A QoS-Based Multichannel MAC Protocol for Two-Tiered Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Rapid penetration of small customized wireless devices and enormous growth of wireless communication technologies has already set the stage for large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks. Offering precise quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over sensor networks has not received significant attention. However offering some better QoS for wireless multimedia over sensor networks raises significant challenges. In this paper, we propose an adaptive Cross-Layer multi-channel QoS-MAC protocol to support energy-efficient, high throughput, and reliable data transmission in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSNs). Our proposed protocol use benefit of TDMA and CSMA/CA to adaptively assign channels and timeslots to active multimedia sensor nodes in clusters. Simulations show that the proposed system achieves the performance objectives of WMSNs with increased network throughput at the cost of a small control and energy overhead.

基于蝗虫算法的配电通信WMSNs多路径QoS路由优化模型研究

为提高配电通信网络的生命周期,降低网络能耗和均衡化WMSNs多路径QoS路由网络负荷,提出一种基于配电通信网的蝗虫算法优化WMSNs多路径QoS路由算法研究。选择WMSNs多路径QoS路由路径最短和能量最低为目标函数。研究结果表明,与改进算法和经典算法相比,基于GOA的WMSNs多路径QoS路由算法网络能耗最低、死亡节点数最少,效果很好,可以延长死亡节点产生的时间,有效提高整个WMSNs多路径QoS路由网络的生存寿命。

ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTED STEGANOGRAPHY FOR SECURE COMMUNICATION IN WIRELESS MULTIMEDIA SENSOR NETWORKS

A secure communication mechanism is necessary in the applications of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), which is more vulnerable to security attacks due to the presence of multimedia data. Additionally, given the limited technological resources (in term of energy, computation, bandwidth, and storage) of sensor nodes, security and privacy policies have to be combined with energy-aware algorithms and distributed processing of multimedia contents in WMSNs. To solve these problems in this paper, an energy efficient distributed steganography scheme, which combines steganography technique with the concept of distributed computing, is proposed for secure communication in WMSNs. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve considerable energy efficiency while assuring the communication security simultaneously.

A Sensor Awakening Algorithm for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Three Dimensional Target Tracking

For node awakening in wireless multi-sensor networks, an algorithm is put forward for three dimensional tar- get tracking. To monitor target dynamically in three dimensional area by controlling nodes, we constract vir- tual force between moving target and the current sense node depending on the virtual potential method, then select the next sense node with information gain function, so that when target randomly move in the specific three dimensional area, the maximum sensing ratio of motion trajectory is get with few nodes. The proposed algorithm is verified from the simulations.

Enhanced Metaheuristics-Based Clustering Scheme for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Traditional Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)comprise of costeffective sensors that can send physical parameters of the target environment to an intended user.With the evolution of technology,multimedia sensor nodes have become the hot research topic since it can continue gathering multimedia content and scalar from the target domain.The existence of multimedia sensors,integrated with effective signal processing and multimedia source coding approaches,has led to the increased application of Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network(WMSN).This sort of network has the potential to capture,transmit,and receive multimedia content.Since energy is a major source in WMSN,novel clustering approaches are essential to deal with adaptive topologies of WMSN and prolonged network lifetime.With this motivation,the current study develops an Enhanced Spider Monkey Optimization-based Energy-Aware Clustering Scheme(ESMO-EACS)for WMSN.The proposed ESMO-EACS model derives ESMO algorithm by incorporating the concepts of SMO algorithm and quantum computing.The proposed ESMO-EACS model involves the design of fitness functions using distinct input parameters for effective construction of clusters.A comprehensive experimental analysis was conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed ESMO-EACS technique in terms of different performance measures.The simulation outcome established the superiority of the proposed ESMO-EACS technique to other methods under various measures.

Clustering in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Using Spectral Graph Partitioning

Wireless multimedia sensor network (WMSN) consists of sensors that can monitor multimedia data from its surrounding, such as capturing image, video and audio. To transmit multimedia information, large energy is required which decreases the lifetime of the network. In this paper we present a clustering approach based on spectral graph partitioning (SGP) for WMSN that increases the lifetime of the network. The efficient strategies for cluster head selection and rotation are also proposed.

Clustering in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are comprised of small embedded audio/video motes capable of extracting the surrounding environmental information, locally processing it and then wirelessly transmitting it to sink/base station. Multimedia data such as image, audio and video is larger in volume than scalar data such as temperature, pressure and humidity. Thus to transmit multimedia information, more energy is required which reduces the lifetime of the network. Limitation of battery energy is a crucial problem in WMSN that needs to be addressed to prolong the lifetime of the network. In this paper we present a clustering approach based on Spectral Graph Partitioning (SGP) for WMSN that increases the lifetime of the network. The efficient strategies for cluster head selection and rotation are also proposed as part of clustering approach. Simulation results show that our strategy is better than existing strategies.

A time domain multiple-CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over wireless multimedia sensor networks

Channel parameters estimation in an orthogonal for the receiver station is a multi-dimensional （MD） frequency division multiple access （OFDMA） system optimization problem, because every user node has a separate local oscillator and every transmitter to receiver link has individual carrier frequency offset （CFO） and channel impulse response （CIR） parameters. In order to reduce the computational complexity for MD optimization, a time domain CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over the OFDMA based wireless multimedia sensor networks （WMSN） is proposed in this paper. In this algorithm, the receiver station can decouple the signal from every node by correlation based on specially designed training sequences, so that the MD optimization problem is simplified to an 1-D optimal problem. It is proved that the multiple CFOs can be identified from the correlation result using the phase shift of the consecutive training se- quences. Based on the CFOs estimation result, the CIRs can then he estimated according to the minimum mean square error （MMSE） criterion. The theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively decouple the signal from different user nodes and the bit error rate （BER） per- formance curves are close to the ideal estimation when the user number is not large.

The Design ＆ Implementation of Multimedia Sensor Node and the Building of Multimedia Network in Smart Home

With the requirements of multimedia service increasing in people＇ s life, sensor modules such as microphone, camera are added in the smart home＇ s sensor network, and the acquisition and processing of a large amount of information media such as audio, image and video is becoming a significant characteristics of smart home. The paper focuses on solving the following technical problems： the building of Zigbee multimedia network, the Design and selection of multimedia sensor node. These provide the basic network platform and the core technical support for the building of smart home.

Queuing Management in Wireless Sensor Networks for QoS Measurement

Data transmission in multimedia WSNs are required high bandwidth and reliable transfer because of large amount of data size. However, some applications of WSNs are required high quality. In this context, main factor in quality of services (QoS) metrics in WSNs becomes longevity of the network and high quality. In sensor nodes, choosing relevant transceiver and microcontroller components plays important role in assembling sensor devices, in which data controls should be designed so that packet loss is minimized. Available QoS metrics based on queuing/buffer management in wired and other wireless networks don’t applicable in WSNs because of its unique characteristics. In this paper the simplest model of QoS model-bufferless system were proposed. In the proposed model, measurement of the probability of blocking of the arrival packets was suggested by using queuing theory in order to increase QoS. Given probability of blocking (PB) illustrates clear picture how system specification should be chosen so that blocking state would be minimized.

RELOCATION ALGORITHM FOR NON-UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION IN MOBILE SENSOR NETWORK

Energy is the determinant factor for the survival of Mobile Sensor Networks(MSN).Based on the analysis of the energy distribution in this paper,a two-phase relocation algorithm is proposed based on the balance between the energy provision and energy consumption distribution.Our main objectives are to maximize the coverage percentage and to minimize the total distance of node movements.This algorithm is designed to meet the requirement of non-uniform distribution network applications,to extend the lifetime of MSN and to simplify the design of the routing protocol.In ad-dition,test results show the feasibility of our proposed relocation algorithm.

Energy Efficient and QoS Aware Framework for Video Transmission over Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs), is a network of sensors, which are limited in terms of memory, computing, bandwidth, and battery lifetime. Multimedia transmission over WSN requires certain QoS guarantees such as huge amount of bandwidth, strict delay and lower loss ratio that makes transmitting multimedia is a complicated task. However, adopting cross-layer approach in WMSNs improves quality of service of WSN under different environmental conditions. In this work, an energy efficient and QoS aware framework for transmitting multimedia content over WSN (EQWSN) is presented, where packet, queue and path scheduling were introduced. It adapts the application layer parameter of video encoder to current wireless channel state, and drops less important packets in case of network congestion according to packet type. Finally, the path scheduling differentiates packets types/priority and route them through different paths with different QoS considering network lifetime. Simulation results show that the new scheme EQWSN transmits video quality with QoS guarantees in addition to prolonging network lifetime.

基于方差的WMSN图像非均匀分块自适应压缩算法

针对无线多媒体传感器网络数据量较大和储存能力有限等问题,提出了基于方差的图像非均匀分块自适应压缩算法。在传统的压缩方法中,均匀分块的稀疏变换对图像信号进行压缩,会带来图像重构的块状效应,而且无法有效地分离出重要区域或者背景区域。给出一种基于方差的图像非均匀分块自适应压缩算法,以图像方差值作为块大小分割依据,利用四叉树算法进行图像块大小的划分。并将分块大小结果分成快速变化块、过度块和缓慢变化块3类,适时做不同程度的压缩。实验结果表明:本文所提出的算法在图像重构质量方面优于传统的均匀分块压缩方法。

DTFMM:一种适应于WMSNs的多信道MAC协议

基于分簇网络拓扑,提出了一种无冲突的分布式时分/频分多信道MAC协议,简称为DTFMM(Distributed time andfrequency division multi-channel MAC)。该协议主要由三部分组成:信道分配、簇内通信和簇间通信。首先,各簇首运行分布式信道分配算法选择簇内通信的信道,然后各簇内节点采用基于TDMA的信道访问方式与簇首通信,最后各簇首通过最小生成树路由将收集到的数据转发到基站。该协议最大的优点在于充分复用了可用的多信道频率资源,提高了网络吞吐量,更好地提供了对带宽要求很高的多媒体应用的支持。仿真结果表明,该协议具有良好的可分级性,而且在吞吐量、数据包传输延迟等方面均优于基于冲突的多信道协议MMSN。

一种适用于WMSNs的分布式图像压缩算法

为了克服无线多媒体传感器网络(WMSNs)中单个节点存储、处理能力和能量严重受限的问题,在研究双正交叠式变换(LBT)的基础上,提出了一种适用于无线多媒体传感器网络的基于LBT变换的分布式图像压缩算法。仿真结果表明,该算法具有低存储、低处理需求和极低能耗的特点,在传感器节点部署较为密集的情况下能成倍地提高网络生命周期。

一种适用于WMSNs的多信道快速数据收集算法

为了提高WMSNs中多个源节点到sink节点的数据收集效率,文章提出了一种基于树型拓扑结构的多信道快速数据收集算法。该算法有三个主要特点:基于接收方的信道分配算法有效地消除了信道间的干扰;TDMA机制消除了节点间的竞争和冲突;节点度受限的平衡路由树的构建,消除了由于单个节点度太深所造成的调度瓶颈。通过在不同节点配置密度下的深入仿真,验证了文中提出的多信道调度算法与同样基于树的多信道调度协议TMCP相比,具有更快的调度收集性能,同时,采用平衡路由树进一步缩短了收集调度长度。

一种适用于多跳WMSNs的分布式图像压缩算法

在节点资源严重受限的无线多媒体传感器网络(WMSNs)中处理和传输大数据量的图像信息具有很大的挑战性。文章在研究基于小波变换的图像压缩算法SPIHT的基础上,提出了一种基于SPIHT算法的分布式并行图像压缩算法D-SPIHT,该算法具有复杂度低、设计简单、执行速度快、完全分布式并行执行的特点。仿真结果表明,文中提出的D-SPIHT算法,能够有效地平衡网络中各节点的能耗,从而延长网络的生命期,还能大大缩短图像压缩处理的时延,非常适合于对实时性要求较高的WMSNs中的图像压缩和传输。

WMSN中一种有效的地理路由空洞迂回算法

路由空洞问题一直是无线多媒体传感器网络的一个研究热点,针对地理位置路由的特点,提出了一种有效的空洞迂回算法BHRGR。该算法通过提前发送探测包获取空洞边界节点信息确定空洞位置,构建覆盖空洞的虚拟矩形以产生动态中间目的节点,形成有效的迂回空洞路径。仿真结果表明,该算法的路由平均跳数和能量消耗有明显的减少,而且能够有效地缓解路由空洞扩大问题,延长网络生存时间。

WMSN图像节点低内存小波变换方法研究

基于Le Gall 5/3滤波器提出了一种逐行小波变换方法,处理器从图像节点SD卡逐行读出图像信息,完成多级变换后将变换结果行写入SD卡。该方法 SRAM内存需求低,且仅涉及定点整数乘法、加法及移位操作。应用所提方法对一幅256像素×256像素仔猪灰度图像进行小波变换实验,结果表明,该方法以合理的定点运算代价换取了3.968 KB的SRAM开销以及8.718 s的时间开销。为基于小波变换的WMSN节点图像压缩奠定了基础,使农业生产图像在低带宽WMSN上高效传输成为可能。