Characteristics of Microbial Aerosol Pollution in Pig Houses

[ Objective] To explore the characteristics of microbial aerosol pollution in different pig houses and provide theoretical foundation for risk assessment of microbial aerosols on human and animal health. [Method] Gestation house, nursery house and fattening house in suburb of Beijing were chosen as research objects, and the concentration, size distribution and composition characteristics of the airborne microorganisms were determined. [ Result] The concentrations of airborne microorganisms were completely different in different houses under the influences of ventilation, methods of cleaning manure and pig populations. The highest concentration of airborne microrganisms was the nursery house. The particles with diameter size of 0.65 -2.10 μm carried 26% -27% heterotrophic bacteria and 39% -43% fungi. They could reach alveolus of humans and animals and thus made infectious threat to health of humans and animals. The dominant heterotrophic bacteria genera were composed of Bacil/us and Pseudomonas; and the dominant fungi were Penicillium and Muco. [ Conclusion] Concentrations of airborne microorganisms are completely different in different houses. However. there is no sianificant difference between the microbial composition and tyee of oia houses.

Study on Multi-variables Decoupled Fuzzy Controller for Confined Pig House in Northern China

In winter, the confined pig house of northern China is severe. The environment variables are nonlinear, time-varying and coupled, which seriously affect the health of pigs and the qualities of the meat. In order to solve the problem multi-variables coupling, a multi-variables decoupled fuzzy logic control method was proposed. Two fuzzy logic controllers were designed based on fuzzy logic theory. The fans, heaters and humidifiers were used to control temperature, humidity and ammonia. The reductions of temperature and humidity caused by ventilating were compensated by heaters and humidifiers respectively which realized the multivariables decoupling. The proposed methods were validated through theoretical, experimental and simulation analysis. The results suggested that the methods were able to regulate the confined pig house environment effectively. In addition, comparing to the manual regulation, the proposed methods could reduce 19% power consumption as well.

Design of Environmental Monitoring and Control System for Large-scale Pig House with Fermentation Bed

The design and assembly of environmental monitoring and control system for large-scale pig house with fermentation bed helped to solve the problem of environmental automatic control in piggery.The sensors would monitor the temperature,humidity,light,wind direction,wind speed,CO2,NH3and other parameters.On-line real-time data collection was achieved.The expert system was constructed to control the temperature in piggery below 30℃,to control the air and mattress humidities higher than 65%.Under the conditions of different season or different wind speed,even in day and night,the control actuators were different.The actuators included fanning wet curtain,lighting,micro spraying,spraying,propeller fan,electric aluminum alloy shutter and spraying systems on the roof.The actuators were integrated,and they control the piggery environment simultaneously.The system also designed the remote video monitor interface,parameter-monitoring curved interface and operation interface,which provided a good man-machine interface.

基于PigsTrack跟踪器的群养生猪多目标跟踪

基于视频的生猪行为跟踪和识别对于实现精细化养殖具有重要价值。为了应对群养生猪多目标跟踪任务中由猪只外观相似、遮挡交互等因素带来的挑战,研究提出了基于PigsTrack跟踪器的群养生猪多目标跟踪方法。PigsTrack跟踪器利用高性能YOLOX网络降低目标误检与漏检率,采用Transformer模型获取具有良好区分特性的目标外观特征;基于OC-SORT(observation-centric sort)的思想,通过集成特征匹配、IoU匹配和遮挡恢复匹配策略实现群养生猪的准确跟踪。基于PBVD(pigs behaviours video dataset)数据集的试验结果表明,PigsTrack跟踪器的HOTA(higher order tracking accuracy),MOTA(multiple object tracking accuracy)和IDF1得分(identification F1 score)分别为85.66%、98.59%和99.57%,相较于现有算法的最高精度,分别提高了3.71、0.03和2.05个百分点,证明了PigsTrack跟踪器在解决外观相似和遮挡交互引起的跟踪过程中身份跳变问题方面的有效性。随后,利用Slowfast网络对PigsTrack跟踪器的跟踪结果进行了典型行为统计,结果显示PigsTrack在群养生猪个体行为统计方面更准确。此外,通过在ABVD(aggressive-behavior video)数据集上的试验,PigsTrack跟踪器的HOTA、MOTA和IDF1得分分别为69.14%、94.82%和90.11%,相对于现有算法的最高精度,提高了5.33、0.57和8.60个百分点,验证了PigsTrack跟踪器在群养生猪跟踪任务中的有效性。总而言之,PigsTrack跟踪器能够有效应对外观相似和遮挡交互等挑战,实现了准确的生猪多目标跟踪,并在行为统计方面展现出更高的准确性,为生猪养殖领域的研究和实际应用提供了有价值的指导。

生猪生长环境舒适度实时监测系统设计与实现

为了提高猪舍环境舒适度评价的准确性,克服猪舍多环境因子相互耦合,避免采用单一环境因子评价猪舍内环境质量状况不准确问题。本研究根据猪舍环境养殖标准,构建了猪舍舒适度评价指标体系和权重,建立了温度、湿度、风速、CO_(2)、NH_(3)和H_(2)S各环境因子的隶属度函数,提出了基于层次分析-模糊理论的猪舍多环境因子综合评价方法,搭建了生猪生长环境舒适度实时监测系统。以育肥猪舍环境监测的24组数据为例对本文提出的猪舍舒适度模糊综合评价方法进行验证。结果表明,该系统建立的猪舍多环境因子舒适度模糊综合评价方法能准确反映猪舍空气质量状况,可为猪舍环境精准调控提供科学决策依据,具有一定的应用价值。

严寒地区混合垂直通风猪舍环境质量评价

为探究垂直通风系统(屋顶与粪坑混合排风)在寒区猪舍中的适应性,该研究在秋冬季节对内蒙古某规模化猪舍的热湿与空气质量环境进行了实时连续监测,并根据测试结果对猪舍环境质量进行评价。结果表明:1)测试期间,舍内平均温度、相对湿度以及氨气(NH_(3))、二氧化碳(CO_(2))、总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate, TSP)浓度分别为22.7℃、59.6%、6.5 mg/m^(3)、2 200 mg/m^(3)、2 915μg/m^(3),舍内通风量为0.34~0.39 m^(3)/(h·kg),各环境指标基本满足生产环境阈值要求;保育期间舍内有效环境温度范围为27.1~30.7℃,存在轻度热应激情况,占总监测时间的12.9%;2)舍内温度、相对湿度与NH_(3)、CO_(2)、TSP浓度空间分布不均匀系数分别为0.01、0.15、0.45、0.03、0.15,各环境参数空间分布均较为均匀;3)试验单元(U1、U3)猪的平均日增质量、料重比与死淘率分别842和818 g/d、2.68和2.79、1.68%和1.31%,生产性能良好。综上,不设吊顶的侧墙进风,屋顶与粪坑混合排风的垂直通风系统,总体上能够满足严寒地区猪舍秋冬季热湿环境与空气质量调节需求,保证良好的生产性能。

漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内猪舍空气环境的监测

[目的]研究漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内猪舍空气环境,为猪健康生长和生产提供参考。[方法]选取1栋分娩猪舍,测定粪水贮存周期(21 d)内猪舍的空气环境指标。沿猪舍对角线方向均匀选5个测定点,粪水贮存周期内每3 d测1次,每次分别在6:00、11:00、13:00、18:00测定。[结果]猪舍粪水贮存周期内平均温度(26.08±1.45)℃,相对湿度(93.44±3.96)%,氨气质量浓度为(3.58±1.62)mg/m^(3),二氧化碳质量浓度为(1760.63±284.98)mg/m^(3)。第18天的温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳浓度最高,各指标基本与其他测定时间差异显著;第21天氨气浓度最高,与第3天、第6天差异显著;[结论]漏缝地板下粪水贮存周期内,温度略高,相对湿度过高,氨气浓度持续上升但未超过标准,二氧化碳浓度较高,应增加通风设备,改善猪舍空气环境。

屋顶光伏—土壤源热泵系统在不同气候区分娩猪舍的应用

可再生能源逐步替代常规能源,是规模化猪场未来的趋势。为了探索土壤源热泵系统(ground-coupled heat pump systems,GCHPs)和附加光伏屋顶(building attached photovoltaic, BAPV)系统在规模化猪场的应用,该研究提出一种屋顶光伏—土壤源热泵系统(building attached photovoltaic-ground-coupled heat pump systems,BAPV-GCHPs)保障某分娩猪舍的冷/热需求,并选择绥化、青岛和重庆分别作为严寒、寒冷和夏热冬冷地区3类典型气候区代表城市,对比了该系统在3类气候区的运行特性,分析了BAPV系统对GCHPs运行性能及综合效益的影响。研究结果表明,3个地区BAPV发电量由大到小依次为:青岛、绥化、重庆;GCHPs耗电量由大到小依次为:绥化、青岛、重庆;绥化、青岛、重庆3个地区的年太阳能分数分别为0.62、0.71、0.53;BAPV系统的加入明显提高了GCHPs的性能系数、一次能源利用率和CO_(2)减排量;3个地区BAPV-GCHPs相对于GCHPs年性能系数分别提高了64.2%、97.6%和39.6%;一次能源利用率分别提升了1.6倍、2.4倍和1.1倍。与GCHPs相比,BAPV-GCHPs可分别减少5.82、6.45和2.17 t CO_(2)排放量。研究结果为该系统在中国不同气候区分娩猪舍的推广应用提供了一定参考。

基于物联网的猪舍环境监测系统

为了实时掌握猪只生长环境的情况,满足猪舍环境的监测需求,同时降低系统的成本,设计了一款基于物联网的猪舍环境实时监测系统。系统选用STM32F103C8T6单片机作为主控器,应用空气温度、空气湿度、光照强度、CO_(2)浓度、NH_(3)浓度等传感器对猪舍环境进行实时检测,并根据检测结果对异常情况进行报警或控制。系统选用ESP8266 Wi-Fi模块通过MQTT协议连接OneNET物联网平台,实现数据的远程传输,便于数据的可视化显示和管理。研究中根据物联网架构模式搭建了系统,对系统所需硬件进行了分析,经核算总计成本在150元左右,并对网络、功耗和数据准确性进行了测试,结果表明系统总体稳定可靠。该系统集多传感器于一体,可以同时监测多种环境因子,且成本低、简捷易用,能够为猪只提供较好的生长环境,能够帮助养殖人员进行科学化管理,从而提高产能和收益。

基于注意力机制与自适应特征融合的群养猪身份识别

针对群养猪攻击过程中身体形变和重叠影响猪身份识别精度的问题,开发一种基于注意力机制和自适应特征融合的深度学习方法以提高猪身份识别精度。录制猪栏中8只猪每天8小时共3天的视频,并筛选含攻击的16830帧作为数据集。首先,采用ResNet50提取猪的卷积神经网络(CNN)特征;然后,采用特征金字塔网络(FPN)在ResNet50中选择3层不同尺度的特征,以优化这些特征的定位和语义信息;接着,采用自注意力机制提高这些特征的区分度,并采用自适应空间特征融合(ASFF)以融合不同尺度的特征;最后,利用卷积和Sigmoid函数相结合的检测器对猪身份进行识别。使用该方法后,猪身份识别的均值平均精度(mAP)达到95.59%,速度达到37.6 f/s。结果表明,该方法能够在攻击场景下有效识别猪身份,有助于将攻击识别从群体级细化为个体级。

移动式智能猪舍的研发及应用

生猪养殖业由传统的小规模分散养殖模式向规模化养殖模式转变,带来更大的环保压力和占用耕地等问题,也无法满足居民的多样性消费需求。针对目前生猪养殖行业存在的诸多问题,浙江省农业机械研究院依托金华市农业重点项目,联合相关企业,研发了一套移动式智能猪舍系统并投入应用。该移动式智能猪舍由可移动箱体、智能控制系统、中控系统、智能环保系统组成,可通过自动控制模块实现猪舍微环境的实时监测,并根据猪群最佳生长环境实时调整环境参数和饲养参数,给生猪提供适宜其生长发育的舒适环境,避免由于高温高湿引起生猪的热应激性行为。既能提高生产性能、改善猪肉品质,又可减少饲料浪费和猪场环境污染。该科研成果已经在衢州牧子家庭农场有限公司和金华大堰河农牧场推广使用。

基于改进Cascade Mask R-CNN与协同注意力机制的群猪姿态识别

猪体姿态识别有助于实现猪只健康状况预警、预防猪病爆发,是当前研究热点。针对复杂场景下群猪容易相互遮挡、粘连,姿态识别困难的问题,该研究提出一种实例分割与协同注意力机制相结合的两阶段群猪姿态识别方法。首先,以Cascade Mask R-CNN作为基准网络,结合HrNetV2和FPN模块构建猪体检测与分割模型,解决猪体相互遮挡、粘连等问题,实现复杂环境下群猪图像的高精度检测与分割;在上述提取单只猪基础上,构建了基于协同注意力机制(coordinate attention,CA)的轻量级猪体姿态识别模型(CA-MobileNetV3),实现猪体姿态的精准快速识别。最后,在自标注数据集上的试验结果表明,在猪体分割与检测环节,该研究所提模型与MaskR-CNN、MSR-CNN模型相比,在AP_(0.50)、AP_(0.75)、AP_(0.50:0.95)和AP_(0.5:0.95-large)指标上最多提升了1.3、1.5、6.9和8.8个百分点,表现出最优的分割与检测性能。而在猪体姿态识别环节,所提CA-MobileNetV3模型在跪立、站立、躺卧、坐立4种姿态类上的准确率分别为96.9%、99.1%、99.5%和98.6%,其性能优于主流的MobileNetV3、ResNet50、DenseNet121和VGG16模型,由此可知,该研究模型在复杂环境下群猪姿态识别具有良好的准确性和有效性,为实现猪体姿态的精准快速识别提供方法支撑。

猪舍氨气与二氧化碳浓度变化时序预测模型优化

NH3质量浓度和CO_(2)质量浓度是猪舍环境精准控制的重要指标。由于畜禽舍气体浓度具有时变性、非线性耦合等特点,目前有害气体浓度预测模型存在预测精度低的问题。提出了基于门控制循环单元(Gated recurrent unit,GRU)、改进麻雀搜索算法(Improved sparrow search algorithm,ISSA)并融合差分整合移动平均自回归模型(Autoregressive integrated moving average model,ARIMA)的有害气体浓度时序数据预测模型ISSA-GRU-ARIMA。首先构建了GRU气体浓度时序预测模型,然后通过引入Tent混沌序列、混沌扰动和高斯变异增强ISSA算法的局部寻优能力,实现GRU模型超参数优化;然后利用统计学习ARIMA方法提取优化后的ISSA-GRU模型预测残差的线性特征,最终达到提升模型预测精度的目的。以采集的52 d猪舍环境的1248组数据对模型进行训练和测试。结果表明,ISSA-GRU-ARIMA模型NH3质量浓度预测的均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)和决定系数R2分别为0.263 mg/m^(3)、8.171%和0.928,CO_(2)质量浓度预测的分别为55.361 mg/m^(3)、4.633%和0.985。本文构建的ISSA-GRU-ARIMA模型具有较高的预测精度,可为猪舍有害气体浓度精准控制提供科学依据。

复合微生物制剂对生长猪生长性能、血清生化指标和猪舍有害气体的影响

试验旨在研究复合微生物制剂对生长猪生长性能、血清生化指标和猪舍有害气体的影响。选择60头健康的“杜×长×大”生长猪,随机均分为对照组和试验组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组猪饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中添加0.75%复合微生物制剂。预试期7 d,试验期30 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,试验组猪平均日增重提高10.44%(P<0.05),料重比降低8.07%(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组生长猪血清中碱性磷酸酶活性升高18.91%(P<0.05),尿素氮含量降低12.87%(P<0.05)。试验前两组猪舍氨气(NH_(3))和硫化氢(H_(2)S)浓度基本接近,差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验后,对照组猪舍NH_(3)和H_(2)S浓度比试验前略微升高,试验组猪舍NH_(3)和H_(2)S浓度比试验前明显降低。与对照组相比,试验组猪舍NH_(3)浓度降低31.13%(P<0.05),H_(2)S浓度降低26.04%(P<0.05)。研究表明,在基础日粮中添加复合微生物制剂可以提高生长猪生长性能,改善血液生化指标,降低猪舍有害气体含量。

生物型除臭剂对猪舍氨气浓度的影响

为降低猪舍内氨气浓度,该研究使用生物型除臭剂在山东潍坊市一典型聚落化猪场进行粪沟除臭剂喷洒试验,并连续监测猪舍氨气浓度变化,为猪舍臭气治理问题提供参考。结果表明,生物除臭剂A对猪舍粪沟4个位置的氨气平均去除率分别为71.12%、64.78%、71.44%和64.30%,风机口处氨气平均浓度降低65.59%;效果稳定时间为5~8 d;生物除臭剂B对猪舍粪沟4个位置的氨气平均去除率分别为75.60%、76.90%、74.42%、84.87%,风机口处氨气平均浓度降低77.53%,效果稳定时间为8~11 d。试验表明,粪沟喷洒除臭剂工艺可有效降低粪沟氨气浓度64%以上,减少风机端排出氨气浓度65%以上。

Effect of partial pit exhaust ventilation system on ammonia removal ratio and mass transfer coefficients from different emission sources in pig houses

A partial pit exhaust ventilation(PPEV)system installed below the slatted floor has been widely used in fattening pig barns nowadays in Denmark.Experimental tests showed that annually around 50%of ammonia emissions was collected by PPEV system.However,the percent of emissions collected by PPEV system from different emission sources including slurry manure surfaces,top surfaces,bottom surfaces and side surfaces of the slatted floor has not been investigated as well as the mass transfer coefficients.This study applied CFD modeling to investigate the removal ratio of ammonia emissions from four emission surfaces including the top,side,bottom surfaces of the slatted floor and slurry manure surfaces.The CFD model was validated by experimental air speeds measured in a room equipped with two full-scale pigpens.The validated CFD model was further adopted to simulate cases under five ventilation rates(2000-4000 m^(3)/h),four emission sources and two locations of PPEV system exhaust.The results showed that the removal ratios of ammonia emissions by PPEV system from the four emission sources were generally higher for the cases that the PPEV exhaust was installed opposite to the air supplier than the values of those cases that the PPEV exhaust was located at the same side of side wall air supplier.The removal ratios of ammonia emissions were the highest with the emission source of slurry manure surface and generally 30%higher than the values of other cases.The mass transfer coefficients with the emission sources on the side surfaces of the slatted floor were the largest.The results indicated that the airflow patterns and locations of emission sources greatly influenced the removal ratios of ammonia emissions and ammonia mass transfer coefficients.

基于16S rDNA高通量测序方法检测猪舍环境微生物群落多样性

[目的]研究猪舍环境微生物群落多样性,了解不同类型猪舍环境中细菌群落的结构差异以及潜在的致病菌属。[方法]利用空气沉降法采集规模化猪场妊娠猪舍、保育猪舍、分娩猪舍的环境微生物样本,每种类型猪舍选取3栋猪舍采样,共9个样本。采用Illumina Miseq技术,以细菌16S rDNA的V3~V4变异区为对象进行高通量测序;采用QIIME2软件对测序数据进行分析,比较不同类型猪舍环境微生物群落组成。[结果]在97%相似度阈值下9个样本共得到OTU 29 126个,涵盖31门66纲160目320科899属1 831种的细菌。分娩猪舍以及保育猪舍的Chao1指数、Shannon指数及谱系多样性指数整体高于妊娠猪舍。变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)为猪舍环境的四大优势菌群;变形菌门在3个类型的猪舍中相对丰度均最高,厚壁菌门、放线菌门以及拟杆菌门相对丰度在不同类型猪舍中差异较大。不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、棒杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)分别是分娩猪舍、妊娠猪舍以及保育猪舍中相对丰度最高的菌属。猪舍环境空气中存在创伤球菌属(Helcococcus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、军团菌属(Legionella)、沙雷菌属(Serratia)等多个对动物具有潜在致病力的菌属。[结论]猪舍环境微生物群落多样性丰富,分娩猪舍以及保育猪舍在细菌种类、系统进化多样性以及丰富程度上高于妊娠猪舍。研究发现的猪舍环境中潜在动物致病菌属为猪舍环境消毒的药物选择提供了依据。

Appraisal of the structure and facilities available in selected pig farm houses in Ondo State

A study was carried out to evaluate various pig housing units in six selected local government areas of Ondo State,specifically for their structural deficiencies and their effects on animal health.Five pig farmers were visited in each of the local governments.Questionnaires were administered and on the spot assessments of the housing systems and facilities and state of health of the animals were carried out.The data obtained were coded accordingly and were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis.It was observed that intensive system of housing is mostly practised and it constituted about 60%,semi-intensive housing method were about 17%and 23%were the extensive system type.The level of pig rearing is very low in the state;about 23%of the total number of farms kept between 11 and 20 pigs while less than 4%kept above 100 pigs.Furthermore,twelve farms kept exotic breed and nine farms kept local or indigenous breed,that is,40%and 30%respectively.Majority of the farms visited were infested with diseases that were identified as skin diseases,worm and swine fever.There were also losses due to high piglet mortality rate.The housing units were not properly constructed and had leaking roof due to weak construction materials used and the pattern of nailing.Floors were not cemented and there were inadequate provision of wallowing and feeding troughs.It is concluded that the problems encountered by the pig farmers in the study area was directly linked with structurally inadequate housing unit and it is therefore recommended that the housing units should be properly constructed with new corrugated zinc,well cemented floor and there should be adequate provision of wallowing units and feeding troughs.Farmers are advised to make use the services of professionals such as agricultural engineers who specialises in farm structure for the design and construction of their farm structures.

一种新型防暑降温猪舍对淮黑猪断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究

该试验旨在研究一种淮黑猪农村饲养条件下的新型猪舍对仔猪生产性能的影响。选择养殖场平均体重为(7.55±0.15)kg的健康断奶仔猪160头,经统计分析体重差异不显著。采用单因子随机化设计,将160头健康断奶仔猪,按公母各半,分成2组(对照组和试验组),每组4个重复,每个重复20头猪。试验组新型猪舍,对照组普通猪舍。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。试验结果表明,试验组仔猪的日增重比对照组有较大提高,料重比有明显降低,腹泻发病率降低了5%,增重提高14.3%,节约饲料3%,料肉比降低17.78%,死亡率降低2.5%。这种新型猪舍具有良好防暑降温的作用,可以保持舍内空气新鲜,有利于环境控制,发挥生产潜能,提高经济效益。

水喷淋技术在规模猪舍末端气体处理中的应用与分析

现代化规模猪场建设较集中,猪舍养殖密度大、每天产生的气体量大、气体成分复杂,猪舍内气体通常由末端的通风设备排出。受非洲猪瘟和环保政策的影响,为了降低猪舍排出气体的臭味浓度,现有新建或改扩建猪场均配套有除臭系统,目前主要采用水喷淋工艺。文章阐述了猪舍末端气体的来源及对猪只、人员、生态环境的影响,分析了水喷淋处理工艺技术的原理和处理设备的应用情况,从工程使用的角度提出猪舍采用水喷淋处理方式可能存在的问题及未来研究方向,以期为规模猪舍排放气体处理的技术装备和现代化猪场可持续发展提供研究与应用支撑。