Fund budget model for multipurpose transit smart card systems

The fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems is studied by stochastic programming to assign limited funds to different applications reasonably. Under the constraints of a gross fund, models of chance-constrained and dependentchance for the fund budget of multipurpose transit smart card systems are established with application scale and social demand as random variables, respectively aiming to maximize earnings and satisfy the service requirements the furthest; and the genetic algorithm based on stochastic simulation is adopted for model solution. The calculation results show that the fund budget differs greatly with different system objectives which can cause the systems to have distinct expansibilities, and the application scales of some applications may not satisfy user demands with limited funds. The analysis results indicate that the forecast of application scales and application future demands should be done first, and then the system objective is determined according to the system mission, which can help reduce the risks of fund budgets.

Growth characteristics of multipurpose tree species, crop productivity and soil properties in agroforestry systems under subtropical humid climate in India

Multipurpose tree species （MPTs） were studied in an agroforestry arboretum under subtropical humid climate in Northeast India. Out of 12 MPTs planted under agroforestry systems, Acacia auriculiformis in spacing of 2 m × 2 m （2500 stems·hm^-2） could have the potentiality to meet the timber/fuelwood requirement due to its high wood production of 635 m^3·hm^-2 with mean annual increment （MAI） of 2.54×10^-2 m^3.treel.a^-1 in a short rotation period of 10 years. Thus, A. auriculiformis is a short rotation forest tree species suitable to grow in subtropical humid climate. On the other hand, at 16 years of age, Eucalyptus hybrid and Michelia champaca in spacing of 3 m × 3 m （1111 stems.hm^2） produced appreciably high timber volume of 315 m^3.hm^-2 and 165 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.77×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1·a^-1 and 0.92×10.2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1, respectively. At 16 years of age, Gmelina arborea produced a timber volume of 147 m^3.hm^-2 with MAI of 1.47×10^-2 m^3.tree^-1.a^-1 followed by Samania saman （140 m^3.hm^-2）, Albizziaprocera （113 m^3·hm^-2） and Tectona grandis （79 m3.hm^-2） with MAI of 1.40, 1.13 and 0.78 × 10^-2 m^3 .tree^-1a^-1, respectively in 4 m × 4 m spacing （625 stems.hm^-2）. Gliricidia maculata and Leucaena leucocephala could be used as live fences around the farm boundary to supply their N-rich leaves for mulch as well as manure to crops. In agroforestry arboretum, direct seeded upland rice （Oryza sativa - variety, AR-11）, groundnut （Arachis hypogaea - variety, JL-24） and sesamum （Sesamum indicum - variety, B-67） were grown during the initial period upto 8 years of tree establishment. Under other MPTs, there was a reduction in crop productivity as compared to open space. After 8 years of tree establishment, horti-silvi and silvi-pastoral systems were developed and pineapple （Ananas comosus - variety Queen）, turmeric （Curcuma longa -variety RCT -1） and cowpea （Vigna sinensis - variety Pusa Barsati） as forage crop were raised. The productivity of pineapple, turmeric and cowpea was comparatively high under Azadirachta indica. The productivity of horticultural and forage crops in association with trees such as G. arborea, A. procera, S. saman, T. grandis and M. champaca of high timber value could be harnessed as viable agroforestry systems. Changes in soil properties were also monitored. Amelioration of soil acidity, increase in soil organic carbon, and enhanced humification of soil humus, high nutrient availability, low soil erodibility and high surface soil （0-15 cm） moisture availability were noted in soils under MPTs.

Multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm

To make audio watermarking accomplish both copyright protection and content authentication with localization, a novel multipurpose audio watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. The zero-watermarking idea is introduced into the design of robust watermarking algorithm to ensure the transparency and to avoid the interference between the robust watermark and the semi-fragile watermark. The property of natural audio that the VQ indices of DWT-DCT coefficients among neighboring frames tend to be very similar is utilized to extract essential feature from the host audio, which is then used for watermark ex-traction. And, the chaotic mapping based semi-fragile watermark is embedded in the detail wavelet coefficients based on the instantaneous mixing model of the independent component analysis (ICA) system. Both the robust and semi-fragile watermarks can be extracted blindly and the semi-fragile watermarking algorithm can localize the tampering accurately. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of transparency, security, robustness and tampering localization ability.

Numerical Simulation of Carbon Concentration Profiles in Case Layer of Steel 20 RE-Carburized in Multipurpose Furnace with Drip-Feed Atmosphere

The carburizing process has been successfully carried out in multipurpose furnace employing the drip-feed atmosphere with the addition of rare earth (RE). The carbon transfer coefficients (BRE) and mean diffusion coefficient (DRE) were calculated respectively based on the kinetics of the specimens weigh gain per unit area and the carburized layer growth. The results show that the BRE and DRE are all increased on basis of the incorporation of rare earth. In addition, the mathematical models of the carbon concentration profile under different carburizing conditions and the carbon diffusion coefficient DSRE (at x=0 for carburizing time t>0) have been deduced using the profile simulation method. Computer simulation results show that the simulated curves coincide quite well with the experimental data.

Chaos-Based Multipurpose Image Watermarking Algorithm

To achieve the goal of image content authentication and copyright protection simultaneously, this paper presents a novel image dual watermarking method based on chaotic map. Firstly, the host image was split into many nonoverlapping small blocks, and the block-wise discrete cosine transform （DCT） is computed. Secondly, the robust watermarks, shuffled by the chaotic sequences, are embedded in the DC coefficients of blocks to achieve the goal of copyright protection. The semi-fragile watermarks, generated by chaotic map, are embedded in the AC coefficients of blocks to obtain the aim of image authentication. Both of them can be extracted without the original image. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of robustness and fragility.

Assessment of fodder quality of leaves of multipurpose trees in subtropical humid climate of India

The leaves of 12 species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizzia procera, Dalbergia sissoo, Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leuco- cephala, Samanea saman, Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus hybrida, Gmelina arborea, Michelia champaca, Morus alba, and Tectona grandis） of Multipurpose trees and shrubs （MPTs） grown in the agroforestry arboretum were evaluated for their nutritional characteristics in terms of proximate composition, cell wall constituents, total tannins, major （Ca and P） and trace minerals （Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co）, in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility （IVDMD and IVOMD） and metabolisable energy （ME） values. There were significant （P〈0.01） variations among MPTs for all parameters studied. The average values of （92.02±0.30）%, （16.00±0.74）%, （3.05±0.13）%, （18.97±1.07）%, （54.00±1.12）% and （7.98 ± 0.30）% （DM basis） were observed for OM （organic matter）, CP （crude protein）, EE （ether extract）, CF （crude fibre）, NFE （nitrogen-free extract） and total ash, respectively. Leguminous trees had high CP compared to nonleguminous ones （18.30% vs 13.70%）. The mean values for cell wall constituents viz., NDF （neutral detergent fibre）, ADF （acid detergent fibre）, hemi cellulose, cellulose and ADL （acid detergent lignin） were found to be （52.48±1.05）%, （31.72±0.97）%, （20.76±0.88）%, （16.97±0.70）% and （9.57±0.62）%, respectively. The total tannin contents averaged （4.22±0.32）%. The ratio of Ca to P was quite wider. The levels of Fe and Mn were adequate to rich in all the MPTs while many of the tree species possessed P, Cu, Zn and Co level below the critical limits for the animals. The average IVDMD and IVOMD values were found to be （48.96±1.30）% and （50.69±1.36）%, respectively. The ME value averaged （6.95i-0.11） MJ·kg-1 DM. The CP content had significant positive correlation with IVDMD, IVOMD and ME val- ues while NDF, ADF, ADL and total tannins showed negative correlations with these three parameters. Based on the results, Leucaena Leucocephala could be considered as good quality fodder as it had the highest level of IVDMD/IVOMD （65.20%/67.66%） and ME （7.95 MJ·kg-1 DM） while G. maculata, M. alba, A. indica, D. sissoo and S. saman were of medium type and rest of poor quality.

Evaluation of Spatial-Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Plankton Assemblages and Its Relationship to Water Use in Kulekhani Multipurpose Reservoir, Nepal

Spatial and temporal variation in planktons and water quality parameters were investigated in order to determine the effects of seasonal water use on reservoir water quality and planktons’ diversity in Kulekhani Multipurpose Reservoir, Nepal. This study also focuses on interactions among various water quality parameters with planktons and how such interactions can affect the second major utility, the fish farming in the reservoir. The analyses of seasonal water samples collected from three different sampling locations in the reservoir showed that select water quality parameters varied significantly (P < 0.05) with sampling seasons (transparency: 30 - 250 cm, pH: 7 - 7.5, alkalinity: 30 - 120 mg/L, DO: 6 - 11.5 mg/L, CO2: 0.1 - 1.1 mg/L) and sampling locations (phosphate: 0.1 - 0.25 mg/L, nitrate 0.01 - 0.19 mg/L) in the reservoir. Three groups of zooplankton and four classes of phytoplankton, respectively with eleven and twelve genera, were identified and quantified in the reservoir. Among them, Cyclops, Asplanchana, and Keratella were most dominant zooplanktons while Synedra, Melosira and Peridinum were the most dominant phytoplankton in the reservoir water. The abundance of select zooplanktons (Cyclops, Keratella, Polyanthra), and phytoplankton (Navicula, Melosira, Amphora, Chroococcus, Staurastrum, Scendesmus) showed significant interaction between sampling sites and sampling seasons, while the other varied only with sampling seasons and/or sites. These results showed that seasonal water level fluctuations, along with the variation of water quality parameters, change the abundance and diversity of planktons’ in the reservoir. Such changes can negatively impact the fish in cage culture, affecting the livelihood of people extensively relying on these fish farming.

Biomass and bio-energy production of ten multipurpose tree species planted in sodic soils of indo-gangetic plains

Ten multipurpose tree species, Terminalia arjuna, Azadirechta indica, Prosopis juliflora, Pongamia pinnata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopis alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Pithecellobium dulce and Cassia siamea, were raised in a monoculture tree cropping system on the sodic soil of Gangetic alluvium in north India （26° 47° N： 80°46′ E） for 10 years to evaluate the biomass and bio-energy production. The soil was compact, sodic and impervious to water associated with nutrient deficiency or toxicity. Maximum plant height was recorded with E. tereticornis followed by C.equisetifolia and P. juliflora. A. nilotica performed better than the other species in terms of diameter at breast height （DBH） with a basal area of 13.04 m^2·ha^-1, followed by P. juliflora and C. equisetifolia. P. juliflora and A. nilotica produced nearly similar biomass of 56.50 and 50.75 Mg·ha^-1, respectively, at 10 years; whereas, A. indica, P. pinnata, C. siamea and P. alba did not perform well. P. juliflora scored maximum in net biomass production and nutrient demand. Nutrient （N, P, K, Ca, and Mg） concentrations were higher in leaf component of P. juliflora. However, in woody components, there was little variation between the species. N removal for production of one ton of wood was lowest in Acacia nilotica, P in T. arjuna, K in P. dulce and Ca and Mg in P. juliflora. P. juliflora gave the highest energy production of 1267.75 GJ.ha^-1 followed by A. nilotica with 1206 GJ.ha^-1 and the lowest ofA. indica （520.66 GJ.ha^-1）.

Implications of multipurpose tree leaf application on wheat productivity in dry tropics

Leaves of multipurpose tree species （those providing more than one function or product of human use） can serve as sources of fer- tilizer for nutrient supply, especially nitrogen （N）. In this study chopped leaves of tropical tree species （5 N-fixing species, 5 non-N-fixing species and combinations of 5 N-fixing with a non-N-fixing species） were in- corporated in soil to evaluate its effects on wheat biological productivity （including grain yield, GyIELD） under dryland conditions. High quality leaves of N-fixing tree species （e.g. Dalbergia sissoo, Cassia fistula and Prosopis cineraria） had lower carbon/nitrogen （C/N）, lignin/nitrogen （L^o/N）, polyphenol/nitrogen （PPt/N） and lignin＋polyphenol /nitrogen （L~＋PpL/N） ratios than low quality leaves of non-N-fixing species. Com- bination treatments had intermediate values of different parameters, Application of high quality leaves caused greater increases in wheat productivity and yield than other species.

Agro-Ecological Adaptation and Participatory Evaluation of Multipurpose Tree and Shrub Legumes in Mid Altitudes of Sud-Kivu, D. R. Congo

Livestock is traditionally managed in mixed crop-livestock production systems in Sud-Kivu, D. R. Congo. Currently, livestock production is facing numerous constraints due to wars and insecurity in the country, with looting of animals, demographic pressure on natural resources, and lack of extension services. Multipurpose trees and shrubs with adequate forage quality could help overcome dry-season feed shortage. The objective of this research was to assess the agro-ecological adaptability of selected forage tree and shrub legumes combined with farmer participatory evaluation. The study was carried out at two distinct mid-altitude sites in Sud-Kivu. Trees and shrubs were planted randomly in eleven lines, with each species/accession consisting of nine plants split into three replications. Following a standardization cut after one year of growth, regular biomass harvests were performed every eight weeks during one year;Desmodium and Flemingia were cut at 0.5 m above soil surface, while Leucaena and Calliandra at 1 m. Before every harvest, plant height was measured and number of stems counted. Fresh leaf and stem biomass were weighted, sub samples dried and leaves analyzed for nutritive value. Results from agronomic evaluation show that Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 and Leucaena leucocephala had the highest yield in the rainy season on fertile soil;during dry season, Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 was superior. On poor soil, Flemingia macrophylla CIAT 17403 performed best in both seasons, however, its forage quality was relatively low. Forage tree and shrub legumes chosen by farmers were, in general, the same as those superior ones in agronomic evaluation.

Xiaolangdi Multipurpose Dam

The Xiaolangdi multipurpose dam is located at the exit of the last gorge on the middle reaches of the Yellow River, 130 km downstream of Sanmenxia and 128 km upstreamfrom Huayuankou, Zhengzhou. It serves for flood control, ice jam control, siltation control, irrigation, water supply and hydropower generation. The project consists of 10 intake towers, nine flood & sediment tunnels, six power tunnels, an underground powerhouse and a zoned earth and rockfill dam with a sloping

A computed tomography reconstruction algorithm based on multipurpose optimal criterion and simulated annealing theory

Although emission spectral tomography （EST） combines emission spectral measurement with optical computed tomography （OCT）, it is difficult to gain transient emission data from a large number of views, therefore, high precision OCT algorithms with few views ought to be studied for EST application. To improve the reconstruction precision in the case of few views, a new computed tomography reconstruction algorithm based on multipurpose optimal criterion and simulated annealing theory （multi-criterion simulated annealing reconstruction technique, MCSART） is proposed. This algorithm can suffice criterion of least squares, criterion of most uniformity, and criterion of most smoothness synchronously. We can get global optimal solution by MCSART algorithm with simulated annealing theory. The simulating experiment result shows that this algorithm is superior to the traditional algorithms under various noises.

Multipurpose speech watermarking based on multistage vector quantization of linear prediction coefficients

To make speech watermarking achieve both copyright protection and integrity verification, a novel multipurpose speech watermarking algorithm based on the multistage vector quantization （MSVQ） of linear prediction coefficients （LPCs） is presented in this article. The property of natural speech that the vector quantization （VQ） indices of the LPCs amongst neighboring frames tend to be very similar is utilized to embed the robust watermark in the indices of the first-stage VQ（VQ1）. Then, the semi-fragile watermark is embedded in the indices of the second-stage VQ（VQ2） with index constrained VQ encoding scheme. Both the robust watermark and the semi-fragile watermark can be extracted without host speech. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of robustness and semi-fragility.

A new approach for scheduling of multipurpose batch processes with unlimited intermediate storage policy

The increasing demand of goods,the high competitiveness in the global marketplace as well as the need to minimize the ecological footprint lead multipurpose batch process industries to seek ways to maximize their productivity with a simultaneous reduction of raw materials and utility consumption and efficient use of processing units.Optimal scheduling of their processes can lead facilities towards this direction.Although a great number of mathematical models have been developed for such scheduling,they may still lead to large model sizes and computational time.In this work,we develop two novel mathematical models using the unit-specific eventbased modelling approach in which consumption and production tasks related to the same states are allowed to take place at the same event points.The computational results demonstrate that both proposed mathematical models reduce the number of event points required.The proposed unit-specific event-based model is the most efficient since it both requires a smaller number of event points and significantly less computational time in most cases especially for those examples which are computationally expensive from existing models.

Dynamics of freshwater snails and Schistosoma infection prevalence in schoolchildren during the construction and operation of a multipurpose dam in central Côte d’Ivoire

Background:The construction and operation of small multipurpose dams in Africa have a history of altering the transmission of water-based diseases,including schistosomiasis.The current study was designed to investigate the abundance and dynamics of schistosomiasis intermediate host snails and Schistosoma infections in humans during the construction and the first years of operation of a small multipurpose dam in Côte d’Ivoire.Methods:The study was carried out in Raffierkro and four neighbouring villages in central Côte d’Ivoire between 2007 and 2012.Snails were collected by two experienced investigators using scoops and forceps for 15 min at each site.Snails were identified at genera and,whenever possible,species level,and subjected to testing for cercarial shedding.Schoolchildren aged 6-15 years were examined once every year for Schistosoma haematobium and S.mansoni infection,using urine filtration and duplication Kato-Katz thick smears,respectively.Additionally,551 adults were examined for Schistosoma infection before(June 2007)and 359 individuals 2 years after dam construction(June 2009).Results:Overall,1700 snails belonging to nine different genera were collected from 19 sampling sites.Bulinus(potential intermediate host snails of S.haematobium)and Pila were the most common genera,whereas Biomphalaria(potential intermediate host snail of S.mansoni),Lymnaea,Physa and Melanoides were found in two villages.During the first-year sampling period,65 snails were collected,of which 13(20%)were schistosomiasis intermediate hosts.In subsequent years,out of 1635 snails collected,1079(66%)were identified as potential intermediate host for schistosomiasis,but none were shedding cercariae.The prevalence of S.mansoni among adults in the study area was low(0.4%in 2007 and 0.3%in 2009),whereas the prevalence of S.haematobium declined from 13.9%to 2.9%in this two-year period.Conclusions:The low prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans and the absence of infected intermediate host snails during the construction and early phase of operation of a small multipurpose dam suggest that there was no or only very little local transmission.However,the considerable increase in the number of intermediate host snails and their dispersion in irrigation canals call for rigorous surveillance,so that adequate public health measures can be taken in case of early signs of an outbreak.

A low power, eco-friendly multipurpose thermoelectric refrigerator

There has been an immense endeavor to mitigate global warming in spite of which it has only been worse. This paper presents the design and imple- mentation of a low power and eco-friendly refrigeration system using the thermoelectric effect. The conventional refrigerators make use of complex mechanisms which involves synchronous operation of various units, namely the compressor, condensers, expansion valves, evaporator, refi＇igerant and so on. But a thermoelectric refrigerator exploits the principle of the Peltier effect, thus avoiding the utilization of these complex components. This even helps curb the release of harmful chlorofluorocarbons （CFCs） into the atmosphere which contributes to the increase in global temperature. Moreover, the temperature can be controlled and set to required values with the help of a microcontroller. Hence, this can be used both for domestic and commercial purposes. The unit does not eject any harmful gases. Therefore, the heat expelled from the unit can be tapped for heating utilities, making the use of this device versatile in its application. Thus this proposal aims not only at reducing the air pollutants by not contributing to it but also at reducing the power consumption.

Multipurpose Orbiter

China’s first civilian mapping satellite will be launched next year China will launch its first highresolution,stereoscopic mapping satellite for civilian use,ZY-3,in 2011.According to the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping(SBSM),the debugging and testing on the launch mechanism,launching site,ground receiving system and application system have already been completed.The satellite will be

The Growth and Species-by-site Interaction of 18 Central American Multipurpose Tree Species Grown at 15 Tropical Sites World-wide

From a world-wide plant introduction trial series utilising 25 central American species planted at over 100 sites in nearly 60 countries, eighteen species planted at 15 sites in the tropics were chosen for further study of the factors determining site productivity and site by species interactions. The species were Acacia pennatula, Acacia farnesiana, Albizia guachapele, Ateleia herbert-smithii, Caesalpinia coriaria, Caesalpinia eriostachys, Caesalpinia velutina, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Gliricidia sepi...

水库诱发地震的力学分析

本文试以三峡工程能否诱发水库地震为例，通过理论分析和计算对水库诱发地震问题进行解答，进而证明三峡工程发生水库诱发地震的可能性不大。

Massive energy storage system for effective usage of renewable energy

The current energy trend indicates a strong thrust toward transforming renewable energy as a major power source.To achieve this mission,battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are indispensable.Although BESSs are expensive,cost reduction can be achieved by using BESSs for multiple purposes,such as load leveling,business continuity planning,frequency control,capacity market,arbitrage,and emergency power.In this paper,various applications of BESSs are classified.The possibility of achieving conflict-free combination of different applications is demonstrated.The total required energy storage capacity in Japan is estimated to be 150–200 GWh by 2030.The present status of NaS batteries for multipurpose use and new trends in battery-based businesses are introduced.