In vivoand in vitroanti-arthritic efficacy of a herbal formula consisting of Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos

OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is the most common inflammatory autoimmune disease,affecting around 1% of the world population.Toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)signalling has been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of RA.It is a potential therapeutic target for RA treatment.A herbal formula(RL)consisting of Rosae Multiflorae Fructus and Lonicerae Japonicae Flos has traditionally been used in treating various inflammatory disorders.In this study,we would evaluate the anti-arthritic effect of RL on collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)in rats and investigate the involvement of TLR4 signaling in the mode of action of RL in vivo and in vitro.METHODS In vivo anti-arthritic efficacy was evaluated using CIA rats induced by bovine typeⅡ collagen.The treatment groups were treated with various concentrations of RL or positive control indomethacin for 35 d.Clinical signs(hind paw volume and arthritis severity scores),changes in serum inflammatory mediators,histological and radiographic changes of joints were investigated.Spleens and peritoneal macrophages were used to determine the effects of RL on innate and adaptive immune responses in CIA rats.The involvement of TLR4 signalling pathways in the anti-arthritic effect of RL was examined in cartilage tissue of CIA rats,murine RAW264.7macrophages and human THP-1 monocytic cells.RESULTS The severity of arthritis in the CIA rats was significantly attenuated by RL.Histological score and radiographic score were efficiently improved by RL.RL could also dose-dependently inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of CIA rats.RL significantly inhibited the production of various pro-inflammatory mediators,the expression and/or activity of the components of TLR4 signalling pathways in animal tissue and cell lines.CONCLUSION RL possesses anti-arthritic effect on collagen-induced arthritis in rats.The therapeutic effect of RL may be related to its inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum.The inhibition of the TLR4/TAK1/NF-κB and TLR4/TAK1/MAPK pathways participate in the anti-arthritic effects of RL.This provides a pharmacological justification for the use of RL in the control of various arthritic diseases.Further investigation should be done to develop RL into a modern anti-arthritic agent.

Therapeutic potential of Zataria multiflora:A narrative review of current evidence

Zataria multiflora Boiss is a perennial plant with a wide spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities including antidiabetic,antinociceptive,anti-asthmatic,anti-fever,anti-spastic,anti-oxidative,anti-inflammatory,and antimicrobial properties.This paper reviews the therapeutic effects of Zataria multiflora based on recent reports.The relevant reports were extracted by checking the electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar from the beginning of 2010 until the end of May 2023.The neuroprotective effects of Zataria multiflora can be attributed to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase,enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor,and alleviation of brain oxidative damage.Zataria multiflora also exerts its protective effects on the respiratory system,liver,and kidney by reducing the level of inflammatory cytokines,scavenging the free radicals,and augmenting the antioxidant enzymes.Additionally,Zataria multiflora accelerates wound healing via upregulating transforming growth factor-β,insulin-like growth factor 1,fibroblast growth factor 2,and vascular endothelial growth factor,and inducing angiogenesis and collagen biosynthesis.Overall,the protective impacts of Zataria multiflora on different organs are mainly attributed to its antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties.

Zataria multiflora and its constituent,carvacrol,counteract sepsis-induced aortic and cardiac toxicity in rat:Involvement of nitric oxide and oxidative stress

Background:Zataria multiflora and carvacrol showed various pharmacological prop-erties including anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.However,up to now no studies have explored its potential benefits in ameliorating sepsis-induced aortic and cardiac injury.Thus,this study aimed to investigate the effects of Z.multiflora and carvacrol on nitric oxide(NO)and oxidative stress indicators in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced aortic and cardiac injury.Methods:Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to:Control,lipopolysaccharide(LPS)(1 mg/kg,intraperitoneal(i.p.)),and Z.multiflora hydro-ethanolic extract(ZME,50–200 mg/kg,oral)-and carvacrol(25–100 mg/kg,oral)-treated groups.LPS was in-jected daily for 14 days.Treatment with ZME and carvacrol started 3 days before LPS administration and treatment continued during LPS administration.At the end of the study,the levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),NO,thiols,and antioxidant enzymes were evaluated.Results:Our findings showed a significant reduction in the levels of superoxide dis-mutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),and thiols in the LPS group,which were restored by ZME and carvacrol.Furthermore,ZME and carvacrol decreased MDA and NO in car-diac and aortic tissues of LPS-injected rats.Conclusions:The results suggest protective effects of ZME and carvacrol on LPS-induced cardiovascular injury via improved redox hemostasis and attenuated NO pro-duction.However,additional studies are needed to elucidate the effects of ZME and its constituents on inflammatory responses mediated by LPS.

Magnesium Enhances the Hepatorenal Protective Effects of Lippia multiflora Aqueous Leaves Extract in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of the aqueous extract of Lippia multiflora supplemented with magnesium on some biochemical markers of the kidneys and liver in type 2 diabetic rats. Method: 7 groups of 4 STZ-diabetic rats received separately orally Glucophage® (Glu 10 mg/kg), the plant extract (LiMAE 200 - 600 mg/kg) and the plant extract supplemented with magnesium (LiMAE-Mg 200 - 600 mg/kg). After a daily treatment of 21 days, serum biochemical parameters were assayed in 16 hr-fasted rats. Results: Diabetes caused a significant (p Conclusion: The addition of magnesium to the extract of Lippia multiflora caused a greater reduction in the levels of urea, creatinine, ALT and AST increased in STZ-diabetic rats. Magnesium would therefore enhance the nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects of Lippia multiflora in diabetic rats.

多花蔷薇总RNA提取方法

根据总RNA完整性、纯度和得率筛选出适合多花蔷薇幼嫩根、叶总RNA的提取方法.结果表明,以CTAB/酸酚法提取的扦插苗根系总RNA、以LiCl-尿素法提取的扦插苗根、叶总RNA以及采用RNeasy Plant Mini Kit试剂盒的改进方法提取的组培苗嫩叶总RNA电泳有清晰明亮的28S、18S条带,无降解;其A260/A280值为1.73～2.04,表明总RNA质量好.RT-PCR结果进一步证实所提取的总RNA能够用于分子生物学的各种下游实验.RNA得率分别为:根系和组培苗嫩叶120-140μg/g(fw),扦插苗嫩叶190-230μg/g(fw).CTAB/酸酚法提取的嫩叶总RNA、SDS/酸酚法提取的根、叶总RNA有多糖污染,且有明显降解.Total RNA isolation system(Z5111,Promega)试剂盒不适合提取多花蔷薇各组织总RNA.

粉团蔷薇叶片不定芽的直接诱导及植株再生

粉团蔷薇(R.multiflor avar.cathayensis)是多花蔷薇的一个变种,既可以用作切花月季的优良砧木,又是园林绿化的景观材料。本研究以粉团蔷薇的无菌苗叶片为外植体,建立了其高效离体再生体系。实验以MS为基本培养基,附加不同激素(6-BA、TDZ、NAA)和培养条件(光、暗),诱导叶片直接再生不定芽。结果表明:高浓度的细胞分裂素和高浓度的生长素相配合对不定芽的诱导有显著影响;暗培养可以促进不定芽的诱导。适宜粉团蔷薇叶片不定芽再生的培养基为MS+4mg/L6-BA+0.5mg/LTDZ+1.0mg/LNAA;不定芽增殖培养基为MS+1.0mg/L6-BA+0.004mg/LNAA;生根培养基为1/2MS+0.2mg/LNAA,生根苗经移栽后成活率为85%。

超声波-微波协同提取何首乌多糖的工艺研究

研究了超声波-微波协同提取何首乌[Fallopia multiflora(Thunb.)Harald.]多糖的最佳工艺条件,以何首乌多糖提取率为综合指标,考察料液比、提取次数、超声时间、微波时间4个因素对提取效果的影响,在此基础上,利用中心组合试验设计对提取工艺进行优化,最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶21(g∶m L),超声时间15 min,微波时间3 min,提取1次,在此条件下多糖实际提取率可达19.74%。

A Genetic Transformation System for Rosa multiflora Thunb. var. cathayensis Rehd. et Wils through Callus Induction

An efficient genetic transformation system is a preparation for Rosa multi-flora Thunb. var. cathayensis Rehd. et Wils to diversify its flower color through ge-netic engineering. We firstly optimized the explants and culture conditions on callus induction, hormone concentrations and dark period of culture time on bud differentia-tions in particular, with sterilized seedlings to establish the regeneration system of R. multiflora. It showed that callus induction frequency reached 100% after the ex-plants being cultured in dark for 21 d when MS was chosen to be the initial culture medium. The bud differentiation rate was 48% after cal i being cultured under dark for 8 d on MS medium supplemented with TDZ （1.5 mg/L） and NAA （0.05 mg/L）. The cal i was used as the explants that were infected with Agrobacterium tumefa-ciens harboring a DFR-RNAi construct. The transformation rate reached as high as 50%. The establishment of a highly efficient rose gene transformation system out-lined in this report is prerequisite for genetic improvement in rose flower colors.

Drought Resistance of Slope Pioneer Plant Magnolia multiflora

[Objective] This study aimed to reveal responses of Magnolia multiflora to soil drought stress. [Method] Pot experiment was employed to simulate drought stress, and photosynthetic and physiological indices of M. multiflora were determined. [Result] The net photosynthetic rate （Pn） of M. multiflora did not change significantly under mild drought stress, and reduced significantly under moderate and severe drought stress. Drought stress reduced stomatal conductance （Gs）, transpiration rate （Tr） and intercellular CO2 concentration （Ci）, and compared with those in the control group, the Pn, Gs, Tr and Ci under severe drought stress declined by 61.04%, 86.27%, 87.77% and 42.63%, respectively. The malondialdehyde （MDA） content in M. multiflora leaves did not increase significantly under mild drought stress, and increased significantly under moderate and severe drought stress. The MDA content in M. multiflora leaves under severe drought stress was 1.63 times as high as that in the control group. The proline （Pro） and soluble sugar contents of M. multiflora increased significantly with the aggravation of drought stress, and those under severe drought stress were 8.06 times and 3.16 times respectively higher than those in the control group. [Conclusion] M. multiflora has a strong drought tolerance, and is suitable for growing in relatively arid environment. It can be used as candidate for vegetation restoration in hydropower engineering slope.

Proposed Models for Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils

Mechanisms that control the extraction rate of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) with subcritical water (SW) were studied. The extraction curves at different solvent flow rates were used to deter-mine whether the extractions were limited primarily by the near equilibrium partitioning of the analyte between the matrix and solvent (i.e. partitioning thermodynamics) or by the rates of analyte desorption from the matrix (i.e. ki-netics). Four simple models have been applied to describe the extraction profiles obtained with SW: (1) a model based solely on the thermodynamic distribution coefficient KD, which assumes that analyte desorption from the ma-trix is rapid compared to elution; (2) one-site kinetic model, which assumes that the extraction rate is limited by the analyte desorption rate from the matrix, and is not limited by the thermodynamic (KD) partitioning that occurs dur-ing elution; (3) two-site kinetic model and (4) external mass transfer resistance model. For SW extraction, the thermodynamic elution of analytes from the matrix was the prevailing mechanism as evidenced by the fact that ex-traction rates increased proportionally with the SW flow rate. This was also confirmed by the fact that simple re-moval calculations based on determined KD (for major essential oil compounds) gave good fits to experimental data for flow rates from 1 to 4 ml·min-1. The results suggested that the overall extraction mechanism was influenced by solute partitioning equilibrium with external mass transfer through liquid film.

Antibacterial effect and physicochemical properties of essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial effect and physicochemical properties of essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss.MethodsAntibacterial activity of essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss was assessed by agar disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC) was tested by E test.ResultsThe essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss was effective on pathogenic bacteria particularly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The MIC values of the target cultures ranged from 0.39 mg/mL to 1.56 mg/mL. The physicochemical properties like effects of pH, temperature, detergents, and enzymes on the activity of essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss were also determined. The essential oil was quite stable to temperature as tested against S. aureus and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The essential oil was very stable over a wide range of pH. The antibacterial activity of essential oil was insensitive to various protein-denaturing detergents (Such as Tween 80, Tween 20, Triton 100, etc.) and enzymes (namely proteinase K, trypsin, lipase, and lysosyme).ConclusionsA potential use of the essential oil from Zataria multiflora Boiss is suggested. More studies including further purification, mass spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and evaluation of toxicity are needed for confirmation of this suggestion.

Effects of Some Materials Extracted from Ajuga Species on the Larvae of Hyphantria cunea and its Natural Enemies

Six kinds of cxtracts drawn from Ajuga multiflora and .A. multliflora var. brevispicala and A. multiflora var.serotina using methanol and acetone were used in this experiment to test their killing activity to the second instar larvae ofHypantria cunea and their influence on its natural enemics. The average death rate caused by those extracts on the secondinstar larvae was 85.70%. The mortality rate caused by the extracts drawn with methanol was from 88.89% to 96.33%,which was significal1tly l1igl1er tl1a11 tl1at caused by acetol1e extracts. 'I11osc extracts were satt to TrchogranInIa `Ie)uI,xiIinIi,Coccinella septempunctata, the natural enelnies of H. cunea. We did not found any evidence shown that those extracts hadany influence the emergence and the devclopment of T. dendrolimi. Those methanolic extracts gotten from A. multiflora andA. multiflora var. brevispicata had no significant effects on the mortality of the larvae and adults of C. septenrpunctala.Those eXtracts could be used in the control of H cunea sattly.

Determination of the Minerals of the Herbal Tea and Tea Green from Lippia multiflora

This study aims to determine the mineral composition of green teas and herbal tea in the savannah tea plant. Samples of buds, young leaves and broadleaf stems were collected from wild plants of Lippia multiflora in three localities, including two from the Center (Yamoussoukro, Toumodi) and one from the northeast (Bondoukou) of Côte d’Ivoire. The lipid and ash contents were carried out by the AOAC method. The total protein and sugar contents were determined by the Kjeldahl and Agbo methods, respectively. Nine minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, manganese, zinc, copper and cadmium) were quantitated by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) from green teas (buds and young leaves) and herbal tea of Lippia multiflora. The results showed that ash levels (7.05% - 13.94%) and protein (6.22% - 9.97%) were high, however the lipid contents (1.01% - 2.98%) and total sugars (1.43% - 4.51%) are low. Majority of the minerals are calcium (2320.91 to 36150.10 mg/kg), potassium (2110.71 to 12174.67 mg/kg) and magnesium (3620.87 - 5870.46 mg/kg). Iron (52.55 to 483.11 mg/kg), sodium (35.66 to 469.16 mg/kg) and manganese (15.25 to 76.86 mg/kg) are represented in average proportions. There are small amounts of zinc (9.61 - 47.50 mg/kg), copper (5.66 - 8.71 mg/kg), and cadmium (0.17 - 1.49 mg/kg). Lippia multiflora herbal teas and green teas are low in fat, high in ash and are good sources of protein and minerals.

Gas Chromatography-Based Fingerprinting and Chemical Pattern Recognition of Rosa multiflora Volatile Oil

In this paper, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GS-MS） was used to build the standard fingerprint of volatile oil from Rosa multiflora Thunb. from 12 different habitats. Fourteen components in the volatile oil were identified as the indicator components ofR. multiflora, of which one was selected as the standard. The GC analysis conditions used for fingerprinting afford a very good separating effect. The similarity of the 12 volatile oils from R. multiflora Thunb. was more than 0.84, and the precision, stability and repeatability of the fingerprints were quite good. It could be concluded that the fingerprints can be used as the standard and as a quality control method for medicinal materials from R. multiflora Thunb..

西沙短指软珊瑚Sinularia multiflora化学成分研究

目的研究中国南海西沙群岛软珊瑚Sinularia multiflora的化学成分。方法利用薄层色谱、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析、MPLC、HPLC等色谱方法对化学成分进行分离纯化;运用NMR、MS等波谱方法,并结合文献理化数据比对,鉴定化合物的结构。结果从西沙短指软珊瑚Sinularia multiflora的甲醇-二氯甲烷粗提取物中分离得到7个降碳二萜类化合物:(5R)-norcembrene(1),(5S)-norcembrene(2),norcembrene C(3),sinuleptolide(4),scabrolide C(5),norcembrene E(6),ineleganolide(7),以及1个已知愈创木烷型倍半萜:3β-methoxy-guaia-2β-ol-10(14)-ene(8)。

七姊妹蔷薇(Rosa multiflora var.carnea)组织培养体系的建立

七姊妹蔷薇(Rosa multiflora var.carnea)是一种多年生灌木,具有重要的观赏价值,广泛应用于园林绿化。研究七姊妹蔷薇的组织培养对提升品种的品质具有重要意义。本试验分别以七姊妹蔷薇带腋芽茎段、叶片为外植体,研究了不同激素配比对腋芽萌发、叶片愈伤组织诱导、增殖、生根的影响,建立组培快繁体系。结果表明,带腋芽茎段接种到MS+0.50 mg/L 6-BA+0.50 mg/L NAA的初代培养基为最佳配方,腋芽萌发率为98.50%;增殖培养及生根培养的最佳配方为MS+1.00 mg/L 6-BA+0.01 mg/L NAA(或MS+2.00 mg/L 6-BA+0.10 mg/L NAA)和1/2MS+0.02 mg/L NAA,增殖系数达到2.50,生根率达到80.00%。可诱导出叶片愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+2.00 mg/L 6-BA或MS+0.50 mg/L 6-BA+0.50 mg/L NAA。本试验初步建立了七姊妹蔷薇组培快繁技术体系,为该品种的工厂化育苗提供技术支撑。

New phenylpyridone derivatives from the Penicillium sumatrense GZWMJZ-313,a fungal endophyte of Garcinia multiflora

Citridones E-G (1-3), three new phenylpyridone derivatives together with two known curvularins (4 and 5) were isolated from the solid culture of the endophytic fungus Penicillium sumatrense GZWMJZ-313 in Garcinia multiflora. The structures of new compounds were determined in the light of spectroscopic data,X-ray and ECD calculation. Compounds 1 and 3 are racemates, while compound 2 is optically pure.Compounds 1 and 4 showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC values ranging from 8 μg/mL to 64 μg/mL.

Pulmonoprotective Action of Zataria multiflora Ethanolic Extract on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Oxidative Lung Toxicity in Mice

Objective To evaluate the protective effect of Zataria multiflora extract,an antioxidative medicinal plant,against cyclophosphamide(CP)-induced oxidative lung damage in mice.Methods Mice were intraperitoneally pre-treated with various doses of Zataria multiflora extract(50,100,200,and 400 mg/kg)once daily for 7 consecutive days.Animals were then injected with a single 200 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of CP 1 h after the last administration of O.vulgare.Twenty-four hours later,mice were euthanized,the lungs were immediately removed,and biochemical and histological studies were conducted.Results A single dose of CP markedly altered the levels of several biomarkers associated with oxidative stress in lung homogenates.Pretreatment with Zataria multiflora significantly inhibited the elevation of lipid peroxidation level and the depletion in glutathione content,and superoxide dismutase and catalase activities induced by CP in lung.In addition,Zataria multiflora effectively alleviated CP-induced histopathological abnormality and pulmonary damages in mice lung tissues.Conclusions The results reveal that Zataria multiflora protects lung tissues from CP-induced toxicity and suggest a role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of lung toxicity produced by CP in mice.Because Zataria multiflora has been extensively used as an additive agent and is regarded as safe,it may be used concomitantly as a good supplement for reducing organ toxicity in patients undergoing chemotherapy,besides their consolidated ethnopharmacological uses.

Effects of Zataria oxymel on obesity, insulin resistance and lipid profile:A randomized, controlled, triple-blind trial

Background: Obesity is a major public health problem and its occurrence is markedly increasing in developed and developing countries. However, few studies have investigated the use of natural products to treat obesity. The effects of taking a combination of oxymel and Zataria multiflora Boiss.(ZM), herein referred to as Zataria oxymel(ZO), on obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance have not yet been studied.Objective: This study evaluates the effects of oxymel and ZO on obesity, lipid profile and insulin resistance.Design, setting, participants and interventions: In this randomized, controlled, triple-blind trial, overweight patients were randomly divided into three groups and received doses of study compounds twice per day for twelve weeks. Group A received 0.75 g ZM in 10 mL oxymel in each treatment;group B received 1.5 g ZM in 10 m L of oxymel in each treatment and group C(control) only received 10 mL of oxymel in each treatment.Main outcome measures: Anthropometric parameters, including body mass index(BMI), waist circumference and hip circumference, were measured at the time of registration. Blood tests were carried out at the beginning and once again at end of the study. Blood parameters included fasting blood sugar(FBS), insulin levels, serum lipid profile(total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol) and liver enzymes(aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase).Serum creatinine was also measured at the beginning of the project and in monthly intervals for three months. The homeostasis model assessment index was calculated as fasting insulin(μIU/mL)×FBS(mg/dL)/405.Results: The results showed that patients receiving ZO experienced significant reduction in waist circumference in groups A, B and C, respectively(P < 0.001) but no significant change in BMI. Group A also experienced reduction in hip circumference(P = 0.01). Groups B and C had reduction in the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance(P = 0.05 and P = 0.01, respectively), with no significant reduction in FBS.No effect on lipid profile, liver enzymes or serum creatinine was observed in the three groups.Conclusion: In this study, treatment with ZO and oxymel reduced insulin resistance, and waist and hip circumferences in overweight patients. Nonetheless, the traditional Persian use of ZO as a beverage to improve the anthropometric indices in overweight individuals still requires further research with a larger sample size.Trial registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials Code IRCT20171220037976 N1.

Management of acute cough by Zataria multiflora Boiss as an alternative treatment

Cough, as a defensive reflux mechanism, removes foreign objects and secretions from bronchi and bron- chioles of airways. Zataria multiflora is a popular plant for treatment of cough in Iranian traditional med- icine. The aim of this review was to evaluate the potency of Z. multiflora as an alternative treatment in management of acute cough and its possible mechanisms of action. Here the authors compiled informa- tion about Z. multiflora in the treatment of cough from all accessible resources and books. The results of this investigation showed that there were five clinical studies that evaluated the efficacy of Z. multiflora essential oil or extract alone （n = 1 ）, in combination with Althaea officinalis （n = 2） or Foeniculum vulgate essential oil （n = 1 ）, in the form of syrup （n = 3）, oral drop （n = 1 ） and soft capsule （n = 1 ）, for the treatment of acute cough in comparison with placebo or synthetic drugs （bromhexine, dextromethorphan and clobutinol）. All clinical studies confirmed the efficacy ofZ multiflora in the amelioration of acute cough in pediatric （n = 1） and adult patients （n = 4） without any adverse effects. Different mechanisms, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, relaxant and immune-enhancement, may be responsible for the efficacy of Z. multiflora in cough relief. Other clinical trials can be performed with Z. multiflora in com- bination with ivy leaf extract or primrose root extract on patients with cough.