Licensed Pharmacists in Pharmaceutical Retail Enterprises in China: Problems and Countermeasures

Objective To analyze the status and problems of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises in China, and to put forward suggestions for improving licensed pharmacists’ abilities. Methods Literature review and questionnaire survey were used to analyze the basic status of licensed pharmacists in pharmaceutical retail enterprises and fishbone diagram was used to find out the problems. Results and Conclusion Pharmaceutical retail enterprises have the following problems when they employ pharmacists, such as lack of assessment system, too general incentive policies. The causes of problems lie in four aspects, including system, environment, pharmacy and pharmacists. As to the above problems, the government should make policies to encourage and regulate enterprises to explore remote prescription service through Internet. Furthermore, pharmaceutical retail enterprises can take the advantage of Internet to develop a comprehensive performance appraisal system for licensed pharmacists. The assessment information platform will reflect the true level of pharmacists and enhance their professional value.

License Assisted Access-WiFi Coexistence with TXOP Backoff for LTE in Unlicensed Band

License assisted access(LAA) was proposed as a solution to the challenge of satisfying high throughput requirement in cellular network with limited licensed band. LAA uses long term evolution(LTE) carrier aggregation technique to combine licensed and unlicensed bands, specifically 5 GHz Wi Fi band, in order to achieve high data rates. However, LAA has several critical concerns for services provision on 5 GHz unlicensed band. In this article, an overview of the techniques concerning the coexistence of LTE and Wi Fi on the same unlicensed band is presented. We first present several general approaches including power control of LTE evolved Node B(e NB), carrier selection, LTE duty cycling, self clear to send(CTS) and request to send/CTS(RTS/CTS), and listen before talk(LBT). Then, we focus on LBT techniques for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence and discuss how LBT based coexistence solutions can dynamically respond to the variations in network load and ensure fair coexistence in a distributed manner. Based on the LBT mechanism, we also present a fairness-aware LAA-WiF i coexisting scheme with TXOP(transmitted in a single transmission opportunity) backoff for LAA e NB. Finally, the performances of various LBT solutions for LAA-Wi Fi coexistence are evaluated using Markov chain analytical model.

YOLO and Blockchain Technology Applied to Intelligent Transportation License Plate Character Recognition for Security

Privacy and trust are significant issues in intelligent transportation systems(ITS).Data security is critical in ITS systems since sensitive user data is communicated to another user over the internet through wireless devices and routes such as radio channels,optical fiber,and blockchain technology.The Internet of Things(IoT)is a network of connected,interconnected gadgets.Privacy issues occasionally arise due to the amount of data generated.However,they have been primarily addressed by blockchain and smart contract technology.While there are still security issues with smart contracts,primarily due to the complexity of writing the code,there are still many challenges to consider when designing blockchain designs for the IoT environment.This study uses traditional blockchain technology with the“You Only Look Once”(YOLO)object detection method to accurately locate and identify license plates.While YOLO and blockchain technologies used for intelligent vehicle license plate recognition are promising,they have received limited research attention.Real-time object identification and recognition would be possible by combining a cutting-edge object detection technique with a regional convolutional neural network(RCNN)built with the tensor flow core open source libraries.This method works reasonably well for identifying any license plate.The Automatic License Plate Recognition(ALPR)approach delivered outstanding results in various datasets.First,with a recognition rate of 96.2%,our system(UFPR-ALPR)surpassed the previously used technology,consisting of 4500 frames and around 150 films.Second,a deep learning algorithm was trained to recognize images of license plate numbers using the UFPR-ALPR dataset.Third,the license plate’s characters were complicated for standard methods to identify because of the shifting lighting correctly.The proposed model,however,produced beneficial outcomes.

Regulated multi-sited practice for physicians in China: incentives and barriers

The multi-sited practices (MSP) policy in China is expected to exert found implications upon uneven distribution of high-quality medical resources,coupled with the widespread phenomenon of physician's informal practices on multiple sites.Since 2009,the Chinese government has upheld a policy that allows medical doctors to take on secondary jobs for the purpose of encouraging talented physicians to work in medical institutions and underdeveloped areas where their expertise is badly needed.This paper focuses on the MSP policy in China by examining how it has been implemented at the national and provincial levels through a review of government documents,statistical information,academic papers,and newspaper accounts.Despite the MSP policy is to offer incentive to physicians at first-tier public hospitals to work in primary care centers or areas where their expertise,the evidence is hard to find.This paper identifies several outstanding challenges to the MSP policy:(1) The importance of the MSP policy which is made by the central government is perceived differently at the provincial level by health officials and hospital administrators;(2) Interest in implementing the policy varies among physicians and hospitals;(3) Concerns about quality control and legal responsibilities for medical doctors to take on secondary jobs are widespread.China's MSP policy differs from the 'dual practice' policy in many countries because of its top-down approach,with its emphasis on government's role and administrative intervention.This paper's findings may be useful for other developing countries where medical expertise is unevenly distributed due to market forces.On the special occasion of the Alma Ata Declaration's 40th anniversary and for the sake of promoting Universal Health Coverage,this paper also aims at sharing with other countries China's experience in trying to develop an adequate force of primary care professionals.At the end of this paper,a four-point proposal is made for policy makers in China.

China Licensed Merchandise Growing Rapidly——China Licensing Industry Report Released

As the fifth largest licensing market in the world,China’s Licensing market has great potential to grow.The market is so big that it is always difficult to see into the details.To understand the rapidly growing licensing industry in China,China Toy and Juvenile Products Association(CTJPA)conducted a professional survey and issued the China Licensing Industry Report2018earlier this year.

Development of Licensed Pharmacists in China:Dilemma and Opportunity

Objective To study the current status of licensed pharmacists in China,and to make suggestions for the sound development of regulation authorities and licensed pharmacists.Methods Literature review and data research were conducted to analyze the status of examinations,registration,academic qualification and professional composition of licensed pharmacists.And SWOT method was used to analyze the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats for the development of licensed pharmacists.Results and Conclusion Licensed pharmacists have such advantages and opportunities as professionalism,favorable policies,and continuous expansion of market demand.However,they also face disadvantages and threats,such as low service capacity,weak service awareness and low social status.According to the results of SWOT analysis,it is suggested that the government should make use of the advantages of artificial intelligence to build a regulatory information platform and a public platform for electronic prescriptions.Meanwhile,a national accreditation agency for continuing education should be established,and academic exchanges between regional licensed pharmacists and physicians must be organized regularly.Besides,licensed pharmacists can use mobile phones and other information devices to keep abreast of national policy and new medical information.Therefore,their services will be recognized by the public,thus to protect the drug safety for the public.

License Plate Recognition via Attention Mechanism

License plate recognition technology use widely in intelligent trafficmanagement and control. Researchers have been committed to improving thespeed and accuracy of license plate recognition for nearly 30 years. This paperis the first to propose combining the attention mechanism with YOLO-v5and LPRnet to construct a new license plate recognition model (LPR-CBAMNet).Through the attention mechanism CBAM(Convolutional Block AttentionModule), the importance of different feature channels in license platerecognition can be re-calibrated to obtain proper attention to features. Forceinformation to achieve the purpose of improving recognition speed andaccuracy. Experimental results show that the model construction methodis superior in speed and accuracy to traditional license plate recognitionalgorithms. The accuracy of the recognition model of the CBAM model isincreased by two percentage points to 97.2%, and the size of the constructedmodel is only 1.8 M, which can meet the requirements of real-time executionof embedded low-power devices. The codes for training and evaluating LPRCBAM-Net are available under the open-source MIT License at: https://github.com/To2rk/LPR-CBAM-Net.

Problems in China’s Licensed Pharmacists System and Suggestions for Improvement

Objective To study the main problems existing in the current licensed pharmacists system in China. Methods The relevant literature was searched, and the differences of licensed pharmacists system at home and abroad were compared. Results and Conclusion By comparison, it is found that there are obvious differences in the management system, access system and continuing education of licensed pharmacists between China and foreign countries. In order to improve the system of licensed pharmacists in China, the supervision of licensed pharmacists should be strengthened by introducing relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible. Besides, the admittance criteria of licensed pharmacists should be enhanced, and the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists should be optimized as well.

The Present Situation,Problems and Countermeasures of Continuing Education for Licensed Pharmacists

Objective To innovate the mode and method of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists.Methods The importance of continuing education for licensed pharmacists was analyzed to find problems and countermeasures by means of literature research.Results and Conclusion There are such problems in the current continuing education of licensed pharmacists as lack of strong policy and regulation support,emphasis on theory and the lack of practical training,lack of systematic and effective supervision.The author analyzed the above problems and put forward some suggestions for them.To strengthen the continuing education of licensed pharmacists,it is necessary to improve relevant laws and regulations,enhance the supervision and management of continuing education of licensed pharmacists,improve the content of continuing education of licensed pharmacists and increase practical training.

Discussion on the Continuing Education for Licensed Pharmacists in China

Objective To improve the level of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China.Methods The relevant literature was searched and the licensed pharmacists and relevant experts were interviewed.Then the present situation and problems of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China were analyzed,and some suggestions for more effective implementation of continuing education for licensed pharmacists were put forward.Results and Conclusion In terms of policy,the corresponding laws and regulations should be issued to ensure the licensed pharmacists to have the opportunity of continuing education.As to practical operation,the form of continuing education should be more diversified,and the content should focus on the professional orientation and job demand.

A Case Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Job Satisfaction of Licensed Pharmacists in Retail Pharmacies Based on SEM-Taking R Retail Pharmacy for an Example

Objective To explore the influencing factors on job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy,and to provide a reference for improving the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in China.Methods Through literature research and satisfaction questionnaire,349 licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy were investigated.Then,the influencing factor equation model was constructed by factor analysis and structural equation method.Results and Conclusion The overall adaptation of the structural equation model was well established.The job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy was closely related to interpersonal relationship,work characteristics,good management,salary and growth opportunity,and it was not significantly correlated with job environment.Therefore,work characteristics influenced most,followed by salary.Five key factors affecting the job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in R retail pharmacy are summarized in this paper.It is suggested to adjust corresponding key factors such as work characteristics and salary,so as to improve job satisfaction of licensed pharmacists in the same industry.

论行政许可事项的合理设定

行政许可事项的合理设定是我国《行政许可法》和《优化营商环境条例》的要求,也有助于推进规制改革和政府职能转变。行政许可事项的合理设定以应对市场失灵,配合国家政策执行等正当现实需求为基础。设定者应以许可事项与许可规制能力范围的匹配为考量,将行政许可用于适合由其规制的事项上。行政许可事项的合理设定还应恪守必要性限度,遵循自生秩序优先、柔性工具优先等设定原则,审慎利用许可规制,以求实现更好的规制。

基于顶点与主体区域同步检测的精准车牌定位

为应对非约束环境下的车牌精定位问题,提出一种基于顶点局部区域与主体区域同步检测策略的非约束性车牌定位算法。通过删减YOLOv5网络的输出结构,训练得到可同步检测车牌及顶点区域的车牌检测网络,在兼顾精度与计算速度的前提下,实现车牌顶点和主体区域的同步定位。针对一幅图中存在多个车牌区域及顶点区域存在少量漏检和误检的情况,分别设计了车牌顶点归类和单一缺失顶点预测后处理算法,借助顶点间的空间位置关系进行漏检目标预测和误检目标排查,有效改善了因场景复杂导致的个别顶点目标检测效果差的问题。所提算法在中国城市停车场数据集(CCPD)上的测试结果显示,平均精准率达99.25%,平均召回率达98.70%。所提算法不仅能够准确预测出车牌的4个顶点坐标,而且在中端GPU硬件平台上处理速度可达121帧/s,具有较好的应用价值。

实施医师驾照式管理对医患纠纷的影响

应用SPSSAU(在线SPSS分析软件)分析某三甲综合医院实施医师驾照式管理前后,责任人为医生的685例医患纠纷数据,为各医院纠纷管理提供参考。研究发现,实施医师驾照式管理后,医患纠纷发生率、责任人为医生的纠纷占比均显著下降;各类原因(患者因素除外)引发的纠纷占比均显著下降;与医师驾照式考核内容直接相关的纠纷成因占比均显著下降;上级转办和网络途径受理的纠纷占比、调解和诉讼方式解决的纠纷占比以及赔偿纠纷占比均显著下降。由此可知,实施医师驾照式管理可有效降低医患纠纷发生,同时可促使纠纷平稳、低成本、高效解决。

执业药师培训案例库的构建及在研究生教学中的应用

目的 研究案例教学法在研究生教学中的应用。方法 通过真实性、科学性、趣味性、有效性等原则,构建执业药师培训课程案例库,并在研究生教学过程中实践两个学期,通过学生评价,学生成绩等指标评价教学改革效果。结果 案例教学法通过典型案例的学习和讨论,启发学习者分析问题,解决问题,能够有效提升教学效果,提升学习者学习兴趣,促进理论知识与实践工作的结合,帮助学生掌握知识点,提高综合素养。结论 案例教学法提升了教学效果,培养了具有较强实践能力的药学人才,具有很好的推广价值。

互联网行政许可事项设定的逻辑与进路

我国互联网行政许可事项的设定面临着法律规范层级与许可事项重要性不匹配、法律规范稳定性与互联网高速发展不相容、许可事项碎片化与互联网有效治理不和谐等多重困境。互联网行政许可事项的设定需回应“因何设定”的实质逻辑和“如何设定”的形式逻辑。在实质逻辑面向上,立法者需要区分互联网基础服务领域的许可事项和“互联网+”领域的许可事项,进行功能分析的二阶判断。在形式逻辑面向上,互联网行政许可事项存在“特有型”和“交叉型”两类方式。在“辅助性原则”和回应型法的指引下,互联网基础服务领域的许可事项和“互联网+”领域的许可事项需要分别匹配“特有型”和“交叉型”的设定方式,保证许可设定权限合法和事项重要性程度匹配,遵循“同一性原则”合理选择法条类型,以实现实体领域行政许可事项与互联网行政许可事项的体系衔接。

个人破产立法中的观念转换与制度支撑

我国当前进行个人破产立法的关键问题之一,是需要大力转换传统个人破产观中的错误文化与观念,缓解、消除各方对个人破产法尤其是债务免责制度的误解,使个人破产立法得以顺利启动。在这一过程中,我们要对传统的个人破产观作出客观、全面、正确的评价,“取其精华,去其糟粕”,既要承认其合理之处,也要指明其错误之处,并以债务免责的具体制度释明破除对个人破产法的误解与顾虑。我国将建立的个人债务免责制度,不是对所有进入破产程序的债务人不加区分地一概免责,也不是对债务人所有的债务全部免责,更不是在破产程序结束或结束后满一定期间对债务自动免责。免责要有法院的审查和裁定许可,要设定一段监督债务人行为、持续清偿债务的良好行为考察期。同时对债权人的权益通过设置对债务免责的异议权、撤销权等制度予以充分保障。

论双碳背景下的清洁能源技术强制许可

中国加入《巴黎协定》后提出力争2030年实现碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和,在双碳背景下有学者提出比照药品强制许可对清洁能源技术实施强制许可,而现有理论存在论证逻辑谬误、维度欠缺等多种问题。基于环境权的法哲学外部证立、法规范的法教义学内部证立、清洁能源专利实施情况的实证分析以及清洁能源专利与药品专利的比较分析,得出结论:清洁能源强制许可具备法律上的正当性,但不具备实施上的必要性。尽管如此,仍应当完善强制许可制度,发挥其对技术转让谈判的辅助作用,促进清洁能源技术转让,为实现碳达峰、碳中和的远景目标保驾护航。

基于深度学习的雾霾天气下的车牌号码识别方法

针对雾霾天气下车牌识别存在的精确度低、漏检等问题,提出了一种基于深度学习的雾霾天气下的车牌号码识别方法。首先用AOD-Net算法对车辆图像进行去雾预处理。然后,基于YOLOv5网络设计一种车牌检测网络ACG_YOLOv5s。ACG_YOLOv5s是在YOLOv5s网络的基础上,融入CBAM注意力机制,提高模型的抗干扰能力;引入自适应特征融合网络ASFF,根据模型自适应学习到的权重赋予网络不同特征层不同比重的权值,从而突出重要特征信息;使用Ghost卷积模块替换传统卷积,在保证模型效果的同时减少了网络训练过程中的参数量。最后通过LPRNet对检测到的车牌图像进行识别。实验结果表明,改进后的ACG_YOLOv5s网络车牌检测准确率达到99.6%,LPRNet识别准确率达96%且内存占比小。实验证明AOD-Net算法和YOLO算法结合可更加有效地检测雾霾天气下车牌图像中的车牌号码。

标准必要专利权人选择许可环节的自由

拥有标准必要专利的权利人,通常会依据标准组织的专利政策,承诺按照公平、合理和非歧视(FRAND)条件向标准实施者发放专利许可。标准实施者可能是符合该标准的产品零件或组件的供应者,也可能是更大的系统和终端产品的制造商。在收到请求后,专利权人是否有义务向任意环节的标准实施者发放专利许可,是物联网时代的重要问题。在个案中,法院要综合考虑标准组织专利政策的字面含义、标准实施者的现实需求、专利权人的管理成本、相关行业的交易习惯等因素,对专利权人在特定标准组织的专利政策下的许可义务的范围作出合理的解释。原则上,如果标准组织并未明确限定许可层级,专利权人无须承担全面许可义务,可以合理选择许可对象,此所谓专利权人“不告就无须许可”的原则。如果专利权人主动针对上游厂商维权,则会触发许可义务,即有义务向其发出许可。在专利权人独立对外许可不受影响时,作为替代选项的专利池,可以在其与专利权人之间的授权合同约定的范围内,自由选择专利许可的层级。专利权人坚持终端许可的策略,通常不会实质影响上游组件或终端产品的市场竞争,反垄断法并无直接干预的必要。上述解释思路能够避免技术标准被专利挟持,同时确保专利权人获得合理回报,符合社会的整体利益。