Multilevel carbon architecture of subnanoscopic silicon for fast‐charging high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries

Silicon(Si)is widely used as a lithium‐ion‐battery anode owing to its high capacity and abundant crustal reserves.However,large volume change upon cycling and poor conductivity of Si cause rapid capacity decay and poor fast‐charging capability limiting its commercial applications.Here,we propose a multilevel carbon architecture with vertical graphene sheets(VGSs)grown on surfaces of subnanoscopically and homogeneously dispersed Si–C composite nanospheres,which are subsequently embedded into a carbon matrix(C/VGSs@Si–C).Subnanoscopic C in the Si–C nanospheres,VGSs,and carbon matrix form a three‐dimensional conductive and robust network,which significantly improves the conductivity and suppresses the volume expansion of Si,thereby boosting charge transport and improving electrode stability.The VGSs with vast exposed edges considerably increase the contact area with the carbon matrix and supply directional transport channels through the entire material,which boosts charge transport.The carbon matrix encapsulates VGSs@Si–C to decrease the specific surface area and increase tap density,thus yielding high first Coulombic efficiency and electrode compaction density.Consequently,C/VGSs@Si–C delivers excellent Li‐ion storage performances under industrial electrode conditions.In particular,the full cells show high energy densities of 603.5 Wh kg^(−1)and 1685.5 Wh L^(−1)at 0.1 C and maintain 80.7%of the energy density at 3 C.

Comparison of Alternative Strategies for Multilevel Optimization of Hierarchical Systems

The augmented Lagrangian penalty formulation and four different coordination strategies are used to examine the nu- merical behavior of Analytical Target Cascading (ATC) for multilevel optimization of hierarchical systems. The coordination strategies considered include augmented Lagrangian using the method of multipliers and alternating direction method of multipliers, diagonal quadratic approximation, and truncated diagonal quadratic approximation. Properties examined include computational cost and solution accuracy based on the selected values for the different parameters that appear in each formulation. The different strategies are implemented using two- and three-level decomposed example problems. While the results show the interaction between the selected ATC formulation and the values of associated parameters, they clearly highlight the impact they could have on both the solution accuracy and computational cost.

Mechanical response and microscopic damage mechanism of pre-flawed sandstone subjected to monotonic and multilevel cyclic loading:A laboratory-scale investigation

This study aims to investigate the mechanical response and acoustic emission(AE)characteristic of pre-flawed sandstone under both monotonic and multilevel constant-amplitude cyclic loads.Specifically,we explored how coplanar flaw angle and load type impact the strength and deformation behavior and microscopic damage mechanism.Results indicated that being fluctuated before rising with increasing fissure angle under monotonic loading,the peak strength of the specimen first increased slowly and then steeply under cyclic loading.The effect of multilevel cyclic loading on the mechanical parameters was more significant.For a single fatigue stage,the specimen underwent greater deformation in early cycles,which subsequently stabilized.Similar variation pattern was also reflected by AE count/energy/b-value.Crack behaviors were dominated by the fissure angle and load type and medium-scale crack accounted for 74.83%–86.44%of total crack.Compared with monotonic loading,crack distribution of specimen under cyclic loading was more complicated.Meanwhile,a simple model was proposed to describe the damage evolution of sandstone under cyclic loading.Finally,SEM images revealed that the microstructures at the fracture were mainly composed of intergranular fracture,and percentage of transgranular fracture jumped under cyclic loading due to the rapid release of elastic energy caused by high loading rate.

State Fusion Estimation for Multilevel Multisensor System

Based on the single sensor Kalman filtering equations, this paper presents two-level and three-level optimal centralized and distributed estimation algorithms for hierarchical multisensor systems. The solution shows that when the correlated matrix, the mean of noise, the control input, and the measurement error are all zero, the result in this paper turns out to be the standard algorithm discussed. Simulation shows that the mean of noise, the control input, and the measurement error will not change the estimation covariance and the estimation covariance fluctuates greatly when the cross-correlated matrix is similar to the covariance of process noise.

Stop Control Strategy of Modular Multilevel Converter Based HVDC System

The stop control strategy of modular multilevel converter based HVDC transmission system is proposed. This stop process is divided into stages of energy feedback and energy consumption. The DC voltage controller is coordinated to the used modules per phase when active power is transmitted prior to reactive power, so that the energy is fed back to the AC power grid connected to the converter station which uses the fixed dc voltage controller. In addition, in view of the different forms connected to the grid, specifically when the converter station supplies power for passive network, the passive converter station can take a certain auxiliary trigger strategy to make its maximum energy feedback to the grid. Finally, a simulation system of the MMC-HVDC system is constructed in Matlab/Simulink environment, and simulation results show that the proposed stop strategies are effective.

Enforcing a Source-end Cooperative Multilevel Defense Mechanism to Counter Flooding Attack

The exponential advancement in telecommunication embeds the Internet in every aspect of communication.Interconnections of networks all over the world impose monumental risks on the Internet.A Flooding Attack(FA)is one of the major intimidating risks on the Internet where legitimate users are prevented from accessing network services.Irrespective of the protective measures incorporated in the communication infrastructure,FA still persists due to the lack of global cooperation.Most of the existing mitigation is set up either at the traffic starting point or at the traffic ending point.Providing mitigation at one or the other end may not be a complete solution.To insist on better protection againstflooding attacks,this work proposes a cooperative multilevel defense mechanism.The proposed cooperative multilevel defense mechanism consists of two-level of mitigation.In thefirst level,it is proposed to design a Threshold-based rate-limiting with a Spoofing Resistant Tag(TSRT),as a source end countermeasure for High-Rate Flooding Attacks(HRFA)and spoofing attacks.In the second level,the accent is to discriminate normal traffic after Distributed Denial of Service(DDoS)traffic and drop the DDoS traffic at the destination end.Flow Congruence-based Selective Pushback(FCSP),as a destination-initiated countermeasure for the Low Rate Flooding Attack(LRFA).The source and the destination cooperate to identify and block the attack.A key advantage of this cooperative mechanism is that it can distinguish and channel down the attack traffic nearer to the starting point of the attack.The presentation of the agreeable cooperative multilevel safeguard mechanism is approved through broad recreation in NS-2.The investigation and the exploratory outcomes show that the proposed plan can effectively identify and shield from the attack.

Salp Swarm Algorithm with Multilevel Thresholding Based Brain Tumor Segmentation Model

Biomedical image processing acts as an essential part of severalmedical applications in supporting computer aided disease diagnosis. MagneticResonance Image (MRI) is a commonly utilized imaging tool used tosave glioma for clinical examination. Biomedical image segmentation plays avital role in healthcare decision making process which also helps to identifythe affected regions in the MRI. Though numerous segmentation models areavailable in the literature, it is still needed to develop effective segmentationmodels for BT. This study develops a salp swarm algorithm with multi-levelthresholding based brain tumor segmentation (SSAMLT-BTS) model. Thepresented SSAMLT-BTS model initially employs bilateral filtering based onnoise removal and skull stripping as a pre-processing phase. In addition,Otsu thresholding approach is applied to segment the biomedical imagesand the optimum threshold values are chosen by the use of SSA. Finally,active contour (AC) technique is used to identify the suspicious regions in themedical image. A comprehensive experimental analysis of the SSAMLT-BTSmodel is performed using benchmark dataset and the outcomes are inspectedin many aspects. The simulation outcomes reported the improved outcomesof the SSAMLT-BTS model over recent approaches with maximum accuracyof 95.95%.

A Multilevel Hierarchical Parallel Algorithm for Large-Scale Finite Element Modal Analysis

The strict and high-standard requirements for the safety and stability ofmajor engineering systems make it a tough challenge for large-scale finite element modal analysis.At the same time,realizing the systematic analysis of the entire large structure of these engineering systems is extremely meaningful in practice.This article proposes a multilevel hierarchical parallel algorithm for large-scale finite element modal analysis to reduce the parallel computational efficiency loss when using heterogeneous multicore distributed storage computers in solving large-scale finite element modal analysis.Based on two-level partitioning and four-transformation strategies,the proposed algorithm not only improves the memory access rate through the sparsely distributed storage of a large amount of data but also reduces the solution time by reducing the scale of the generalized characteristic equation(GCEs).Moreover,a multilevel hierarchical parallelization approach is introduced during the computational procedure to enable the separation of the communication of inter-nodes,intra-nodes,heterogeneous core groups(HCGs),and inside HCGs through mapping computing tasks to various hardware layers.This method can efficiently achieve load balancing at different layers and significantly improve the communication rate through hierarchical communication.Therefore,it can enhance the efficiency of parallel computing of large-scale finite element modal analysis by fully exploiting the architecture characteristics of heterogeneous multicore clusters.Finally,typical numerical experiments were used to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposedmethod.Then a parallel modal analysis example of the cross-river tunnel with over ten million degrees of freedom(DOFs)was performed,and ten-thousand core processors were applied to verify the feasibility of the algorithm.

Development of Energy Management System for Micro Grid Operation

The introduction of several small and large-scale industries,malls,shopping complexes,and domestic applications has significantly increased energy consumption.The aim of the work is to simulate a technically viable and economically optimum hybrid power system for residential buildings.The proposed micro-grid model includes four power generators:solar power,wind power,Electricity Board(EB)source,and a Diesel Generator(DG)set,with solar and wind power performing as major sources and the EB supply and DG set serving as backup sources.The core issue in direct current to alternate current conversion is harmonics distortion,a five-stage multilevel inverter is employed with the assistance of an intelligent control system is simulated and the optimum system configuration is estimated to reduce harmonics and improve the power quality.The monthly demand for residential buildings is 13-15 Megawatts.So,almost 433 Kilo-Watts(KW)of electricity is required every day,and if it is used for 8 h per day,50-60 KW of electricity is needed per hour.The overall micro-grid model’s operation and performance are established using MATLAB/SIMULINK software,and simulation results are provided.The simulation results show that the developed system is both cost-effective and environment friendly resulting in yearly cost reductions.

A Sensor-less Surface Mounted PMSM for Electronic Speed Control in Multilevel Inverter

Recent advancements in power electronics technology evolves inverter fed electric motors.Speed signals and rotor position are essential for controlling an electric motor accurately.In this paper,the sensorless speed control of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor(SPMSM)has been attempted.SPMSM wants a digital inverter for its precise working.Hence,this study incor-poratesfifteen level inverter to the SPMSM.A sliding mode observer(SMO)based sensorless speed control scheme is projected to determine rotor spot and speed of the multilevel inverter(MLI)fed SPMSM.MLI has been operated using a multi carrier pulse width modulation(MCPWM)strategy for generation offif-teen level voltages.The simulation works are executed with MATLAB/SIMU-LINK software.The steadiness and the heftiness of the projected model have been investigated under no loaded and loaded situations of SPMSM.Furthermore,the projected method can be adapted for electric vehicles.

Multilevel optoelectronic hybrid memory based on N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film with low resistance drift and ultrafast speed

Multilevel phase-change memory is an attractive technology to increase storage capacity and density owing to its high-speed,scalable and non-volatile characteristics.However,the contradiction between thermal stability and operation speed is one of key factors to restrain the development of phase-change memory.Here,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)-based optoelectronic hybrid memory is proposed to simultaneously implement high thermal stability and ultrafast operation speed.The picosecond laser is adopted to write/erase information based on reversible phase transition characteristics whereas the resistance is detected to perform information readout.Results show that when N content is 27.4 at.%,N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)film possesses high ten-year data retention temperature of 175℃and low resistance drift coefficient of 0.00024 at 85℃,0.00170 at 120℃,and 0.00249 at 150℃,respectively,owing to the formation of Ge–N,Sb–N,and Te–N bonds.The SET/RESET operation speeds of the film reach 520 ps/13 ps.In parallel,the reversible switching cycle of the corresponding device is realized with the resistance ratio of three orders of magnitude.Four-level reversible resistance states induced by various crystallization degrees are also obtained together with low resistance drift coefficients.Therefore,the N-doped Ge_(2)Sb_(2)Te_(5)thin film is a promising phase-change material for ultrafast multilevel optoelectronic hybrid storage.

基于多层次模块化的金工实习教学改革与实践

金工实习是培养高校大学生工程能力与素养的重要实践环节之一,其课程内容的丰富性、课程体系的完善性、教学方法的先进性一直是当代高校极为重视的授课要素。该文围绕“以常规技能训练为主的基础训练平台,以学科技术训练为主的拓展训练平台,以学生能力发展为主的综合训练平台,以创新能力培养为主的创新训练平台”进行课程体系和实训项目的设计和执行。通过“基础-拓展-综合-创新”四个阶段,实施多层次模块化金工实习教学模式的改革与实践,为金工实习教学改革与实践研究提供借鉴和支持。

金融高质量发展助力强国建设背景下巨灾商业保险发展研究——基于粤港澳大湾区实践

推进保险业创新发展是深化金融供给侧结构性改革的重要部分,对加快建设中国特色现代金融体系、提高金融服务经济社会发展的质效具有重要意义。从粤港澳大湾区的实践来看,巨灾商业保险发展可以降低灾害风险对经济的影响,提升社会的整体巨灾应对能力,促进区域内跨境商业活动的顺利开展。文章解析了粤港澳大湾区巨灾商业保险的发展背景、制度设计和金融服务支持现状,深入分析了当前粤港澳大湾区巨灾商业保险发展中存在的个体覆盖问题、市场供给约束及法律保障制度缺陷,结合日、美三大著名湾区巨灾商业保险的发展经验,围绕金融高质量发展,从需求侧出发刺激巨灾保险需求、从供给侧出发释放巨灾保险活力、发挥政府职能推进高质量巨灾商业保险制度设计、探索中国特色的“多层次”巨灾商业保险制度四个方面,提出适合我国国情的巨灾商业保险发展的建议。

基于MMC的分布式储能系统及其快速SOC均衡控制策略

提高基于模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)的分布式储能系统(distributed energy storage systems,DESS)的能量利用率,解决储能子模块(energy sub-module,ESM)荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)均衡问题至关重要。针对现有的SOC均衡控制策略的不足,提出内外分层的快速SOC均衡控制策略。外层针对桥臂间或相间的SOC差异,通过改进MMC模型预测控制(model predictive predictive control,MPC),配合自适应均衡系数,快速调整功率差额。内层引入自适应虚拟电阻法,根据ESM的SOC情况确定主导ESM,自适应调节各单元的虚拟电阻,产生相应的电压梯度,结合MMC排序算法使ESM按照各自SOC进行功率分配,从而实现ESM的SOC快速均衡,提高DESS能量利用率。通过在Matlab/Simulink构建仿真模型,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

远距离风电分频送出方式及大功率变频装置的研发

分频输电作为一种新型输电方式,在风电远距离送出场景下极具优势。为了给远距离风电经分频输电系统送出场景下的关键变频设备——模块化多电平矩阵式换流器(modular multilevel matrix converter,M3C)在工程上的实机研制与生产运行提供参考,首先介绍了分频输电的特性、风电经分频输电送出的系统方案与拓扑以及分频输电系统的关键变频设备。在此基础上,研制了分频输电系统中工/分频能量变换的关键设备——35 kV/3 MVA M3C变频器,并进行了性能试验。试验结果表明:分频变频器工程样机满载情况下的效率、模块电压不均衡度、电压/电流谐波畸变率、分频侧频率调节偏差以及功率阶跃响应时间等关键性能指标均符合设计要求。最后对分频输电系统的发展前景以及效益进行了分析,同时也指出了目前分频输电系统发展所面临的技术挑战。

面向中压直流配电网的模块化多电平电池储能系统电荷吞吐量抑制策略

模块化多电平电池储能系统(modular multilevel converter-battery energy storage system,MMC-BESS)中各子模块功率周期性波动,与其相连的电池组充放电状态频繁切换,产生额外的电荷吞吐量,危害电池储能系统寿命。当MMC-BESS用于中压直流配电网时,其交直流侧功率传输情况复杂多变,增大电荷吞吐量的抑制难度。因此,文中针对中压直流配电网中的MMC-BESS,提出一种基于二倍频环流注入的电荷吞吐量抑制策略。首先,构建中压直流配电网中MMC-BESS的数学模型;其次,剖析MMC-BESS电荷吞吐量的产生机理,分析不同运行方式下电荷吞吐量的影响因素;再次,提出基于二倍频环流注入的电荷吞吐量抑制策略,以系统总电荷吞吐量最小为目标,选取不同工况下需注入的最优二倍频环流分量;最后,多种工况下的仿真及实验结果表明,所提方法可有效抑制中压直流配电网中MMC-BESS的电荷吞吐量。

扩展P-ROQR环流抑制策略在船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统中的应用

为了解决船舶中压直流(MVDC)电力系统中应用的模块化多电平变换器(MMC)存在的环流问题,分析自阻型MMC的拓扑结构及环流产生机理,采用基于2阶广义积分器(SOGI)的滤波器过滤环流中的直流分量。对于环流中的交流分量,提出一种基于比例降阶准比例谐振控制器的新型环流抑制器对其进行抑制。在MATLAB/Simulink软件中搭建船舶自阻型MMC-MVDC电力系统模型。仿真结果表明:所提策略能有效抑制环流中的交流分量;自阻型MMC应用于逆变侧时具有直流故障闭锁能力。所提策略应用于船舶MMC-MVDC电力系统的环流抑制效果优异,同时具有减少桥臂电流畸变,稳定子模块电容电压的作用。

MMC结构的分布式光伏系统功率不平衡优化方案

模块化多电平变换器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)由于其模块化结构,已成为大规模光伏(photovoltaic,PV)并网逆变器的研究热点。然而,在不同光照强度和温度下,PV组件之间发电功率不同,导致MMC内部出现桥臂、相间功率不均衡。因此,该文先分析MMC-PV系统在功率不均衡下的表现机理,后提出一种基于MMC结构的光储电能路由,其控制策略在满足交、直流端口功率需求的同时,实现桥臂间和相间的功率自均衡,提高PV利用率和系统稳定性。同时,受桥臂内子模块功率传输极限的影响,对PV和ESS的配置约束作详细分析,最后,通过仿真以及实验验证所提拓扑及控制策略的正确性和有效性。

基于Multilevel CodingTree模型的公路数字化档案标识编码研究

针对高速公路信息化建设中的编码问题,文章提出了基于Multilevel Coding Tree模型的"项目代号+属性+类别+流水号"四段位编码方案。根据该编码的结构,采用概率分析、实验测试和命题证明等手段,验证了编码的唯一性。该编码方案为公路信息化建设中各类文件提供了唯一的编码,达到一页(件)一码,是一种行之有效的编码方案。