Manufacturing Process Selection of “Green” Oil Palm Natural Fiber Reinforced Polyurethane Composites Using Hybrid TEA Criteria Requirement and AHP Method for Automotive Crash Box

In this study,the best manufacturing process will be selected to build an automotive crash box using green oil palm natural fibre-reinforced polyurethane composite materials.This paper introduces an approach consist of technical aspects(T),the economic point of view(E)and availability(A),and it’s also called as TEA requirement.This approach was developed with the goal of assisting the design engineer in the selection of the best manufacturing process during the design phase at the criteria selection stage.In this study,the TEA requirement will integrate with the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)to assist decision makers or manufacturing engineers in determining the most appropriate manufacturing process to be employed in the manufacture of a composite automotive crash box(ACB)at the early stage of the product development process.It is obvious that a major challenge in the manufacturing selection process is lack of information regarding manufacturing of ACB using natural fibre composite(NFC).There have been no previous studies that examined ranking manufacturability processes in terms of their suitability.Therefore,the TEA-AHP hybrid method was introduced to provide unprejudiced criteria-ranking selection prior to evaluation of pairwise comparisons.At the end of this study,the pulforming process was selected as the best manufacturing process for fabrication of the ACB structural component.

Analysis of free vibration characteristic of steel-concrete composite box-girder considering shear lag and slip

Based on Hamilton principle,the governing differential equations and the corresponding boundary conditions of steel-concrete composite box girder with consideration of the shear lag effect meeting self equilibrated stress,shear deformation,slip,as well as rotational inertia were induced.Therefore,natural frequency equations were obtained for the boundary types,such as simple support,cantilever,continuous girder and fixed support at two ends.The ANSYS finite element solutions were compared with the analytical solutions by calculation examples and the validity of the proposed approach was verified,which also shows the correctness of longitudinal warping displacement functions.Some meaningful conclusions for engineering design were obtained.The decrease extent of each order natural frequency of the steel-concrete composite box-girder is great under action of the shear lag effect.The shear-lag effect of steel-concrete composite box girder increases when frequency order rises,and increases while span-width ratio decreases.The proposed approach provides theoretical basis for further research of free vibration characteristics of steel-concrete composite box-girder.

Closed-form solution for shear lag effects of steel-concrete composite box beams considering shear deformation and slip

Based on the consideration of longitudinal warp caused by shear lag effects on concrete slabs and bottom plates of steel beams,shear deformation of steel beams and interface slip between steel beams and concrete slabs,the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of the steel-concrete composite box beams under lateral loading were derived using energy-variational method.The closed-form solutions for stress,deflection and slip of box beams under lateral loading were obtained,and the comparison of the analytical results and the experimental results for steel-concrete composite box beams under concentrated loading or uniform loading verifies the closed-form solution.The investigation of the parameters of load effects on composite box beams shows that:1) Slip stiffness has considerable impact on mid-span deflection and end slip when it is comparatively small;the mid-span deflection and end slip decrease significantly with the increase of slip stiffness,but when the slip stiffness reaches a certain value,its impact on mid-span deflection and end slip decreases to be negligible.2) The shear deformation has certain influence on mid-span deflection,and the larger the load is,the greater the influence is.3) The impact of shear deformation on end slip can be neglected.4) The strain of bottom plate of steel beam decreases with the increase of slip stiffness,while the shear lag effect becomes more significant.

Shear deformable finite beam elements for composite box beams

The shear deformable thin-walled composite beams with closed cross-sections have been developed for coupled flexural, torsional, and buckling analyses. A theoretical model applicable to the thin-walled laminated composite box beams is presented by taking into account all the structural couplings coming from the material anisotropy and the shear deformation effects. The current composite beam includes the transverse shear and the restrained warping induced shear deformation by using the first-order shear deformation beam theory. Seven governing equations are derived for the coupled axial-flexural-torsional-shearing buckling based on the principle of minimum total potential energy. Based on the present analytical model, three different types of finite composite beam elements, namely, linear, quadratic and cubic elements are developed to analyze the flexural, torsional, and buckling problems. In order to demonstrate the accuracy and superiority of the beam theory and the finite beam elements developed by this study,numerical solutions are presented and compared with the results obtained by other researchers and the detailed threedimensional analysis results using the shell elements of ABAQUS. Especially, the influences of the modulus ratio and the simplified assumptions in stress–strain relations on the deflection, twisting angle, and critical buckling loads of composite box beams are investigated.

A new 3-D element formulation on displacement of steel-concrete composite box beam

Slip of a composite box beam may reduce its stiffness, enlarge its deformation and affect its performance. In this work, the governing differential equations and boundary conditions of composite box beams were established. Analytic solutions of combined differential equations were also established. Partial degree of freedom was adopted to establish a new FEA element of three-dimensional beam, taking into account the slip effect. Slip and its first-order derivative were introduced into the nodes of composite box beams as generalized degree of freedom. Stiffness matrix and load array of beam elements were established. A three-dimensional nonlinear calculation program was worked out. The results show that the element is reliable and easy to divide and is suitable for special nonlinear analysis of large-span composite box beams.

A low-power Rijndael S-Box based on pass transmission gate and composite field arithmetic

Using composite field arithmetic in Galois field can result in the compact Rijndael S-Box. However, the power con- sumption of this solution is too large to be used in resource-limited embedded systems. A full-custom hardware implementation of composite field S-Box is proposed for these targeted domains in this paper. The minimization of power consumption is implemented by optimizing the architecture of the composite field S-Box and using the pass transmission gate (PTG) to realize the logic functions of S-Box. Power simulations were performed using the netlist extracted from the layout. HSPICE simulation results indicated that the proposed S-Box achieves low power consumption of about 130 μW at 10 MHz using 0.25 μm/2.5 V technology, while the consumptions of the positive polarity reed-muller (PPRM) based S-Box and composite field S-Box based on the conventional CMOS logic style are about 240 μW and 420 μW, respectively. The simulations also showed that the presented S-Box obtains better low-voltage operating property, which is clearly relevant for applications like sensor nodes, smart cards and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.

THE ANALYSIS OF THIN WALLED COMPOSITE LAMINATED HELICOPTER ROTOR WITH HIERARCHICAL WARPING FUNCTIONS AND FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

In the present paper, a series of hierarchical warping functions isdeveloped to analyze the static and dynamic problems of thin walled composite lami-nated helicopter rotors composed of several layers with single closed cell. This methodis the development and extension of the traditional constrained warping theory ofthin walled metallic beams, which had been proved very successful since 1940s. Thewarping distribution along the perimeter of each layer is expanded into a series of suc-cessively corrective warping functions with the traditional warping function causedby free torsion or free bending as the first term, and is assumed to be piecewise linearalong the thickness direction of layers. The governing equations are derived basedupon the variational principle of minimum potential energy for static analysis andRayleigh Quotient for free vibration analysis. Then the hierarchical finite elementmethod is introduced to form a numerical algorithm. Both static and natural vibra-tion problems of sample box beams are analyzed with the present method to show themain mechanical behavior of the thin walled composite laminated helicopter rotor.

简支波形腹板钢箱组合截面与传统截面箱梁桥抗震性能对比分析

为研究波形腹板钢箱-混凝土组合梁桥(CW-SBCCGB)与传统箱梁桥抗震性能的异同,基于截面等效原理,根据某实际工程CW-SBCCGB的单箱截面,等效出波形腹板混凝土箱梁桥(CW-CBGB)和混凝土箱梁桥(CBGB)的单箱截面,再结合动力分析理论和ABAQUS有限元模型对比分析3种截面简支梁桥动力特性和抗震性能的不同。结果表明:3种截面简支梁桥前五阶振型不变,CW-CBGB和CBGB前三阶频率相比于CW-SBCCGB有所下降,但相差不超过1Hz,第四阶及以后频率差异逐渐变大;剪滞效应对CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB动力特性影响较大,对CBGB影响较小;在纵桥向+竖桥向和横桥向+竖桥向地震作用下,CW-SBCCGB和CBGB的墩顶位移和跨中位移均大于CW-CBGB结构,CW-SBCCGB主梁跨中截面剪力最小,CW-CBGB跨中截面弯矩最小,说明CW-SBCCGB和CW-CBGB的抗震性能均优于CBGB的抗震性能。

部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁抗剪试验研究

目的为研究部分充填式窄幅钢箱-UHPC组合梁的抗剪性能,方法对4根倒置组合梁试件通过三点加载方式进行了静载试验,通过研究其负弯矩作用下的破坏形态及变形特征,得到了组合梁的荷载-挠度曲线、应变分布、荷载-滑移曲线、最终破坏形态等。结果试验研究结果表明:UHPC翼板显著提升了组合梁的变形能力和极限承载力;相较于试件SUCB-3(NC翼板),试件SUCB-1(1/2UHPC翼板和SUCB-4(全UHPC翼板))的承载力分别提高了18.2%和27.3%,变形能力则分别增强了38.02%和41.2%;钢纤维的添加能有效地抑制翼板裂缝的开展,钢纤维掺量从0提高到2%,试件的最大裂缝宽度从1.06 mm降低到0.92 mm,变形能力增强了23.61%,承载力则提高了4%。结论提出了考虑钢箱、UHPC翼板和充填混凝土贡献的组合梁抗剪承载力计算公式。

大跨环形矮塔斜拉桥主塔力学性能分析

以大跨度环形矮塔斜拉桥的主塔为研究对象,借助大型有限元程序midas进行了静力及地震动时程分析,通过提取杆系模型中的最不利内力,对索塔锚固区及下塔柱钢混结合段空间应力进行分析。结果表明:1)钢塔在静力及地震工况下强度及稳定均满足要求;2)索塔锚固区及钢混结合段应力状态良好、构造细节处理较为合理。

单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合梁剪应力分析

为了研究单箱双室变截面波形钢腹板组合箱梁(CBBCSW)的剪应力分布规律,分析了单箱双室变截面CBBCSW的顶底板与波形钢腹板(CSW)的承剪问题。基于微元体平衡和切应力互等定理推导了变截面CSW的剪应力计算公式,并与等截面CSW剪应力计算公式进行了对比。对各项剪应力的性质展开了研究,针对变截面CBBCSW的顶底板和参与承剪机理进行了分析,提出了底板承剪比例计算公式。以室内模型试验梁和一座单箱双室变截面CBBCSW为例,采用ANSYS有限元软件分别建立了试验梁与实桥的有限元模型,研究了不同约束体系下,剪应力在CSW上的分布以及顶底板与CSW参与承剪的规律。对比不同荷载情况下,有限元计算结果与理论公式计算结果的差异,分析不同荷载工况对顶底板与CSW参与承剪的影响。此外,分析了横隔板对单箱多室CBBCSW剪力分配的影响。研究结果表明:所提公式的理论结果与试验实测结果和有限元结果吻合较好,且底板参与承剪的比例不可忽视;变截面引起的“附加剪应力”是影响剪力传递的直接原因,弯矩的大小会直接影响底板参与承剪的比例;对称荷载下中腹板与边腹板的剪力分布几乎相同,而横隔板会改变CSW上剪力分配,靠近横隔板处的部位剪应力分布更均匀。研究结果可以为实际工程中变截面CSW的剪应力和承剪比的分析提供参考依据。

超宽组合梁剪力滞效应分析

超宽组合梁宽高比很大,在弯矩作用下超宽组合梁的力学特性与普通梁较为不同,目前相关技术规范尚缺乏关于超宽梁有效宽度的系统化公式。为了深入分析在弯矩作用下超宽组合梁剪力滞效应引起的正应力分布不均的特征,以深汕大桥为工程背景,利用ABAQUS有限元软件建立跨中15道中横梁梁段52.5m空间壳单元有限元简支梁体系模型和采用Midas civil建立空间杆系单元全桥模型,分析在自重、车道荷载、人群荷载和吊杆杆力作用下跨中截面顶、底板和1/4跨截面顶板的正应力和剪力滞系数的分布规律。分析结果表明,超宽组合梁在荷载作用下,结构受力存在明显的剪力滞效应,目前相关技术规范关于翼缘有效宽度计算公式的安全系数比实际高1.21~1.63倍。

Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken试验设计优化超声波-酶法提取青钱柳多糖工艺及结构初探

为了开发利用青钱柳多糖(CPP)资源,本文探究了超声波结合复合酶处理提取CPP的工艺条件并对其结构进行了初步分析。首先通过单因素实验获得各因素的最佳范围,利用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选影响CPP得率的关键因素,再采用Box-Behnken设计对提取工艺进行优化。最后,采用紫外、红外光谱以及气相色谱对CPP结构进行初步分析。结果表明,关键因素为酶解pH、复合酶添加量、酶解时间和超声功率。最佳工艺参数为酶解pH值6.11,复合酶添加量4.81%,酶解时间1.685 h,超声功率96.9 W,料液比1∶20,超声时间30min,CPP得率为7.18%。CPP具有多糖典型的羟基和醛基结构,且单糖组成为鼠李糖∶阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶葡萄糖∶半乳糖=1.00∶7.03∶2.06∶2.11∶5.25∶12.06。

复合材料气密包装箱设计及试验验证

目的 为适应产品集装化大批量输送、环境适应性强、快速保障的需要,研究轻质高强复合材料气密包装箱设计方案。方法 首先进行包装箱设计需求分析,明晰包装箱设计要点。其次,分别从性能、结构、工艺三方面开展设计。基于复合材料设计特点,采用系统最优的设计思路进行增强材料、基体材料和芯材料的设计及选型,提出箱体设计方法。针对内装物长期存储问题,提出气密包装箱关键密封结构设计方法。基于低导热系数聚氨酯保温材料,进行包装箱保温结构设计,满足包装箱在恶劣自然环境下的保温要求。结合包装箱低成本设计要求,提出包装箱真空导流工艺技术路线。结果 包装箱承压能力可以达到20 kPa以上,可适应高温55℃、低温-50℃的使用环境,充气后72 h压降不大于10%,同时可以满足堆码、吊装及叉装工作要求。结论 该复合材料包装箱可以适应产品快速、高效保障的需求,有广阔的市场前景和推广价值。

新型波形钢腹板组合箱梁畸变效应

为研究新型波形钢腹板(CSW)组合箱梁的畸变效应,以板梁框架法和位移法为基础,建立单箱多室新型CSW组合箱梁的畸变控制微分方程和边界条件,得到畸变正应力解析解,并采用有限元法检验推导结果的正确性。应用推导结果对比分析新型CSW组合箱梁与传统CSW组合箱梁的畸变性能,以及截面高度、箱室宽度和钢底板厚度对新型CSW组合箱梁畸变效应的影响。结果表明:解析解计算得到的畸变正应力与有限元模型计算的结果吻合较好,畸变角的变化规律与有限元模型计算结果一致;与传统CSW组合箱梁相比,新型CSW组合箱梁的畸变翘曲刚度减小了38.89%,畸变框架刚度减小了71.84%,抗畸变能力减弱;随着截面高度和箱室宽度增加,新型CSW组合箱梁跨中畸变角和跨中畸变双力矩均逐渐增大,且箱室宽度的影响更为明显;随着钢底板厚度增加,新型CSW组合箱梁跨中畸变角逐渐减小,跨中畸变双力矩逐渐增大。

公铁混合布置大跨度斜拉桥主梁断面形式研究--以赣江公铁大桥西支主桥设计为例

以赣江公铁两用大桥西支主桥设计为例,研究一种适应上层8车道公路、下层对称双线铁路+4车道公路混合布置的主梁断面形式。提出带挑臂双索面箱桁组合断面、带挑臂单索面箱桁组合断面、矩形箱桁组合断面、矩形钢桁梁断面4种主梁断面方案,采用有限元软件分析各方案静动力性能及受力特点,综合考虑方案构造特点、技术指标、工程数量、公铁运营安全、景观效果等,确定该桥选用带挑臂双索面箱桁组合断面。该桥斜拉索最大索力16000 kN,锚固在下层钢箱梁两侧,通过有限元实体分析对锚拉板和钢锚箱式两种索梁锚固形式进行比选研究,钢锚箱形式受力合理、应力水平低、经济性好,设计采用钢锚箱形式。带挑臂双索面箱桁组合断面桥面空间布置合理、下层公铁行车干扰小、梁端竖向变形最小、经济性好,是一种适应公铁混合布置大跨度斜拉桥主梁断面形式。

实现AES算法中S-BOX和INV-S-BOX的高效方法

介绍了AES中的S-BOX和INV-S-BOX的算法原理,分析目前广泛使用的实现S-BOX和INV-S-BOX的三种方法:直接查表法,扩展欧几里德算法和基于复合域GF((22)2)2)的算法。对直接查表法和基于复合域GF((22)2)2)的算法进行改进,提出了两种改进电路结构。通过综合仿真,给出了按照上述方法实现的硬件电路的面积和关键路径上的时间延迟。结果表明,提出的两种新实现方法与传统实现方法相比,电路面积分别有28%和22%的优化。

Box-Behnken中心组合设计优化酶法提取马齿苋多糖的工艺

采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计,以果胶酶添加量、酶解温度、料液比为自变量,以多糖得率和羟基自由基(·OH)清除率为因变量,利用响应面法优化果胶酶酶解提取马齿苋多糖的工艺。结果表明,料液比1∶37(g/ml)、果胶酶添加量10.67 g/kg、酶解温度36.4℃、pH值5.0、酶解时间80 min条件下,马齿苋多糖得率预测值与测定值的相对标准偏差为2.29%,模型拟合度较高。体外抗氧化试验结果表明,马齿苋多糖具有较好的抗氧化性。因此,采用响应面法优化酶法提取马齿苋多糖工艺条件是可行的。

大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能试验研究

为了解大跨长挑臂钢箱组合梁桥抗风性能及选取合适的声屏障形式,以挑臂长7.5 m的钢箱组合梁桥——临猗黄河大桥为背景,基于有限元计算的施工及成桥阶段桥梁动力特性指标,制作1个缩尺比1∶50的最大悬臂施工状态钢箱梁、2个缩尺比1∶60的成桥状态不同声屏障设置形式(直线形、折线形,高度均为2.5 m)钢箱组合梁节段模型进行风洞试验,分析施工和成桥状态主梁断面的涡振、颤振和驰振性能。结果表明:施工状态的钢箱梁抗风稳定性良好,涡振、颤振和驰振性能均满足设计要求;常遇风攻角为0°、±3°时,成桥状态下,设置2.5 m高折线形声屏障可有效抑制主梁涡振响应,且颤振与驰振稳定性均满足规范要求;设置2.5 m高直线形声屏障的主梁发生明显的竖向涡振现象。该桥主梁最终采用2.5 m高折线形声屏障。

箱形截面钢-混凝土组合连梁的抗震性能

对一种箱形截面钢-混凝土组合连梁展开研究,通过有限元模拟和理论分析对其屈服模式、抗震性能进行了深入探索。对不同参数取值下组合连梁的屈服模式进行对比分析,基于组合连梁长度与屈服承载力的关系,给出屈服模式的判定准则,研究了不同参数对组合连梁屈服模式的影响规律。结果表明:减小截面高度、钢腹板高厚比、钢材屈服强度、混凝土强度,增大剪跨比、钢翼缘宽厚比、截面高宽比等措施均使耗能梁段更容易弯曲屈服。轴向受压时,弯曲屈服型构件的延性普遍优于剪切屈服型构件;轴向受拉时,剪切屈服型构件的延性优于弯曲屈服型构件。剪切屈服型构件的弹性段刚度、屈服荷载、极限荷载以及能量耗散系数普遍大于弯曲屈服型构件。