of environmental or biotic processes that structured the community on a small scale. The results showed that large variance was accounted for by spatial variables(18.99% in August and 21.83% in October, both were significant). There were relatively lower effects of environmental variation(3.56% in August and 1.45% in October, neither was significant), while the soil water content, soil p H and soybean height explained a significant portion of the variance that was observed in the spatial pattern of the collembolan community. Furthermore, the null model revealed more co-occurrence than expected by chance, suggesting that collembolan communities had a non-random co-occurrence pattern in both August and October. Additionally, environmental niche overlap and the body size ratio of co-occurrence showed that interspecific competition was not influential in collembolan community structuring. Considering all of the results together, the contributions of spatial and environmental processes were stronger than biotic interactions in the small-scale structuring of a soil collembolan community.

Petrology and geochemistry of South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(19°S) lava flows:Implications for magmatic processes and possible plume-ridge interactions

The South Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR)19°S segment,approximately located along the line of Saint Helena volcanic chain(created by Saint Helena mantle plume),is an ideal place to investigate the issue whether the ridgehotpot interaction process affected the whole MAR.In this study,we present major and trace elemental compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic ratios of twenty fresh lava samples concentrated in a relatively small area in the SMAR 19°S segment.Major oxides compositions show that all samples are tholeiite.Low contents of compatible trace elements(e.g.,Ni=239-594 ppm and Cr=456-1010 ppm)and low Fe/Mn(54-67)and Ce/Yb(0.65-1.5)ratios of these lavas show that their parental magmas are partially melted by a spinel lherzolite mantle source.Using software PRIMELT3,this study obtained mantle potential temperatures(Tp)beneath the segment of1321-1348℃,which is lower relative to those ridges influenced by mantle plumes.The asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment starts melting at a depth of^63 km and ceases melting at^43 km with a final melting temperature of^1265℃.The extent of partial melting is up to 16%-17.6%with an average adiabatic decompression value of 2.6%/kbar.The correlations of major oxides(CaO/Al2 O3)and trace elements(Cr,Co,V)with MgO and Zr show that the parental magma experienced olivine and plagioclase fractional crystallization during its ascent to the surface.87Sr/86Sr(0.702398-0.702996),143 Nd/144 Nd(0.513017-0.513177)and 206Pb/204Pb(18.444-19.477)ratios of these lavas indicate the mantle source beneath the SMAR 19°S segment is composed of a three-component mixture of depleted MORB mantle,PREMA mantle,and HIMU mantle materials.The simple,binary mixing results among components from plume-free SMAR MORB,Saint Helena plume and Tristan plume show that asthenospheric mantle beneath the SMAR 19°S segment may be polluted by both Saint Helena and Tristan plume enriched materials.The abovementioned mantle potential temperatures,together with the low Saint Helena(<10%)and Tristan(<5%)components remaining in the asthenospheric mantle at present,show that the physically ridge-hotspot interactions at SMAR 19°S segment may have ceased.However,the trace element and SrNd-Pb isotopically binary mixing calculation results imply that these lavas tapped some enriched pockets left when Saint Helena and/or Tristan plume were once on the SMAR during earlier Atlantic rifted history.

The Effect of the Interaction among Multi-Scale Systems and the Asymmetric an

ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＨＥＩＮＴＥＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＡＭＯＮＧＭＵＬＴＩ－ＳＣＡＬＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＳＡＮＤＴＨＥＡＳＹＭＭＥＴＲＩＣＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＡＮＤＴＨＥＲＭＯＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥＯＦＴＲＯＰＩＣＡＬＣＹＣＬＯＮＥＯＮＩＴＳＴＲＡＣＫＸｕ...

An Agent Interaction Based Method for Nonlinear Process Plan Scheduling

This article puts forward a scheduling method for nonlinear process plan shop floor.Task allocation and load bal- ance are realized by bidding mechanism.Though the agent interaction process,the execution of tasks is determined and the coherence of manufacturing decision is verified.The employment of heuristic index can help to optimize the system performance.

Differential advantages of musical backgrounds on binaural integration and interaction skills in instrumentalists,vocalists,and non-musicians

Background:Musical perception requires a host of skills.Instrumental musicians place greater emphasis on motor coordination,whereas vocal musicians rehearse vocal sounds.The study explored the differential advantages of musical background on binaural integration and interaction in musicians(instrumentalists,vocalists)and compared them with age-matched non-musicians.Methods:Eight six participants aged 20e40 y with normal hearing sensitivity were subjected to binaural tests using a standard group comparison research design.The participants were segregated into three groups e Group 1 included instrumentalists(n?26,mean age:17.73±2.83 y),while Group 2 and Group 3 consisted of vocalists(n?30,mean age:19.30±2.47 y)and non-musicians(n?30,mean age:18.20±3.02 y)respectively.The binaural processes namely integration(Dichotic syllable test,DST;and virtual acoustic space identification-VASI)and interaction(Interaural difference thresholds for time and level:ITD&ILD),were administered on all the participants.Results:Statistical analyses showed the main effect of musicianship.Bonferroni pair-wise test revealed that the musicians(instrumentalists and vocalists)outperformed(p<0.05)non-musicians in all the tests.The differential advantage of the musical background was seen on the binaural integration test with instrumentalists performing better in the VASI test compared to vocalists,and vice-versa for DST.No difference was observed in interaction tasks(ITD&ILD)between vocalists and instrumentalists(p>0.05).Conclusion:Musical background-induced differential advantages can be reasonably noted in the binaural skills of instrumentalists and vocalists(compared to non-musicians).

Subliminal faces with different valence: Unconscious mismatch detection indicates interactions between unconscious processing

Many studies revealed unconscious effects on conscious processing. However, in this study, we tried to investigate whether unconscious processes could interact with each other by using simultaneously presented face pictures with the same or a different unconscious valence (SUV versus DUV). In the first event-related potential (ERP) study, DUV elicited a smaller N2 as compared with SUV. In the second functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) was activated under DUV condition in comparison to SUV condition. These results support the idea of interactions between unconscious processes (unconscious mismatch detection). The theoretical implications are discussed in the light of the global neuronal workspace theory.

Neural regeneration after peripheral nerve injury repair is a system remodelling process of interaction between nerves and terminal effector

In China, there are approximately 20 million people suffering from peripheral nerve injury and this number is increasing at a rate of 2 million per year. These patients cannot live or work independently and are a heavy responsibility on both family and society because of extreme disability and dysfunction caused by peripheral nerve injury （PNI）. Thus, repair of PNI has become a major public health issue in China.

Sparse Additive Gaussian Process with Soft Interactions

This paper presents a novel variable selection method in additive nonparametric regression model. This work is motivated by the need to select the number of nonparametric components and number of variables within each nonparametric component. The proposed method uses a combination of hard and soft shrinkages to separately control the number of additive components and the variables within each component. An efficient algorithm is developed to select the importance of variables and estimate the interaction network. Excellent performance is obtained in simulated and real data examples.

A LIMIT THEOREM FOR INTERACTING MEASURE-VALUED BRANCHING PROCESSES

It is well known that Fleming-Viot superprocesses can be obtained from the Dawson-Watanabe superprocesses by conditioning the latter to have constant total mass. The same question is investigated for measure-valued branching processes with interacting intensity independent of the geographical position. It is showed that a sequence of conditioned probability laws of this kind of interacting measure-valued branching processes also approximates to the probability law of Fleming-Viot superprocesses.

Simulation of fluid-structure interaction in a microchannel using the lattice Boltzmann method and size-dependent beam element on a graphics processing unit

Fluid-structure interaction （FSI） problems in microchannels play a prominent role in many engineering applications. The present study is an effort toward the simulation of flow in microchannel considering FSI. The bottom boundary of the microchannel is simulated by size-dependent beam elements for the finite element method （FEM） based on a modified cou- ple stress theory. The lattice Boltzmann method （LBM） using the D2Q13 LB model is coupled to the FEM in order to solve the fluid part of the FSI problem. Because of the fact that the LBM generally needs only nearest neighbor information, the algorithm is an ideal candidate for parallel computing. The simulations are carried out on graphics processing units （GPUs） using computed unified device architecture （CUDA）. In the present study, the governing equations are non-dimensionalized and the set of dimensionless groups is exhibited to show their effects on micro-beam displacement. The numerical results show that the displacements of the micro-beam predicted by the size-dependent beam element are smaller than those by the classical beam element.

Parallel Processing Based on Ship Maneuvering in Identification of Interaction Force Coefficients

The parallel processing based on the free running model test was adopted to predict the interac-tion force coefficients (flow straightening coefficient and wake fraction) of ship maneuvering. And the multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) based on real coding that can contemporarily process the data of free running model and simulation of ship maneuvering was applied to solve the problem. Accordingly the optimal individual was obtained using the method of genetic algorithm. The parallel processing of multi-population solved the prematurity in the identification for single population, meanwhile, the parallel processing of the data of ship maneuvering (turning motion and zigzag motion) is an attempt to solve the coefficient drift problem. In order to validate the method, the interaction force coefficients were verified by the procedure and these coefficients measured were compared with those ones identified. The maximum error is less than 5%, and the identification is an effective method.

Oil droplet movement and micro-flow characteristics during interaction process between gas bubble and oil droplet in flotation

Flotation is an efficient pre-treatment technology for oily water.In this work,the interaction process between the moving oil droplet and the gas bubble was studied by high-speed camera and Bassset-Boussinesq-Oseen(BBO)theoretical model,and the experimental and simulation results of the oil droplet trajectory were compared.Moreover,the micro-particle image velocimetry system was utilized to observe the flow inside and outside of the moving oil droplet.The results show that the BBO model with the mobile bubble’s surface can reflect the velocity change trend of the oil droplet during the interaction process between the moving oil droplet and the gas bubble,but there are some significant differences between the experimental and simulation results.While the oil droplet is moving on the bubble’s surface,the velocity of the area near the contact point of oil droplet–gas bubble is less than that of the other areas inside the oil droplet.Meanwhile,the flow of water above the oil drop is more biased towards the gas bubble.

Pitman-Yor process mixture model for community structure exploration considering latent interaction patterns

The statistical model for community detection is a promising research area in network analysis.Most existing statistical models of community detection are designed for networks with a known type of community structure,but in many practical situations,the types of community structures are unknown.To cope with unknown community structures,diverse types should be considered in one model.We propose a model that incorporates the latent interaction pattern,which is regarded as the basis of constructions of diverse community structures by us.The interaction pattern can parameterize various types of community structures in one model.A collapsed Gibbs sampling inference is proposed to estimate the community assignments and other hyper-parameters.With the Pitman-Yor process as a prior,our model can automatically detect the numbers and sizes of communities without a known type of community structure beforehand.Via Bayesian inference,our model can detect some hidden interaction patterns that offer extra information for network analysis.Experiments on networks with diverse community structures demonstrate that our model outperforms four state-of-the-art models.