Model-Based Approach to Investigate the Influences of Different Load States to the Vehicle Dynamics of Light Electric Vehicles

The need to find alternative urban mobility solutions for delivery and transport has led mobility companies to devote enormous resources for research-based solutions to increase vehicle safety. This paper documents a virtual approach to investigate the influences of different load states to the vehicle dynamic of light electric vehicle. A model basing on a three-dimensional multibody system was used, which consists of five bodies. By applying methods of multibody modelling the generalized equations of motion were generated. To include the behavior within the contact point between road and vehicle a simplified tire models was added. The implementation of the equations allowed a first validation of the model via simulations. In a final modeling step the simulation results were interpreted in respect of plausibility. Afterwards, the model was simulated numerically to investigate different load states of the vehicle, by applying constant steering stimuli and variable velocities. In sum, the investigated model approach is useful to identify safety relevant parameters and shows the effects of load states to the vehicle dynamics. Furthermore, it behaves plausibly regarding general vehicle dynamics. These results prove the general usability of the model for the development controllers and estimators in driver assistances systems.

Dynamic Simulation of Tracked Vehicle Using the DADS Software

The track model used in the dynamic analysis and design system software is investigated. A home made tank is taken as an example to illustrate the method for modeling an integral tracked vehicle and perform the dynamic simulation. The obtained results have demonstrated that the simulation method has the advantage of high efficiency, more convenience and more insight into the dynamical behavior of the system.

A Study on the Dynamic Analysis of A Tracked Vehicle for Ocean Mining on the Deep Seabed

A study is presented on the dynamic analysis of a tracked vehicle for mining on the deep seabed of very soft soil. Equations for the interaction between the track and extremely soft seabed are employed to develop a track/soil interaction module called TVAS. The vehicle is modeled as a multibody dynamic system by the use of a multibody dynamic analysis program. The module developed is cooperated with the multibody dynamic analysis program with a user-defined subroutine. The dynamic behavior and the conceptual design of the mining vehicle on the deep seabed are investigated.

A strategy for lightweight designing of a railway vehicle car body including composite material and dynamic structural optimization

Rolling stock manufacturers are finding structural solutions to reduce power required by the vehicles,and the lightweight design of the car body represents a possible solution.Optimization processes and innovative materials can be combined in order to achieve this goal.In this framework,we propose the redesign and optimization process of the car body roof for a light rail vehicle,introducing a sandwich structure.Bonded joint was used as a fastening system.The project was carried out on a single car of a modern tram platform.This preliminary numerical work was developed in two main steps:redesign of the car body structure and optimization of the innovated system.Objective of the process was the mass reduction of the whole metallic structure,while the constraint condition was imposed on the first frequency of vibration of the system.The effect of introducing a sandwich panel within the roof assembly was evaluated,focusing on the mechanical and dynamic performances of the whole car body.A mass saving of 63%on the optimized components was achieved,corresponding to a 7.6%if compared to the complete car body shell.In addition,a positive increasing of 17.7%on the first frequency of vibration was observed.Encouraging results have been achieved in terms of weight reduction and mechanical behaviour of the innovated car body.

Optimization of suspension system of heavy off-road vehicle for stability enhancement using integrated anti-roll bar and coiling spring mechanism

Short suspension system has an indispensable effect on vehicle handling and ride,so,optimization of vehicle suspension system is one of the most effective methods,which could considerably enhance the vehicle stability and controllability.Motion control,stability maintenance and ride comfort improvement are fundamental issues in design of suspension system of off-road vehicles.In this work,a dependent suspension system mostly used in off-road vehicles is modeled using Trucksim software.Then,geometric parameters of suspension system are optimized using integrated anti-roll bar and coiling spring in a way that ride comfort,handling and stability of vehicle are improved.The simulation results of suspension system and variations of geometric parameters due to road roughness and different steering angles are presented in Trucksim and effects of optimization of suspension system during various driving maneuvers in both optimized and un-optimized conditions are compared.The simulation results indicate that the type of suspension system and geometric parameters have significant effect on vehicle performance.

MODELING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPEED GOVERNOR FOR THE HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE ENGINE

A speed control analysis for an in-line gasoline fueled internal combustion （IC） engine is presented for the purpose of alleviation of high frequency oscillations in engine revolutions. A dynamic cylinder-by-cylinder model is proposed, base on slider-crank mechanism, which is extended to develop a digital governor providing a high fidelity estimation of rotary speed oscillation for hybrid vehicle engines. A modified PID controller that P and I gain is placed in feedback path is also described for hybrid electric vehicle （HEV） engine speed regulation, By comparison between measured and estimated signals, it is demonstrated that a good agreement has been achieved and the governor behaves an excellent damping speed ripple.

Analysis on Thermal Current Field in Powertrain Cabin of Tracked Vehicles With Electric Transmission System Configuration-2

The electric transmission system congfiguration-2 is one of the main electric drives for tracked vehicles. The geometrical model for the power-train cabin is established and the preliminary design for its cooling system is implemented. The mathematic model is established for thermal current field computation, simulation and analysis in the powertrain cabin. The three-dimensional structure of the powertrain cabin is optimized. The validity of the cooling system design is proved. The foundation for optimizing the whole electric transmission system configuration is laid.

Dynamic Characteristics of Metro Vehicle under Thermal Deformation of Long-Span Cable-Stayed Bridge

In order to study the influence of thermal deformation of long-span cable- stayed bridge (LSCSB) on the dynamic characteristics of metro vehicle on the bridge, based on the theory of vehicle-track coupled dynamics, the rigid-flexible coupled dynamic model of metro vehicle-track-LSCSB system is established by using finite element method and multi-rigid-body dynamics. Adopting this model, the deformation of LSCSB subject to temperature is analyzed, then the comprehensive effect of track random irregularity and rail deformation caused by temperature load is considered to study the dynamic characteristics of metro vehicle running through the bridge, and finally the influences of temperature increment and running speed on concerned dynamic indices of vehicle are studied. The results show that the LSCSB deforms obviously subject to temperature load, and the overall performance is that the cooling is arched, and the heating is bent, and the shape variable changes almost linearly with the temperature load. According to the parameters studied in this paper, the rail deformation caused by temperature load increases the wheel-rail vertical force, derailment coefficient and wheel load reduction rate by 1.5%, 3.1% and 5% respectively. The vertical acceleration of the vehicle body decreases by 2.4% under the cooling condition, while increases by 3.7% under the heating condition. The dynamic response of the bridge changes under temperature load. The maximum vertical and horizontal displacement in the middle of the main beam span are 6.24 mm and 2.19 mm respectively, and the maximum vertical and horizontal acceleration are 1.29 cm/s2 and 2.54cm/s2 respectively. The derailment coefficient and vertical acceleration of vehicle body are more affected by temperature load, and the wheel load reduction rate and wheel-rail vertical force are more affected by speed. The conclusion of this paper provides a reference for subsequent scholars to study the influence of thermal deformation on the dynamic response of vehicles on LSCSB.

基于动态模拟技术的混动车辆发动机电控单元检测系统设计

电控单元是混动车辆发动机中的重要组成部分,对于发动机以及混动车辆的行驶性能产生直接影响,为保证电控单元的运行正常,利用动态模拟技术,优化设计了混动车辆发动机电控单元检测系统;改装温度、转速等传感器设备以及信号处理器设备,调整系统电路的连接方式,实现硬件系统的优化;利用动态模拟技术模拟混动车辆发动机电控过程,结合不同故障类型下电控单元的运行特征,设置系统的检测标准;采集电控单元输出信号,从时域和频域两个方面提取信号特征,最终通过特征匹配确定电控单元状态、故障类型以及故障位置,实现系统的电控单元检测功能;综合混动车辆发动机的3种运行场景,通过系统测试实验得出结论:与传统检测系统相比,优化设计系统的漏检率和误检率分别降低了2.59%和2.05%,由此证明优化设计系统具有良好的检测功能。

集成式电液制动系统自适应压力控制

针对集成式电液制动系统(integrated electro-hydraulic brake system,IEHB)存在的复杂液压非线性特性和时变摩擦干扰,提出一种自适应压力控制策略。外环压力控制器引入液压特性的动态线性化模型并基于滑模观测器对模型参数实时辨识实现对非线性液压特性的自适应。内环伺服控制器采用基于压力的连续摩擦补偿和反步动态面控制应对传动机构摩擦阻碍。硬件在环实验结果表明,与现有的先进级联压力控制相比,设计的压力控制策略在多种工况下均表现出更高的控制精度和鲁棒性,并显著提升了IEHB在不同液压回路结构下的压力控制效果。

考虑动态多目标需求的车辆横摆稳定性自适应控制策略

针对车辆在不同行驶状态下对横摆操纵性和侧向稳定性的动态多目标需求,提出一种横摆稳定性自适应控制策略。首先,通过分段线性拟合技术建立车辆动力学模型,综合应用改进双线法和模糊理论在相平面中获取与路面附着和纵向速度相关的动态稳定域边界;随后,对车辆行驶时的稳定性风险进行量化表征,引入动态多目标映射函数调整基于模型预测理论设计的稳定性控制策略内置参数,匹配车辆侧向稳定性、横摆操纵性和执行器能耗等动态多目标需求。最后,通过仿真试验,论证了设计的控制策略能够在多种工况下帮助车辆获得比传统方法更安全、优质的稳定性控制效果。

履带式特种车辆精细化动力学建模与仿真

履带车辆动力学模型是车辆结构优化设计与控制算法开发、测试与标定的基础。基于商业软件所搭建模型的动力学方程及梯度信息对用户未知,极大地限制了结构参数与控制参数的优化效率。此外,现有商业软件求解效率低、实时性差,影响了控制算法开发进度。针对上述问题,基于多体动力学推导建立可同时满足纵横垂耦合运动仿真需求的履带车辆精细化动力学模型并进行仿真。建立考虑空间三维耦合运动的车体动力学模型以及精细到履带板的履带链动力学模型。通过计算履带板与各部件相互作用力,将车体模型、履带链模型以及地面相关联,最终构建190自由度的履带车辆动力学模型。在加速、刹车与转向等工况下与ATV(ADAMS Tracked Vehicle Toolkit)进行对比,结果表明自主开发的仿真模型纵横垂向运动仿真结果与商业软件高度一致,验证了新方法的准确性。

车辆在非光滑路面的接触动力学分析方法研究

车辆接触动力学研究有助于更加全面地了解整车力学性能,对整车稳定性和座舱舒适性设计具有指导性作用.文章基于非光滑多体系统理论,对车辆系统展开接触动力学研究.考虑到车辆在行驶过程中,轮胎是与地面接触的唯一部件,轮胎动力学模型对整车动力学分析发挥着重要的作用.首先,借助于张拉整体结构的思想,建立轮胎的等效模型.然后,采用拉格朗日乘子方法,将约束方程引入到拉格朗日函数中,并基于第二类拉格朗日方程,推导得到整车系统的一般动力学方程.由于接触碰撞的存在,会导致车辆的状态变量呈现出非连续性.利用牛顿碰撞定律,建立了碰撞响应的非光滑数学列式,并利用光滑化的Fischer-Burmeister函数将非光滑数学列式进行等效替换,以提高计算效率.其次,将摩擦响应的求解转化为优化问题进行描述,以避免求解摩擦方向时出现奇异.另外,将车辆系统的一般动力学模型分解为光滑部分与非光滑部分进行求解,并利用广义α离散策略给出了详细的求解流程.最后,对整车系统展开了多工况的接触碰撞数值仿真,分析了不同工况下的接触响应对整车动力学性能的影响,验证了所提方法的有效性.

基于Web 2.0的软件工程实践教学平台设计

软件工程实践教学平台在运行过程中,存在没有全方位整合教学资源的问题。为此,提出基于Web 2.0的软件工程实践教学平台设计研究。将恩智浦iMX8MM开发板DB11作为平台硬件装置,构建Web 2.0技术为支撑的软件工程实践教学平台构架,动态整合工程实践教学资源,并引入单参数项目信息函数作为软件工程实践教学资源的属性进行划分。在测试结果中,进程/线程交换率不仅能够结合并行请求规模实现适应性调整,而且调整的幅度较大。

集总与多体耦合人车模型的振动特性仿真

为了更好地分析车辆行驶时人体的振动情况以及更好地评价人体的动态舒适性,通过COMSOL软件建立了集总参数与多体耦合人-椅-车动力学模型。利用滤波白噪声法建立随机路面时域模型作为人车系统的振动输入,对不同路面等级和车速下的人体振动响应进行时域和频域仿真分析。根据ISO 2631-1:1997(E)计算垂向和纵向人体头部以及臀部的加速度均方根值,以此来评价人体乘坐舒适性。研究结果表明,路面等级越低、车速越高,人体乘坐舒适性越差。提出的集总与多体耦合人-椅-车振动模型可以比较精确地计算出坐姿人体垂向、纵向的振动响应,有助于对车辆乘坐舒适性进行评价。

车辆循环动载下高速铁路路基累积变形预测研究

高速铁路路基在车辆荷载反复作用下不可避免地产生累积变形,影响铁路轨道-路基结构服役性能和车辆运行品质。为探明高铁路基在循环车辆动载下的累积变形空间分布特性和长期发展规律,建立车致路基累积变形预测模型,其主要由2个子模块组成:1)基于多体动力学和有限单元法建立的高速铁路车辆-轨道-路基耦合时变动力学模型;2)基于建立的车辆-轨道-路基动力相互作用模型,引入路基累积变形预测模型,利用循环跳跃的方式预测不同车辆荷载累积次数下路基的累积变形及其空间分布规律。2个模块的交互方面,在每次循环跳跃后,将路基累积变形空间映射至轨道,形成轨面附加几何不平顺,并同步更新迭代系统动力矩阵,建立了车致路基累积变形与系统动力响应之间的关联关系。研究结果表明:本文提出的计算模型可较好地揭示路基土体累积变形在循环车辆动载下的演化规律;采用循环跳跃的方法可更为真实准确地预测路基的累积变形,其计算的路基累积变形最大值为2.6069 mm,而未采用循环跳跃方法计算出的累积变形最大值则为1.7 mm,低估了34.8%。路基累积变形在前期发展较快,后期由于土体被不断夯实,累积变形的演化呈现减缓趋势,累积变形速率从1次加载0.035 mm减小到1次加载小于10^(-6)mm;在路基具有初始不均匀变形的区域内,路基累积变形的幅值大于路基没有初始不均匀变形的区域;路基的累积变形对系统的垂向动力响应的影响显著,动力响应表现为增大的趋势;对于系统的横向振动,累积变形的影响较小。本文提出的方法和研究结果可为高速铁路路基不均匀累积变形控制和预测提供技术支撑。

基于车桥耦合振动的连续梁桥动力特性研究

为获取连续梁桥在行车荷载作用下的动力特性规律,基于虚功原理,建立了24自由度典型四轴拖挂车动力学模型。采用模态叠加法建立三跨连续梁桥动力特性模型,通过模态综合法建立了车轮-桥面间的力学和位移耦合关系。组建了四轴拖挂车和连续梁桥动力耦合分析模型,通过逐步迭代法建立了车桥耦合时变矩阵方程。以某三跨连续梁桥为工程示例,进行车桥耦合动力特性的敏感性分析,重点分析了车辆行车速度、桥面不平度和车辆载重变化对桥梁关键位置处的动力响应影响。结果表明:随着行车速度的增大,桥梁竖向位移时程响应曲线整体呈增大趋势,其中边跨跨中竖向位移幅值增幅相对较小,为3.40%,中跨跨中竖向位移幅值呈先减小后增大的变化趋势,最大增幅为7.10%;随着桥面状况的恶化,桥梁边跨跨中和中跨跨中截面的竖向位移响应增幅相对较大,分别为38.60%和54.95%,为桥梁动力响应的主要敏感参数;当车辆载重相对较小时(从空载至40%满载),桥梁位移动力响应变化较为敏感,但随着车辆载重增长率的逐步增大,桥梁动力响应结果对车辆载重的敏感性逐步降低。

高速飞行器潜入式分离起控联合仿真方法研究

高速飞行器需要在低空大动压的环境下实现与助推级的分离。目前基于极限偏差法的分离起控仿真预示不够真实,设计冗余大。对于长行程小间隙的潜入式分离,起控设计时无法对两级进行碰撞检测。针对以上问题,提出一种分离起控联合仿真预示方法,在上面级分离动力学模型中引入姿态控制模型,降低设计冗余度,提高精细化设计水平。其次,该方法能够实现分离、起控全过程的碰撞检测,为保证分离起控安全性提供支撑。该方法为上面级起控时间的选择提供了重要依据,对分离时序等的优化设计具有指导意义。

土壤对军用越野车辆机动性能影响分析

在软地面上的机动性能是军用高机动性越野车辆的主要性能之一,对于其野外作业有重要的战略意义。为了探究不同类型松软土壤地面路况对越野车辆机动性能的影响,基于离散元法对土壤进行建模,通过土壤堆积角测试试验以及土壤圆锥指数试验进行土壤刚度对标测试。通过DEM-MBD联合仿真方法,利用精确的土壤模型,对不可压缩干燥土壤、不可压缩湿润土壤、可压缩干燥土壤、可压缩湿润土壤4种不同类型土壤进行仿真分析,通过对比越野车辆平均速度、牵引力、驱动扭矩、轮胎沉陷量,探究土壤类型对越野车辆机动性能的影响。越野车在湿润土壤上比在干燥土壤上牵引力减少了6.98%,在不可压缩土壤上的稳定行驶速度比在可压缩土壤上稳定行驶速度高34.2%,在湿润的土壤路面上速度更加稳定。研究成果弥补了国内车辆地面力学领域土壤对整车机动性影响的空白,可为军车野外复杂地形(如沙地、雪地、泥泞等)作战时选择最优的行驶路面,提高作战效率。

重心偏置下齿轨车辆系统的动态行为

针对大坡度下车辆动态特性受齿轨车辆重心偏置影响的问题,在解析齿轮齿轨啮合激扰产生机理的基础上,考虑齿轮齿轨啮合冲击与轮轨动态接触行为的扰动效应,建立齿轨系统车轨耦合动力学模型,并经过现场实验验证了模型的有效性;采用所建立的模型,探究平直段以及坡道段车体重心横纵偏置对驱动齿轮动态接触行为以及齿轨车辆运行安全平稳性的影响。结果表明:齿轨车辆存在重心偏置时,齿轮齿轨啮合激扰对车辆运行特性有显著影响;车体重心横向偏置对轮轨垂向力与轮重减载率呈线性影响,当重心横向偏置达到0.3 m时,轮轨垂向力达到75 kN,轮重减载率达到0.44;轮轨作用力除受车体重心偏置作用产生增减载外,亦受齿轮齿轨动态啮合影响产生剧烈振动;轮重减载率、车体垂向加速度与车体平稳性对车体重心纵向偏置较敏感,当车体重心后置0.2 m时,平直段的车体垂向加速度增大1.8倍,坡道段增大3.7倍,车体重心后置1 m时,车体平稳性达到最优。研究结论可为我国山地齿轨铁路设计及安全运维提供理论支撑。