THE MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES USING GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

Based on the combination of Geographical information system(GIS)with the research ofToponymy,some foundational problems of the Geographical Name Information System(GINS)are discussed in this paper.The present situation of Toponymical research is anal-ysed and the necessity of introducing the GIS tools to the research of Toponymy is demon-strated.The conceptual model of the GNIS and the structure of Geographical name Database(GND)are discussed.The basic functions of the GNIS software for management and re-search of geographical name are suggested.Some issues are stated such as the applicationand potential of the combination of GIS with CAD in the management and research of To-ponymy,the combination of GNIS with other spatial information system and sharing the in-formation with each other,the research and development of GNIS, etc.

Spatial patterns of interprovincial mountain geographical names in China and implications for regional governance

Suffering from fragile environment, poor accessibility and infrastructure, as well as social,political and economic marginality, the interprovincial mountain geographical entities are difficult areas for the regional governance in China.By analyzing the spatial patterns and the influencing factors of the interprovincial mountain geographical names(IMGNs), the goal of this research is to clarify the geographical features of IMGNs and offer alternatives for the management of interprovincial mountain regions in China. The spatial visualization,the analysis of spatial agglomeration and the influencing factors of IMGNs were all implemented under a geographical information system. Results showed that there were 6869 IMGNs in China according to the database of "China's Second National Survey of Geographical Names(2014-2018)",including 4209 mountain geographical names, 1684 mountain peak geographical names and 976 the other mountain geographical names. Hunan Province had the largest number of names while Shanghai had the smallest number of names. In addition, the spatial variance of the mountain peak names and the mountain names were larger than that of the other mountain geographical names, and the IMGNs showed a significant clustering phenomenon in the southern part of China. The relative elevation and the population had an impact on the distribution of the IMGNs. The largest number of the names occurred where the relative elevation was between 1000-2000 m and where the population was between 40-50 million. Density of unnamed interprovincial mountain geographical entities declined from west to east in China. The analysis of generic names of different types of IMGNs implied that the naming of IMGNs is inconsistent. Based on these analyses, it is suggested that the government should take the IMGNs as management units, strengthen the naming of unnamed interprovincial mountain geographical entities, standardize the generic names of IMGNs and identify areas of poverty based on the survey of IMGNs.

基于GeoNames和Solr的地名数据全文检索

地名数据是一种重要的地理信息资源,目前我国的地名数据库建设多局限于国内地名,缺少国外数据。传统地名数据的检索多为关键字查询,查询效率低且无法用于复杂地名查询。文中提出一种基于开源地名数据库GeoNames和开源搜索引擎Solr的地名数据全文检索方法,通过分析GeoNames的数据类型和结构,构建MySQL地名数据库,并利用Solr建立地名索引,提供基于Web服务的地名数据全文检索。实验表明,基于Solr的地名数据全文检索能够显著提高地名数据检索效率,对于复杂地名查询,也能进行有效地检索。

Land Cover Classification with Multi-source Data Using Evidential Reasoning Approach

Land cover classification is the core of converting satellite imagery to available geographic data.However,spectral signatures do not always provide enough information in classification decisions.Thus,the application of multi-source data becomes necessary.This paper presents an evidential reasoning (ER) approach to incorporate Landsat TM imagery,altitude and slope data.Results show that multi-source data contribute to the classification accuracy achieved by the ER method,whereas play a negative role to that derived by maximum likelihood classifier (MLC).In comparison to the results derived based on TM imagery alone,the overall accuracy rate of the ER method increases by 7.66% and that of the MLC method decreases by 8.35% when all data sources (TM plus altitude and slope) are accessible.The ER method is regarded as a better approach for multi-source image classification.In addition,the method produces not only an accurate classification result,but also the uncertainty which presents the inherent difficulty in classification decisions.The uncertainty associated to the ER classification image is evaluated and proved to be useful for improved classification accuracy.

Rural Habitation Multistage Nature Boundary Extraction Based on Geographic Name Database

In order to extract the boundary of rural habitation, based on geographic name data and basic geographic information data, an extraction method that use polygon aggregation is raised, it can extract the boundary of three levels of rural habitation consists of town, administrative village and nature village. The method first extracts the boundary of nature village by aggregating the resident polygon, then extracts the boundary of administrative village by aggregating the boundary of nature village, and last extracts the boundary of town by aggregating the boundary of administrative village. The related methods of extracting the boundary of those three levels rural habitation has been given in detail during the experiment with basic geographic information data and geographic name data. Experimental results show the method can be a reference for boundary extraction of rural habitation.

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names in China

The interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities are the key areas of regional integrated management. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of the interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names(ITPGN) from three aspects: numerical features, spatial variance and spatial agglomeration. The influencing factors of the distribution of ITPGN and the implications for the regional management were further discussed. GIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of ITPGN, analyze the spatial agglomeration and the influencing factors of ITPGN. A total of 11,325 ITPGN, including 4243 water ITPGN and 7082 terrain ITPGN, were extracted from the database of "China's Second National Survey of Geographical Names(2014–2018)", and the mountain geographical names were the largest type in ITPGN. Hunan Province had the largest number of the names in China, and Shanghai had the smallest number of the names. The spatial variance of the terrain ITPGN was larger than that of the water ITPGN, and the ITPGN showed a significant agglomeration phenomenon in the southern part of China. In addition, the relative elevation and the population had an impact on the distribution of the ITPGN. The largest number of the geographical names occurred in the regions where the relative elevation was between 1000–2000 meters, and where the population was between 40–50 million. Based on the analysis, it was suggested that the government should take the ITPGN as management units, optimize management strategies based on the characteristics of different types of ITPGN, strengthen the naming of unnamed interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities and balance the interests in the controversial ITPGN. This study demonstrated that GIS and spatial analysis techniques were useful for the research of ITPGN and the results could provide targeted management suggestions to realize coordinated development in the interprovincial regions.

Atlas information systems and geographical names information systems as contributants to spatial data infrastructure

National and international programs dealing with spatial data infrastructures(SDI)made it possible to compile a uniform digital base and a universal toolkit for the integrated description of territories on global to national scales.Atlas information systems(AIS)are considered to be an integrating tool for diverse information resources(modelling,visualisation and analysis),as well as for the elaboration of various scenarios and the possible development of alternatives for such complex systems as those of nature-society-economy.As there is an increased use of digital maps at spatial data infrastructures all aspects related to geographical names are of particular importance in this application of AIS to SDI.It is important to realise a toponymic project,dealing with place-names and their variants depending on the language and time period when a specific place-name was used.The layer of geographical names is considered to be one of the three most important data components of AIS.

山东方言中表示地貌特征和地名通名的几个字

在山东等地方言中,“埠”“垓”“湖”“泊”等字,除了其本义或常用义之外,还可以表示不同的地理地貌特征,并用于地名通名。在鲁东、鲁南方言中,“埠”字主要表示高岗或土丘,并用于当地的村镇名。在鲁西南、鲁西方言中,“垓”可以表示村寨堤围或寨墙,并广泛用于村寨名。在鲁南和鲁东南地区,“湖”可以用来表示平原、田野或田地,亦用于地名。在胶东地区方言中,“泊”同样表示平原、田地的意思,也用于当地的村镇名。在这类常见字中,表示地貌特征、用于地名通名的意义及用法,是大中型语文辞书编写工作中的一个盲点,应引起足够重视。

深化地名调查成果的应用探讨

地名具有独特的文化内涵,是历史文化传承的一种形式,也是人类对空间认知的方式之一。因此,采用地名对人们所关注的事件的发生过程进行描述更易为大众理解。在研究地名数据库应用需求的基础上,文章分析了已有地名普查数据库成果,提出了完善地名数据库的内容和方案,说明了地名数据库服务方案并进行了应用举例,最终探讨了深化地名数据开发利用的相关技术方案与地名数据服务的可行路径。

文化生态视野中的浙江地名文化保护策略研究

地名凝聚着人们对地方的共同记忆和对地方的亲切体验,具有一种潜在的文化能量。文化生态学强调文化系统的整体性,地名文化是文化生态中一个重要的因子,对生态文化整体建设来说发挥着应有的独特作用。浙江省拥有丰富的地名文化资源,在经济快速发展和城市化进程中,出现了地名文化意识缺失,地名西化和不规范等现象。从文化生态学的视野出发,指出地名文化的意义、重要性和保护的必要性,揭示浙江省地名文化中存在的问题,提出应加强文化生态学观念,加强对地名文化保护的研究,健全地名文化保护制度和保障机制,利用有效载体展开立体式、互动式传播与交流,促进浙江省地名文化的生态化建设。

城市地名文化地图表达设计

针对当前城市地名文化地图设计与研究的不足,本文以地图与地名文化的创新性融合表达为研究目标,以《寻迹汉阳地名之美——汉阳区划地名文化手绘图》的设计与实现为案例,将确定文化主题、提炼城市地名文化、文化信息图形化等融入传统制图的技术框架,构建了手绘地图与传统地图编制相结合的文化地图编绘工艺,从确定主题内容、地图表达设计、地图装帧三个方面详细阐述城市地名文化地图编绘的具体步骤,以期为城市地名文化地图的设计提供参考。

论吴淑茂祖传《更路簿》地名英译策略

选取吴淑茂祖传《更路簿》记录的14个南海岛礁名称作为研究对象,以地名翻译“音从主人”和“目标语倾向”原则为指导,研究“吴簿”地名英译策略。《更路簿》地名英译须兼顾标准名称和习用名称翻译,采用标准名称“汉语拼音拼写+英语音标标注”、习用名称“海南方音转写+英语音标标注”的翻译策略。“音从主人”有助于彰显我国对所涉岛礁享有的主权,“目标语倾向”有利于创造易于目标语读者诵读和记忆的译名,增强翻译效果。这有利于传播《更路簿》地名文化,在译入语中注入汉语拼音和海南方音元素。

多维特征学习与模型融合的地理命名实体识别

地理命名实体识别是地理信息抽取的核心任务,而地理信息抽取支撑着地理信息系统的构建。但目前的地理命名实体识别研究面临两大核心挑战:一是地理领域文本的标注数据稀缺,导致传统依赖大量标注数据的通用模型难以全面捕捉并识别地理文本中所有潜在的命名实体;二是地理数据的标签密度较为稀疏,模型在区分不同地理命名实体时往往无法区分其边界,进而无法精准定位。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种面向地理领域文本特征的命名实体识别算法AM_NER。首先,利用Albert进行词向量训练,该模型是面向小样本的轻量级预训练模型,能够更为全面地学习地理领域的语义信息;然后,设计了名为M_NER的神经元结构,该神经元基于模型融合思想,利用多个模型从不同维度对语义特征进行学习,进而准确识别出命名实体的边界。相较于此前的研究,AM_NER在地理领域数据集中的各项指标提升了2.05%~2.67%。

基于XLNet的多数据源中文地名匹配方法

地址作为社会发展中重要的基础性数据资源,已成为城市地理空间数据化建设的重要组成部分。地名匹配旨在比较表示相同真实世界位置的配对字符串。当前地名匹配方法依赖于字符串相似性独立或多种混合相似性度量方法,这些方法无法有效地捕捉长句子上下文信息,不能充分理解地址含义。因此,提出一种基于XLNet算法的地名匹配方法,利用深度神经网络将一对地名分类为匹配或不匹配。该方法利用长程记忆并使用双信息流注意力掩码对事件序列进行重构,以利用其双向信息建立表征。实验结果表明,该方法可解决长地址匹配问题,模型能较好地理解上下文语义信息,优于先前研究的单个相似度量及基于监督机器学习的方法。

徐州市镇名的文化地理特征及其形成机理

地名是重要的精神文化景观,承载着丰富的地理、历史等文化信息.利用数理统计和文本分析法,基于文化生态学等理论,探究徐州市镇名的文化地理特征及其形成机理.研究表明,徐州市镇名主要由姓氏、地形地貌、军事等10种类型构成,具有印证徐州人民强烈的宗族观念、描绘山环水绕的自然格局、彰显多元文化与卓荦为杰、揭示过往经济贸易状况、体现人口迁移历史路径、寄托人民美好祈愿的文化地理特征.徐州市镇名文化地理特征是多因素综合作用的结果:宗族血缘与地缘情结是民族传统基础,自然环境及其变迁是地理基础,命运多舛的人文历史是社会塑造力量,多元文化的荟萃层累是重要创生力量,社会背景与意识形态是文化政治力量.

汉语和俄语历史人物地名对比研究

语言是地名起源的先决条件,地名作为区别个体地物的语言符号,承载着丰富的文化内涵。汉语和俄语地名的命名受到中国和俄罗斯的地理环境、历史文化、社会背景的影响,具有一定的特点和规律。汉语历史人物地名同中国历史上的著名人物、事件、文化传统密切相关,记录了历史人物的生平事迹,传承了中华优秀传统文化,具有纪念意义,是民族文化的组成部分。俄语历史人物地名往往与俄罗斯历史上的民族英雄和文化名人相关联,反映了俄罗斯的历史记忆和文化认同。汉语历史人物地名注重人物与事件的文化内涵,俄语历史人物地名倾向于直接描述历史事件和人物。对汉语和俄语历史人物地名的研究,不仅需要深入了解中国和俄罗斯相关历史人物的生平事迹、地名来源和演变等方面的知识,而且需要运用语言学的理论和方法来分析地名蕴含的语音、语义、语用信息。以汉语和俄语历史人物地名为语料,通过对比汉语和俄语历史人物地名的演变过程、命名类型、历史背景信息,分析语言特征,总结中国和俄罗斯不同时期的民族情感和文化心理的异同。

多源地名实体融合算法研究

智慧城市的发展使人们对地名数据库的要求越来越高,但用户从网络爬取的地名数据往往存在数据质量不高、数据格式不一致、空间基准不一致、数据冗余等问题。通过对多源数据的获取与数据的预处理、多源数据的匹配等方面进行研究,丰富了地名数据的数量和质量,提高了地名数据的现势性,提高了地名数据库的更新效率,丰富了地名数据匹配融合的相关研究理论。

基于音形码的地名地址数据相似度计算与去重方法

重复数据的处理是地名地址数据治理时一项重要的任务。本文针对广东省地名地址数据库存在的重复数据的问题,提出了一种基于音形码汉字相似度的计算方法,介绍了基于音形码地名地址去重的原理、流程和方法,并结合相关原理开发地名地址数据去重软件。以荔湾区地名地址数据为实验数据,通过软件计算荔湾区地名地址数据库中数据的相似度,结合去重规则和距离的差异进行数据判断,解决地名地址数据库重复的问题,保证数据库的准确性。实验结果表明,该软件对重复数据的匹配程度较高,地名地址数据重复的问题可以通过音形码和距离双驱动方法得到有效解决,为其他区域地名地址数据治理提供可靠的解决方案。

地名学视角下贵州布依族地区十二生肖地名研究

贵州保存了大量的十二生肖地名,这一地名形式是在明代中央政府的经济与军事政策助推下,由汉族移民的“赶集”习俗与彝族的文化传统相融合的结果,后发展为固定场所和地区的名称。贵州是布依族人口分布最密集的地区,十二生肖地名也是贵州布依族地区的特色地名形式,汉语“十二生肖字”对应于布依语的“十二地支名”,“生肖字”“地支名”投射出民族图腾崇拜的文化历史,展现出多元民族对原始生命起源的想象与探索,更反映出独特的民族心理。从地名学视域出发,聚焦贵州布依族地区的生肖地名,在语言学层面展开分析,有助于揭示贵州布依族地区特色地名的结构语义、地区地貌、文化习俗、传统观念、民族特色、军事历史,同时为多民族文化和谐共生以及布依族文化如何传承,提供持续性的探索路径。

“天地图·南昌”数据融合处理研究

为了满足天地图·南昌数据现势性和准确性的需求,提出了天地图·南昌数据融合解决方案。本文在现有资料的基础上,探讨了天地图·南昌数据融合的技术路线,开展了天地图·南昌市级节点数据与省级节点数据、国家导航数据的融合工作,实现了矢量、影像以及地名地址三大类数据的融合更新,从而为政府、企事业单位及社会公众提供更加准确、权威、时效性好的地理信息服务,不断深化和拓展天地图相关应用。