Longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue

Once operating trains are disabled on the railway lines,an efficient manner is to utilize the train for train rescue.Owning to the different train and coupler types,it is difficult to formulate uniform regulations for train to train rescue.In this paper,the longitudinal train dynamics of electric multiple units under rescue were analyzed by field and laboratory tests.The angling behavior of the brakinginduced coupler under compressed in-train forces was analyzed.A dynamic model for the train and draft gear system was developed considering accurate boundary limitations and braking characteristics.The safety indices and their limits for the coupled rescue train were defined.Thedynamic evaluations of different train to train rescue scenarios were analyzed.It is indicated that the coupler vertical rotation occurs during the emergency braking applied by the assisting train.The vertical force components of intrain forces lead to the carbody pitch behavior and even cause local destructions to the coupler system.The carbody pitch motion can arise the inference of in-train devices.Based on the safety evaluation of train and coupler system,the regulations for typical train to train rescue scenarios were formulated.

Distributed Protection for Smart Substations Based on Multiple Overlapping Units

Taking advantage of the information sharing mechanism in smart substations,a distributed protection based on multiple overlapping units is introduced in this paper.The area division and the construction of protection units are studied based on the principle of differential protection.Mutual perception and information interaction among units,calculation with multisource information and coordinated protection schemes are proposed to improve the reliability and adaptability of the substation protection system.A multi agent system(MAS)approach is used to model the units’working process in various situations,such as communication failure and sampled data failure.Test results demonstrate that the method can accelerate the backup protection as well as reduce the power-off range.

Concentration Insensitive Supramolecular Polymerization Enabled by Kinetically Interlocking Multiple-Units Strategy

We proposed and demonstrated a kinetically interlocking multiple-units supramolecular polymer-ization strategy.Through rationally designed multi-ple-units monomers,the degree of polymerization(X w)detected was more than 50 with a polydispersi-ty index of∼1.4.The prepared polymers were stable when diluted to 20μM or lower concentrations.

Application and development of friction stir welding technology in high speed EMU manufacturing

The application status of friction stir welding technology is introduced,and the application research of advanced FSW technology in the manufacture of high-speed electric multiple unit aluminum alloy body is analyzed,including the application of traditional friction stir welding technology to a combination of a lap joint and butt joint,and butt joint of large thick plate by both sides process,also introduces bobbin-tool friction stir welding to a butt joint and three-dimensional space curved friction stir welding to T-joint. At the same time the future development trend of new FSW technology derived from traditional FSW technology in rail vehicle manufacturing industry is put forward. As the fast developing of critical technology used on railway vehicles,quick applying advanced welding technology will affect products quality,manufacturing cost and production cycle time directly,and it certainly will be one of the approaches to develop markets by all the railway vehicles manufacturing enterprises.

Feasibility of replacing the 3-coach with a 1.5-coach grouping trainmodel in wind tunnel experiment at different yaw angles

The effects of different yaw angles on the aerodynamic performance of city electric multiple units(EMUs)were investigated in a wind tunnel using a 1:16.8 scaled model.Pressure scanning valve and six-component box-type aerodynamic balance were used to test the pressure distribution and aerodynamic force of the head car respectively from the 1.5-and 3-coach grouping city EMU models.Meanwhile,the effects of the yaw angles on the pressure distribution of the streamlined head as well as the aerodynamic forces of the train were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the pressure coefficient was the smallest at the maximum slope of the main shape-line.The side force coefficient and pressure coefficient along the head car cross-section were most affected by crosswind when the yaw angle was 55°,and replacing a 3-coach grouping with a 1.5-coach grouping had obvious advantages for wind tunnel testing when the yaw angle was within 24.2°.In addition,the relative errors of lift coefficient C_(L),roll moment coefficient C_(Mx),side force coefficient C_(S),and drag coefficient C_(D) between the 1.5-and 3-coach cases were below 5.95%,which all met the requirements of the experimental accuracy.

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability,improving the adhesion utilization,and achieving deep energy recovery.There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear,uncertain,and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions.This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking,and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability.Then,applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated,and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed,which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control.The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performancewithoutthewheel-railcontactinformation.Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

High-Speed EMU TCMS Design and LCC Technology Research

This paper introduces the high-speed electrical multiple unit （EMO） life cycle, including the design, manufacturing, testing, and maintenance stages. It also presents the train control and monitoring system （TCMS） software development platform, the TCMS testing and verification bench, the EMU driving simulation platform, and the EMU remote data transmittal and maintenance platform. All these platforms and benches combined together make up the EMU life cycle cost （LCC） system. Each platform facilitates EMU LCC management and is an important part of the system.

Preventive condition-based maintenance model of EMU components based on stochastic differential equation

To improve the operation and maintenance management level of large repairable components,such as electrical equipment,large nuclear power facilities,and high-speed electric multiple unit(EMU),and increase economic benefits,preventive maintenance has been widely used in industrial enterprises in recent years.Focusing on the problems of high maintenance costs and considerable failure hazards of EMU components in operation,we establish a state preventive maintenance model based on a stochastic differential equation.Firstly,a state degradation model of the repairable components is established in consideration of the degradation of the components and external random interference.Secondly,based on topology and martingale theory,the state degradation model is analyzed,and its simplex,stopping time,and martingale properties are proven.Finally,the monitoring data of the EMU components are taken as an example,analyzed and simulated to verify the effectiveness of the model.

Feasibility study of a diesel-powered hybrid DMU

Nowadays,the interest in hybrid vehicles is constantly increasing,not only in the automotive sector,but also in other transportation systems,to reduce pollution and emissions and to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicles.Although railway vehicles are typically the most eco-friendly transportation system,since commonly their primary energy source is electricity,they can still gain benefits from hybrid technologies,as many lines worldwide are not electrified.In fact,hybrid solutions allow ICEpowered(internal combustion engine)railway vehicles,such as diesel multiple units(DMUs),to operate in fullelectric mode even when the track lacks electrification.The possibility to switch to full electric mode is of paramount importance when the vehicle runs on urban or underground track sections,where low or zero emission levels are required.We conduct the feasibility study of hybridization of an existing DMU vehicle,designed by Blue Engineering S.r.l.,running on the Aosta–Torino Italian railway line,which includes a non-electrified urban track section and an electrified underground section.The hybridization is obtained by replacing one of the diesel generators installed on the original vehicle with a battery pack,which ensures the vehicle to operate in full-electric mode to complete its mission profile.The hybridization is also exploited to implement a regenerative braking strategy,which allows an increase in the energetical efficiency of the vehicle up to 18%.This work shows the sizing of the battery pack based on dynamic simulations performed on the Turin underground track section,and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the hybridization process.

Development and engineering application of integrated safety monitoring systems for China’s high-speed trains

With the improvement of the running speed of China’s high-speed trains,the demands for running status monitoring and security assurance of High-speed Electric Multiple Units(EMU)have increased significantly.However,the current safety monitoring systems are independent,which is not conducive to the comprehensive monitoring and information sharing of the whole vehicle.The temperature monitoring of running gear is insensitive to early failures.How to develop a train operation safety monitoring system with strong engineering implementation and high integration is a key problem to be solved.For the monitoring of running stationarity,frame stability and running gear health of China’s high-speed trains,an integrated safety monitoring system framework is designed,and the logic and algorithm for the diagnosis of stationarity,stability and health states of rotating parts are constructed.Monitoring software which fused the temperature,high and low frequency vibration data is developed,and the design and installation of the vibration temperature composite sensors are completed.The research results have realized the integration and comprehensive processing of multiple monitoring systems,completed the improvement from single component and vehicle-level safety monitoring to multi-system,train-level and interactive monitoring.In the process of real vehicle application,the developed monitoring system acquires the vehicle operation status data accurately and in real time.The constructed diagnosis algorithm and logic evaluates the vehicle operation status accurately and in a timely manner,and avoids the progression from fault to accident.The research results show that the integrated safety monitoring system can provide technical support for train operation safety.

Investigations on lubrication characteristics of high-speed electric multiple unit gearbox by oil volume adjusting device

In this paper,a numerical simulation model of the flow field in a gearbox with an oil volume adjusting device is established for the first time to study its influence on the lubrication characteristics of a high-speed electric multiple unit(EMU)gearbox.The moving particle semi-implicit(MPS)method is used to numerically simulate the internal flow field of the gearbox of the high-speed EMU under working conditions.The effects of the velocity of the high-speed EMU,the immersion depth,and the oil sump temperature on the power loss of the gears and the lubricant quantity of each bearing are studied and provide an effective tool for the quantitative evaluation of the lubrication characteristics of the gearbox.The lubrication characteristics of the gearbox under different working conditions are studied when the oil volume adjusting device is closed and opened.The results show that the oil volume adjusting device mainly changes the amount of lubricant stirred by the output gear by changing the flow rate of lubricant from the cavity pinion(Cavity P)to the cavity gear(Cavity G),and thus affects the power loss of gears and the lubricant quantity of each bearing.

Increasing Momentum-Like Factors:A Method for Reducing Training Errors on Multiple GPUs

In distributed training,increasing batch size can improve parallelism,but it can also bring many difficulties to the training process and cause training errors.In this work,we investigate the occurrence of training errors in theory and train ResNet-50 on CIFAR-10 by using Stochastic Gradient Descent(SGD) and Adaptive moment estimation(Adam) while keeping the total batch size in the parameter server constant and lowering the batch size on each Graphics Processing Unit(GPU).A new method that considers momentum to eliminate training errors in distributed training is proposed.We define a Momentum-like Factor(MF) to represent the influence of former gradients on parameter updates in each iteration.Then,we modify the MF values and conduct experiments to explore how different MF values influence the training performance based on SGD,Adam,and Nesterov accelerated gradient.Experimental results reveal that increasing MFs is a reliable method for reducing training errors in distributed training.The analysis of convergent conditions in distributed training with consideration of a large batch size and multiple GPUs is presented in this paper.