The Impact of Outsourcing on Local Industry Upgrading: a Case of China from a Global Value Chain Perspective

This paper develops a conceptual model to assess effect of outsourcing by integrating the theories of industrial upgrading and global value chain (GVC) governance. Contrary to the widely accepted perception that outsourcing is expected to generate positive spillover in particular, the findings indicate that outsourcing has different effects in different GVC governance modes. Excess outsourcing could structurally inhibit technology and management spillovers to subcontractors within the emerging economy context. Based on a case study of the Chinese textile and apparel (T & A) industry, it is found that the Chinese T & A industry has been trapped in the captive governance relationship with foreign buyers, and at the same time is capped below the function upgrading level. Consequences of the situation and implication are then discussed.

Parameterless Pruning Algorithms for Similarity-Weight Network and Its Application in Extracting the Backbone of Global Value Chain

Purpose:With the availability and utilization of Inter-Country Input-Output(ICIO)tables,it is possible to construct quantitative indices to assess its impact on the Global Value Chain(GVC).For the sake of visualization,ICIO networks with tremendous low-weight edges are too dense to show the substantial structure.These redundant edges,inevitably make the network data full of noise and eventually exert negative effects on Social Network Analysis(SNA).In this case,we need a method to filter such edges and obtain a sparser network with only the meaningful connections.Design/methodology/approach:In this paper,we propose two parameterless pruning algorithms from the global and local perspectives respectively,then the performance of them is examined using the ICIO table from different databases.Findings:The Searching Paths(SP)method extracts the strongest association paths from the global perspective,while Filtering Edges(FE)method captures the key links according to the local weight ratio.The results show that the FE method can basically include the SP method and become the best solution for the ICIO networks.Research limitations:There are still two limitations in this research.One is that the computational complexity may increase rapidly while processing the large-scale networks,so the proposed method should be further improved.The other is that much more empirical networks should be introduced to testify the scientificity and practicability of our methodology.Practical implications:The network pruning methods we proposed will promote the analysis of the ICIO network,in terms of community detection,link prediction,and spatial econometrics,etc.Also,they can be applied to many other complex networks with similar characteristics.Originality/value:This paper improves the existing research from two aspects,namely,considering the heterogeneity of weights and avoiding the interference of parameters.Therefore,it provides a new idea for the research of network backbone extraction.

Production Chain Length and PPI-CPI Divergence:Analysis Based on the Global Input-output Price Model

Productivity and international energy price shocks are reflected in PPI and CPI via industrial chains.China’s in-depth participation into the global value chains has increasingly lengthened its industrial production chains.The question is how the changing length of production chains will affect CPI and PPI,as well as CPI-PPI correlation?By constructing a global input-output price model,this paper offers a theoretical discussion on the impact of production chain length on the CPI-PPI divergence.Our findings suggest that the price shock of international bulk commodities has a greater impact on China’s PPI than that on CPI.The effects on both China’s PPI and CPI estimated by using the single-country input-output model are higher than the results estimated with the global input-output model.However,the difference between CPI and PPI variations estimated with the global input-output model is greater than the result estimated with the single-country input-output model,which supports the view that the lengthening of production chains,especially international production chains,leads to a divergence between CPI and PPI.Empirical results based on cross-national panel data also suggest that the lengthening of production chains has reduced the CPI-PPI correlation for countries,i.e.the lengthening of production chains has increased the PPI-CPI divergence.That is to say,policymakers should target not just CPI in maintaining price stability,but instead focus on the stability of both PPI and CPI.Efforts can be made to proactively adjust the price index system,and formulate the industrial chain price index.

‘Partly'globalized networks and driving mechanism in resource-based state-owned enterprises:A case study of J Group

In the context of economic globalization,while multinational enterprises from developed countries occupy a high-end position in the global value chain,enterprises from developing countries are often marginalized in the world market.In China,resource-based state-owned enterprises(SOEs)are tasked with the mission of safeguarding resource security,and their internationalization development ideas and strategic deployment are significantly and fundamentally different from those of other non-state-owned enterprises and large multinational corporations.This study provides ideas for the globalization policies of enterprises in developing countries.We consider J Group in western China as a case and discuss its productive investment and global production network development from 2010 to 2019.We found that J Group was‘Partly'globalized,and there are multiple core nodes with the characteristics of centralized and decentralized coexistence in the production network;in addition,the overall layout centre shifted to Southeast Asia and China;however,its global production was restricted by the enterprise's investment security considerations,support and restrictions of the home country,political security risk of the host country,and sanctions from the West.These findings provide insights for future research:under the wave of anti-globalization and'internal circulation as the main body',resource SOEs should consider the potential risk of investment,especially keeping the middle and downstream industrial chain in China as much as possible.

Global Value Chains, Horizontal Intra-lndustry Trade and the Heterogeneous Firm

This paper examines global value chains at the level of the heterogeneous firm. The context is a world of horizontal intra-industry trade, characterized by imperfect competition and product differentiation at the firm level. Standard microeconomic tools are employed to assess the effects of inter-firm dissimilarities in both demand and supply on firms＇ responses to changes in trade policy. In this set-up, dissimilarities in firm characteristics play roles similar to factor endowments and technology differences in traditional trade models. When cross-border production sharing （＂fragmentation＂） is introduced into this framework, those differences in firm characteristics determine the degree to which individual firms will enter into production networks. In this context, horizontal and vertical intra-industry tradel elements interact in their effects on firm decisions. Traditional comparative advantage considerations still govern the choice of off-shored activities, while direct competition between imports and exports expands the range of possible outcomes. Finally, it is shown that cross-border production sharing reduces the sensitivity of firms to variations in exchange rates, matching a phenomenon that has been observed in traditional country-level models.

Impact of Embeddedness in Global Value Chains on the Differentiation of Technological Sophistication of Exports

This paper adopts the production decomposition developed by Wang et al.(2017)and data from the World Input-Output Database(WIOD)to estimate the degrees of forward and backward participation in global value chains(GVCs)in 2000-2014 by the world’s major economies including China,and to do an empirical examination on the impact that heterogeneous forms of participation in GVCs have on the improvement of GVCs.The results show that forward participation in GVCs helps increase the sophistication of exports,while backward participation in GVCs exerts different infl uence on the sophistication of exports.While a lower level of backward participation by a country is constrained by the country’s current position in the international division of labor and thus does not help increase the sophistication of its exports,a higher level of backward participation helps break through the bottleneck of low-end locking in GVCs and increase the sophistication of exports.

中国制造业高端嵌入全球价值链的过程中是否存在信息技术生产率悖论

数字技术已成为助推制造业转型升级的重要动力,中国制造业如何实现全球价值链的位置攀升是推动制造业转型升级、提高制造业经济利益的重要议题。数字技术分别在价值网络、生态网络、技术网络和个性网络实现制造业价值链、供应链、创新链和服务链的高端攀升,但数字技术能否突破传统意义上的生产率悖论提高全要素生产率,并最终成为推动中国制造业高端嵌入全球价值链的引擎值得进一步探究。基于UIBE GVC的数据实证分析发现,数字技术对中国制造业高端嵌入全球价值链有明显的促进作用;行业异质性分析发现,数字技术对中国制造业的技术密集型、劳动力密集型和资本密集型行业促进作用均显著,且在资本密集型行业中,数字技术赋能制造业全球价值链提升的正向效应最强。面对中国制造业数字化转型过程中的瓶颈,要从政府引领、产业创新和企业协同等方面共同促进中国制造业全球价值链地位的提升。

中国产业攀升全球价值链:发展动态、国际比较及对策启示

文章按要素密集度划分产业结构,分别利用前后向参与度、增加值技术复杂度以及基于前后向联系的生产长度构造指标,测度产业在全球价值链生产中的相对价值输出地位、产业控制力水平和生产位置。在此基础上,先从净贡献和产业控制力水平角度分析我国不同类型产业自加入WTO以来嵌入全球价值链的发展趋势,再与美德日韩四国进行同业比较,以掌握国际发展动态,最后以优势国家生产位置为参照,结合现实情况,分析我国不同类型产业攀升全球价值链面临的挑战。

环境规则治理与全球绿色价值链

本文利用41个经济体36个行业的投入产出数据、环境卫星账户数据以及346项具体的区域环境规则文本挖掘数据,在GVC视角下将环境成本内部化以构建基于增加值贸易隐含碳的绿色价值链贸易核算模型,全方位考察环境规则治理对全球绿色价值链的影响及作用机理。结果表明,区域环境规则动态深化显著提高了缔约国制造业和服务业绿色增加值贸易水平,且在不同规则和国别之间表现出强烈异质性。机制分析表明,区域环境规则深化主要通过结构效应、减碳效应以及技术效应共同推动全球价值链的绿色化,不仅能够促进缔约方增加值贸易结构的绿色升级,也能够推动全行业减碳以及国际绿色技术创新合作。而且,随着国内环境规制强度、绿色研发支持水平以及政府效率和监管质量等制度环境约束的提升,区域环境规则对绿色价值链的推动作用也会进一步增强。

全球价值链视角下贸易便利化对增加值贸易的影响研究

将全球价值链多阶段生产这一重要因素纳入贸易模型中,运用结构引力模型和具有多重高维固定效应的泊松回归方法(PPMLHDFE),选取2012—2017年66个经济体贸易便利化水平和17个制造业双边增加值出口数据,基于全球价值链视角分析贸易便利化对增加值贸易的影响。研究表明:(1)贸易便利化对增加值贸易具有积极影响,且这种促进作用可以通过成本节约渠道实现;(2)贸易便利化对处于全球价值链上不同生产阶段的中间品和最终品增加值贸易具有异质性影响,贸易便利化对最终品增加值贸易的影响效应更大;(3)贸易便利化会影响不同收入经济体的增加值贸易构成,中高收入经济体的相对变化最大。

创新要素集聚促进数字全球价值链嵌入了吗?.

“双循环”融通视域下,谋划中国企业全球价值链治理新策略成为驱动经济高质量发展的必由之路。基于2009—2021年中国沪深A股上市企业数据,实证检验创新要素集聚对数字全球价值链嵌入的影响作用及中介机制。研究发现:创新要素集聚正向影响数字全球价值链嵌入,且这一作用在非国有企业、制造企业与高新技术企业中更为显著。中介机制研究表明:创新要素集聚通过提升企业服务能力、提高产品多样性、加强数字新基建强化数字全球价值链嵌入地位。对此,立足宏观、中观与微观视角,提出完善创新要素集聚顶层设计、建立差异化干预制度及完善数字新型基础设施布局的建议,以期赋能企业深度嵌入数字全球价值链。

基于国际比较的中国制造业中间品涉外循环演变研究

制造业中间品具有稳链和固链的强大作用,是构建双循环新发展格局的中流砥柱。本文基于投入产出模型,构建中间品投入和使用涉外循环分解框架,测度了中国制造业中间品供需两侧的涉外循环并进行国际比较。研究发现:中国制造业中间品涉外循环规模和增速领先于美、日、德,但占比小于美、日、德;技术越高,中间品涉外循环越多,中高技术制造业对国外中间品供给市场的依赖性更强;需求端中国制造业以最终品环节涉外为主,美、日、德以中间品环节涉外为主;中国总体及中高技术制造业中间品对涉外生产网络的依赖性低于美、日、德,对国外最终需求市场的依赖性高于美国而低于日、德。本文拓展了双循环分解模型,为探究中国制造业中间品涉外循环演变规律、拓展制造业中间品贸易提供了有益参考。

绿色研发促进“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁了吗?——来自出口质量视角多元协整分析的新证据

全球价值链绿色化、低碳化发展趋势下,如何破局“中国制造”长期“嵌入”而非“主导”全球价值链中高端环节是我国贸易高质量发展面临的现实问题。文章以出口质量为切入点,基于WIOD发布的世界投入产出数据与中国制造业面板数据,借助多元协整分析、ECM模型及Granger因果检验方法,实证分析绿色研发对“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁的影响及作用机制。研究发现:绿色研发短期内不利于“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁,而在长期中绿色研发与“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁存在长期稳定的协整关系;出口产品质量是绿色研发促进“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁的重要传导机制,相比于低强度研发投入制造行业,绿色研发对高强度研发行业的全球价值链跃迁产生了更显著的促进作用;进一步借助非线性门槛协整模型发现,绿色研发与“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁呈U型关系,仅有绿色研发强度突破“门槛值”才有利于激发“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁,且在不同门槛区间内二者关系从“短期波动”向“长期均衡”调整的速度和方向存在显著差异。据此,应稳步提升绿色研发投入水平、完善相关研发政策并以“质量为先”为突破口实现“中国制造”全球价值链跃迁。

全球数字价值链增加值的测算及变动因素分析

本文通过建立反映数字贸易依托部门的国际投入产出表,将数字化分工、传统分工以及融合分工价值链纳入到统一的生产分解模型,直观地测算出全球数字价值链增加值。研究发现:全球数字价值链增加值呈现稳定上升趋势,占全球价值链的比重显著提高,全球数字价值链分工格局具有典型的聚集效应和阶梯分布特征,中、美、德等国家在全球数字价值链中获利能力较强,高技术制造业部门是全球数字分工中增加值最为集中的部门;最终需求变化是驱动全球数字价值链增加值演变的重要因素,但在产业影响层面差异较大;全球数字价值链在一定程度上缓冲了新冠疫情对全球分工体系的冲击,起到了全球分工体系调整“稳定器”的作用。本文的研究为研判全球数字价值链分配格局,分析数字经济下全球分工新格局趋势提供重要的参考。

全球价值链嵌入、产业集聚对南方十省木材产业全要素生产率的影响

基于内外双循环视角,构建全球价值链嵌入和产业集聚影响木材产业全要素生产率的理论框架,将中国省级层面的区域性投入产出表与全球投入产出表进行匹配,嵌套测算中国南方十省木材产业全球价值链参与度,并实证分析全球价值链嵌入程度和产业集聚水平对全要素生产率的影响机制。结果表明:南方十省木材产业全球价值链参与度水平逐年提升,全球价值链参与度指数每变动1个单位,会对木材产业的全要素生产率产生0.598个单位的正向影响,产业集聚指数每变动1个单位,木材产业全要素生产率会产生0.192个单位的正向变动,提升产业集聚水平对于南方十省木材产业全要素生产率的提升同样具有较为显著的正向作用,这说明已形成一定规模的产业集群,发挥集群优势;全球价值链参与度和产业集聚水平对于提升木材产业全要素生产率具有显著的正向作用,但全球价值链与产业集聚的交互项乘积系数为-0.568,说明全球价值链和产业集聚会构筑壁垒阻碍知识技术的交流从而对全要素生产率的提升产生抑制作用。据此,建议进一步提升十省木材产业全球价值链参与程度和产业集聚水平,促进木材产业全要素生产率的提升、推动产业集群发挥更大的集群效应,结合南方十省实际,出台更多具有针对性的优惠政策,同时完善基础设施建设,共同助力木材产业实现高质量发展。

全球价值链嵌入、技术创新来源与企业全要素生产率

全要素生产率是衡量企业高质量发展的重要指标,全球价值链嵌入则是提升企业全要素生产率的重要途径。利用2000-2016年中国制造业沪深A股上市公司数据,考察全球价值链嵌入对企业全要素生产率的影响及自主创新和技术引进两个主要技术创新来源的调节效应,研究发现:全球价值链嵌入能够有效促进企业全要素生产率的提升,并且这种促进效应在非国有企业、劳动密集型企业、非高技术企业和东中部地区企业中更为明显。调节效应的检验结果表明,自主创新和技术引进均能强化全球价值链嵌入对企业全要素生产率的促进作用。阶段性检验结果表明,全球价值链嵌入对高全要素生产率水平企业的全要素生产率提升作用更明显。为此,应深化国际科技创新合作,充分发挥全球价值链嵌入的知识溢出效应;推动创新链、产业链、资金链和人才链“四链”融合,降低全球价值链嵌入的低端锁定风险;把自主创新作为主要技术创新来源,并合理进行技术引进,发挥不同技术创新来源的调节效应;针对不同类型的企业制定并实施差异化政策,有的放矢地促进企业的高质量发展。

全球价值链嵌入、创新驱动与高技术产品出口复杂度

文章选取2011—2020年中国29个省区市面板数据,借助中介模型与门槛模型,研究全球价值链嵌入对高技术产品出口复杂度的影响机制。结果表明:全球价值链嵌入能够通过促进创新驱动提升高技术产品出口复杂度。全球价值链嵌入位置在创新驱动水平较低地区抑制高技术产品出口复杂度提升,在创新驱动水平较高地区则呈现促进作用;全球价值链嵌入程度在不同创新驱动水平地区,对高技术产品出口复杂度提升均呈现积极作用,但作用强度存在差异。因此,应构建包容性价值链、发挥创新驱动主引擎作用、深化投入产出要素供给,以期切实提升高技术产品出口复杂度。

数字化投入对制造业全球价值链地位的影响

在当前经济增长放缓以及逆全球化趋势的背景下,数字化转型成为加快制造业升级的关键力量。基于全球价值链视角,研究数字化对制造业全球价值链地位的影响,分析行业异质性并从专业化程度和产品多样性两个方面检验作用机制。研究发现:数字化投入有利于提升制造业全球价值链地位,不同类型制造业提升效果具有较大差异性,其中对技术密集型行业的影响最显著;专业化程度和产品多样性是数字化投入促进全球价值链地位攀升的两个机制。政府要根据不同行业的发展特点调整数字化要素投入比;支持企业培养数字化思维,积极推动数字化改造。制造业企业要优化资源配置,提高其生产专业化程度;注重产品创新和设计能力,增强产品多样性。

我国承接国际服务外包现状、问题与高质量发展策略

我国承接国际服务外包呈现出三个结构优化:国际信息技术外包结构向云计算和智能化方向优化;业务流程外包向技术密集型和知识密集型优化;承接知识流程外包向知识产权服务、医药和生物技术研发服务等高附加值领域优化。但美国等西方国家在全球价值链重塑中对我国的围堵和孤立;我国承接国际服务外包存在高素质专业人才短缺的瓶颈;我国承接国际服务外包业务的来源地过于集中等问题制约着服务外包高质量发展,因此,我国应主动参与全球价值链重塑,深化服务外包人才供给侧结构性改革,进一步增强外包市场的多元化与稳定性。

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本文利用OECD数据库同中国制造业进行匹配数据,并通过DEA-Malmquist指数测算了中国制造业的全要素生产率,研究了2001~2021年全球价值链参与度对中国制造业行业TFP及其变化率的影响。研究表明,全球价值链参与度对制造业TFP具有正向促进作用,对制造业TFP变化率的影响则呈现出“U型”关系。就异质性而言,在知识技术密集型行业中全球价值链参与度的提升对制造业TFP及其变化率具有显著的作用,而在资源劳动密集型行业中作用并不明显,金融危机前GVC参与度对TFP促进作用更加明显。进一步检验表明,全球价值链参与度会通过提高外资利用度来促进制造业TFP;TFP提升主要依靠技术进步的贡献。基于研究结论,提出了利用全球价值链国际参与度变动促进中国制造行业TFP提升的政策建议。