Post-war Sustainability-Driven School Buildings: A Review of the Literature

The Safe Schools Declaration of 2015 is an inter-governmental political agreement signed by several countries designed to protect the schooling of the school-aged population during armed conflicts.Yet,in countries where civil war erupted,schools were demolished.Several school-aged children were either forcibly recruited by governments or coerced by rebel groups to serve in armed fights.As a result,several children were deprived of their education and have remained suffering from deep psychological scars.The central question of the study is:What kind of sustainability-driven school buildings can be initiated in countries that are now enduring peace so that the learning environments are more comfortable and improve the well-being of the war-impacted children and school employees?After reviewing the literature,a strategic conceptual framework that incorporated the synergistic relationship between economic,social,and environmental aspects of sustainability was initiated to map out sustainable school buildings.In short,the conceptual framework proposed to construct school buildings in some of the war-affected developing countries includes assembling cost-efficiency and eco-effectiveness inputs,using renewable energy sources powered by natural sunlight,collecting rainwater in mud cisterns,reducing emissions of carbon oxides,and empowering the local community to be the main actors to design sustainable buildings during the preconstruction,construction,and post-construction stages to serve as learning spaces for the war-affected occupants and their neighborhoods.

Seismic design analysis of the country masonry school buildings in the meizoseismal area

Several reinforcing schemes are illustrated that are based on the loading characteristics of typical country masonry school buildings with sparsely spaced transversal walls and large depth. From the seismic damage observed following the Wenchuan Earthquake, the effects of reinforcing schemes, tie-columns and tie-beams on the seismic resistance of masonry buildings are analyzed. The concept of improving the ductility of these types of buildings is presented. Finally, some suggestions are proposed for the design of masonry buildings with sparsely spaced transversal walls and large depth.

Idle School Buildings in Rural Areas: Will they Be Useful?

Taking the case of Enshi City,we survey the supply of public services in rural areas from education,health,culture and social security; reveal the relationship between the use of idle school buildings in rural areas and the improvement of public services in rural areas. On the basis of expounding the status quo of idle school buildings and public services in rural areas of Enshi City,the following recommendations are put forward: using the idle school buildings to develop rural public education; using the idle school buildings to develop rural public health and medical services; using the idle school buildings to develop public cultural undertakings in rural areas; using the idle school buildings to develop social security undertakings in rural areas.

Energy Consumption, Thermal Performance and Thermal Comfort in Public School Buildings in Jordan

Good learning outputs in schools require an acceptable physical environment inside schools. Whatever the climatic context that surrounds any school buildings, energy flows of different types should be provided. Concerns may include thermal environment, luminous environment and acoustics environment. Types of energy used are an important variable that contributes to thermal comfort. Physical structure of the school building is another factor to be taken into consideration. This article established a relationship between thermal comfort inside schools and types of energy flows which have been consumed to maintain the level of comfort required, controlled by the building fabric and consequent economic factors that affect energy consumption of school buildings. Different approaches were applied in order to achieve the research objectives. Field surveys, field measurements and analyzing historical data were the most approaches followed to implement this study. The final outputs of this work have a national value nationwide： establishing a relationship among thermal comfort, energy flows and building fabric is of importance. Furthermore, it is of great importance to the decision maker for educational facilities. Research will also establish a wide platform based on scientific investigations for developing climate responsive school architecture in Jordan.

Creation of Zero CO2 Emissions School Buildings Due to Energy Use in Crete-Greece

Decrease of energy consumption in buildings and increase of the share of renewable energies in them are currently technologically and economically feasible and it is promoted by E.U. policies. After 2019, all the new public buildings in EU countries must be near zero energy buildings reducing their energy consumption and CO2 emissions. Use of various renewable energies for heat and power generation in school buildings in Crete-Greece can result in zeroing their fossil fuels consumption and CO2 emissions. Purpose of the current work is to investigate the possibilities of creating zero CO2 emissions school buildings in Crete-Greece due to operational energy use in them. A methodology which allows the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energies in school buildings is proposed. Solar energy, solid biomass and low enthalpy geothermal energy, which are abundant in Crete, can be used for that. School buildings in Greece consume significantly less energy, 68 KWh/m2 year, and emit less CO2, 28 kgCO2/m2 year, than the corresponding buildings in other countries. The installation cost of renewable energies systems in order to replace all fossil fuels used in school buildings in Crete-Greece and to zero their CO2 consumption due to energy use in them has been estimated at 47.42 - 87.71 €/m2, which corresponds to 1.69 - 3.13 €/kg CO2 saved.

Comparison of Energy Consumption of the 12 Classroom Typical School Buildings in Selected 4 City in Turkey

School is a special place where students come together to become productive individuals of society,acquire basic skills and acquire citizenship knowledge.With the introduction of the new education system(4+4+4)in Turkey in 2012-2013,some difficulties occurred in the spatial structure of the schools.After the new system,increasing number of students and decreasing student requirements have been tried to be solved with temporary solutions.At the same time that millions of students studying in primary schools all over Turkey have the same architectural feature as one type of architectural school project,regardless of the geographical and social situation began to be implemented in all parts of the city.Therefore,the increase in consumption varies depending on the geographical reasons where the type projects are implemented.Selected regions of the four thermal zones in Turkey for this research are provided below:1^st Thermal district in Antalya;2^nd Thermal district in Bursa;3^rd Thermal district in Elaz??;4^th Thermal district in Kars.The calculation of the energy consumption created by the above cities by means of BEP-TR program and comparing classes.

Seismic fragility reduction of an unreinforced masonry school building through retrofit using ferrocement overlay

The Himalayan region is one of the major seismic areas in the world.However,similar to many other seismically active locations,there are substantial numbers of unreinforced masonry(URM)buildings;the majority of which have not been designed for seismic loads.Past seismic events have shown that such buildings are highly vulnerable to earthquakes.Retrofitting of these URM buildings is an important concern in earthquake mitigation programs.Most government school buildings in rural areas of northern India are constructed of unreinforced masonry.These school buildings are socially important structures and serve as a crucial resource for rehabilitation during any disaster.The effectiveness of ferrocement(FC)to create a URM-FC composite is described in this study by estimating the performance and fragility of a URM school building before and after a retrofit.Analytical models,based on the equivalent frame method,are developed and used for nonlinear static analysis to estimate the enhancement in capacity.The capacity enhancement due to retrofitting is presented in terms of the maximum PGA sustained and damage probabilities at the expected level of earthquake hazard.

A comparison of IBC with 1997 UBC for modal response spectrum analysis in standard-occupancy buildings

This paper presents a comparison of the seismic forces generated from a Modal Response Spectrum Analysis （MRSA） by applying the provisions of two building codes, the 1997 Uniform Building Code （UBC） and the 2000-2009 International Building Code （IBC）, to the most common ordinary residential buildings of standard occupancy. Considering IBC as the state of the art benchmark code, the primary concern is the safety of buildings designed using the UBC as compared to those designed using the IBC. A sample of four buildings with different layouts and heights was used for this comparison. Each of these buildings was assumed to be located at four different geographical sample locations arbitrarily selected to represent various earthquake zones on a seismic map of the USA, and was subjected to code-compliant response spectrum analyses for all sample locations and for five different soil types at each location. Response spectrum analysis was performed using the ETABS software package. For all the cases investigated, the UBC was found to be significantly more conservative than the IBC. The UBC design response spectra have higher spectral accelerations, and as a result, the response spectrum analysis provided a much higher base shear and moment in the structural members as compared to the IBC. The conclusion is that ordinary office and residential buildings designed using UBC 1997 are considered to be overdesigned, and therefore they are quite safe even according to the IBC provisions.

Energy and Buildings

In 2011,the Danish government published an energy strategy for Denmark where one of the main targets are that Denmark should be a fossil-free society by 2050.Calculations show,that in order to reach this goal it is necessary to reduce the energy consumption of the existing building stock by 50 % on average.Since a 50 % reduction is obviously not possible for all buildings,those that can should aim for a so-called “deep energy renovation”,i.e.reducing the energy consumption to a level corresponding to that of new buildings or even more.This paper describes two case studies where multi-story apartment buildings have undergone deep energy renovation.“Traneparken” where the expected energy use after renovation aimed at a level corresponding to that of a new building according to the Danish Building Regulations from 2015.“Sems Have” where the aim was to go even further and meet the requirements expected for new buildings in 2020,i.e.corresponding to the Danish “nearly zero energy”-definition according to the EPBD.The paper reports on calculations and measurements of energy savings,the economy of the projects and looks at the added benefits or co-benefits that residents,housing association and society in general have achieved in addition to significant energy savings.

Student capacity building of dengue prevention and control: A study of an Islamic school, Southern Thailand

Dengue has been a critical problem for an Islamic School, Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. Objectives: 1) to build student capacity;and 2) to evaluate the results of student capacity building. Method: Participatory Action Research: PAR was applied in three phases: 1) the school-based preparation phase;2) the process of building student capacity phase, and 3) evaluation of the results of the student capacity building. Independent T-Test statistical method was used to analyze student capacity both before and after the intervention. Larval Indices were determined through ratio analysis. Results: Prior to the intervention, there was no clear strategy for combating dengue. In this study, three groups were formed to build student capacity: a leader group, a non-leader group, and a support group. The leader group (48 student leaders), critical to the study, was set as a dengue club named “Eliminate Ades Aegypti, the culprit of dengue” which focused on eight sets of activities: “Dengue or Death”, “Seniors educating juniors”, “Reward for good answers”, “Dengue monitoring team”, “Youth to expel mosquetoes”, “Mosquito or busy”, “Garbage elimination of Pondok”, and “Essential doctors”. The level of student capacity for the prevention and control of dengue of a sampling of 308 student representatives of the Pondok (Islamic school) showed an increase after intervention ( (SD);56.78 (17.06);65.33(15.36) and different statistic significant (P < 0.001). The Larval indices ratio levels had decreased from the original levels (BI = 244, HI = 45, and CI = 26) after intervention (BI = 137, HI = 39, and CI = 19). Dengue morbidity and mortality rates were not found during the study. Discussion: Although there had been an increase in student capacity, a decrease in the larval indices ratio, and the absence of a dengue epidemiology index, the high risk of a dengue epidemic might still be found in the school because the ratio of larval indices were higher than the standard index. Then, the committed participation of students, school, and communities around the school vicinity is needed in building student capacity of dengue prevention and control.

Building Features in Schools That Influence Academic Performance

School decision makers are faced with a great many decisions when considering a school renovation or new school building. All stakeholders want a building that is safe and provides an optimal learning environment. However, it is often difficult to know which building features will have the greatest effect on student learning. Because of a limited understanding of the relationship between individual building features and student learning, researchers at the University of Oklahoma hope to explore how building components influence student and teacher performance. This paper explores the importance of school building features that can be designed and changed during a renovation project. The hope is to one day determine which features have the greatest impact on student test scores. The research team believes that although it is difficult to find the exact relationship between each building features and student outcomes with one study, if multiple users repeat the same or similar studies, hopefully we will one day know the effect of these building features. In order to develop feature building users survey and physical assessment tools, it was necessary for investigators to develop a list of important building features and their associated definitions in layman terms. This was accomplished through utilization and conducting of a CAB （community advisory board） and subject matter expert materials. In addition, previous research relating to different school building features and their associations with student performance were reviewed. To define and narrow the list the researchers, community educational, and building professionals rated based on their professional experience, how directly related each feature is to student performance. The building feature list serves as a starting point to determine which features should be analyzed in a later phase of the project. It is hoped that resulting tools based on the work of this project can be used by school decision-makers and researchers to access building features that have been identified through research as being important for student and teacher performance.

Adaptive Thermal Comfort in Brazilian Schools by Building Performance Simulation (BPS)

Building performance simulation (BPS) is a crucial tool towards the design of projects better adapted its climatic context. In this sense, the objective of this research is to evaluate a method of thermal comfort analysis of schools in three Brazilian cities using BPS. The methodological procedures involved a literature review, in which the simulation tool and analysis method were chosen. Following simulations with the software DesignBuilder were performed using as study case a standard school typology designed by the General Coordination of Educational Infrastructure (CODIN/FNDE). This article evaluates its percentage occupied comfort hours in 3 reference cities: Cuiabá-MT, Brasília-DF, and Curitiba-PR. The results show respectively, for the cities of Curitiba, Brasília and Cuiabá, percentages of comfort hours of 76%, 70%, and 23%. The research states that the project must have different strategies for different climates. Finally, this article recommends this method should be applied to other cities and buildings.

DHW Design Flow Rates and Consumption Profiles in Educational, Office Buildings and Shopping Centres

The paper gives a thorough survey of the studies of different authors in the field of domestic hot water (DHW) consumption and consumption profiles. It presents an overview of the research done into DHW by the Tallinn University of Technology. Working out on the basis of investigations has been new empirical formulas for determining design flow rates for schools, kindergartens, office buildings and shopping centres. DHW consumption profiles of typical buildings are presented. Comparisons are given on the determination of DHW design flow rates by the standard EVS 835, the EN 806-3 and the recommended formulas. The latter makes it possible to considerably decrease the design flow rates which in turn enables to deminish the load of the equipment, to improve the quality of control and to decrease the diameters of the pipes of the district heating network and the losses of heat in them.

Assessing Occupational Exposure to Surface Contaminants in Kuwaiti Educational Buildings

The prevalence of surface contaminants,such as potentially harmful bacteria,within building environments in the State of Kuwait is not known.To the authors’knowledge,this article is the first of such a report.A total of 342 stool samples were collected from 46 secondary schools to evaluate indoor occurrences of E.coli bacteria within selected lavatory surfaces.After microbiological testing,the results for the spread of the E.coli bacteria were categorized by total count,sampling location dependency,contamination level comparison between genders,and lavatory fixtures(i.e.seat and squat toilets).The results revealed that 7 schools have a bacterial contamination problem,there is cross-contamination between surfaces in the lavatory stalls,the boys’lavatories were less sanitary than the girls’,and that the squat-style toilets are more contaminated than the seat-style.The results suggest that there is significant risk of spread of bacterial infection among students via contaminated hands and surfaces in the lavatory area in some schools.Thus,this study emphasizes the need to improve environmental hygiene and enhanced sanitation in these schools.In addition,conclusions can be drawn as to the effectiveness of the janitorial staff employed by the schools and the efficacy of the cleaning regime used in the lavatories.Furthermore,based on the findings,there are architectural design consequences as squat-style toilets might be excluded in lavatories designed for schools to be constructed in the future.

地方本科院校基于校企合作的制药工程人才培养模式探索与实践

地方本科高校办学向应用型、技术型高校转型发展,加强高层次应用型工程人才的培养成为行业和社会发展的新要求。校企合作是地方本科院校实现转型发展,提高人才培养质量的一条可持续性强的有效途径。学院在制药工程人才培养模式中积极探索与实践,引企入校,共建校企协同育人实践教学基地,通过特色课程体系构建、实践教学体系创新及师资融合等多举措并行。在提高制药工程专业人才培养质量、双师型师资队伍建设及科研平台搭建等方面取得了良好效果。对基于校企合作的制药工程人才培养模式的实践进行阶段性总结,在同类院校工程人才培养中探索出了一条创新模式。

老旧教学楼火灾场景人员疏散仿真研究

为提高老旧教学楼火灾场景下人员应急疏散能力,建立一个老旧教学楼火灾人员疏散模型。运用PyroSim软件建立火灾扩散模型,模拟分析该教学楼在机械排烟、自动喷淋和着火房间窗户是否开启的情况下,发生火灾时着火楼层安全出口处的烟气能见度、温度和CO的变化规律;结合Pathfinder软件对出口状态、人员疏散进行模拟仿真,得到人员全部疏散完成时所需安全疏散时间。实验结果表明:老旧教学楼无喷淋时人员疏散效率降低12.1%,无机械排烟时人员疏散处于危险状态,多设出口对提升人员疏散效率影响较小。

基于高校党建引领的产学研协同育人创新模式

根据产学研协同育人目标任务,从高校党建引领的角度,探索实践校政企“智联建”的产学研协同育人创新模式。本文深刻把握校政企“智联建”的研究背景,从高校学科发展任务需求出发,发挥高校党建引领作用,结合燕山大学机械工程学院校政企“智联建”的具体实践,提供高校党建工作与产学研协同育人的融合模式与方法,并对未来工作提出思考。

河南理工大学(北校区)校园空间形态变迁及历史建筑解析

河南理工大学①创办于1909年,其前身焦作路矿学堂是英商福公司出资创办的一所私立大学。本文通过梳理学校各个时期的校报、校志以及河南理工大学史,结合实地调研、测绘,从空间形态变迁、历史建筑两个方面得出:中华人民共和国成立之前,校园规划形成教学行政区与学生住宿区分隔,且教学区为美国典型的“Mall”式三合院形态;中华人民共和国成立至改革开放期间,学校重在通过合并院校增加校园面积;改革开放后,校园建设速度加快,形成了新的以工程馆(今校史馆)为中心的东西轴线和以一号教学楼为中心的南北轴线,校园呈现出以教学行政区居中,学生宿舍区和教学区环绕行政区的规划布局形式。校园历史建筑工程馆、理化实验室和科学馆立面比例均衡,突出轴线对称,门窗采用半圆券洞,具有鲜明的西方古典主义建筑元素。

高校党校智库建设策略研究——以肇庆学院党校智库建设为例

高校党校智库是依托高校资源和党校教学优势而建立的智襄团,是高校发挥党建育人功能和提升基层党建工作水平的一个创新举措。肇庆学院在建设高校党校智库建设方面取得一定的成效,也积累了比较丰富的经验,提供了一定的借鉴和启示。加强高校党校智库建设要明确功能定位,加强专家团体建设,建立作用发挥机制,完善保障机制。