Cerebral and muscle tissue oxygenation during exercise in healthy adults: A systematic review

Background:Near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRS)technology has allowed for the measurement of cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation simultaneously during exercise.Since this technology has been growing and is now successfully used in laboratory and sports settings,this systematic review aimed to synthesize the evidence and enhance an integrative understanding of bloodflow adjustments and oxygen(O_(2))changes(i.e.,the balance between O_(2) delivery and O_(2) consumption)within the cerebral and muscle systems during exercise.Methods:A systematic review was conducted using PubMed,Embase,Scopus,and Web of Science databases to search for relevant studies that simultaneously investigated cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes using the near-infrared spectroscopy system during exercise.This review considered manuscripts written in English and available before February 9,2023.Each step of screening involved evaluation by 2 inde-pendent authors,with disagreements resolved by a third author.The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies.Results:Twenty studies were included,of which 80%had good methodological quality,and involved 290 young or middle-aged adults.Different types of exercises were used to assess cerebral and muscle hemodynamic changes,such as cycling(n=11),treadmill(n=1),knee extension(n=5),isometric contraction of biceps brachii(n=3),and duet swim routines(n=1).The cerebral hemodynamics anal-ysis was focused on the frontal cortex(n=20),while in the muscle,the analysis involved vastus lateralis(n=18),gastrocnemius(n=3),biceps brachii(n=5),deltoid(n=1),and intercostal muscle(n=1).Overall,muscle deoxygenation increases during exercise,reaching a plateau in voluntary exhaustion,while in the brain,oxyhemoglobin concentration increases with exercise intensity,reaching a plateau or declining at the exhaustion point.Conclusion:Muscle and cerebral oxygenation respond differently to exercise,with muscle increasing O_(2) utilization and cerebral tissue increasing O_(2) delivery during exercise.However,at the exhaustion point,both muscle and cerebral oxygenation become compromised.This is characterized by a reduction in bloodflow and a decrease in O_(2) extraction in the muscle,while in the brain,oxygenation reaches a plateau or decline,potentially resulting in motor failure during exercise.

Insulin action in muscle and adipose tissue in type 2 diabetes:The significance of blood flow

Under normal metabolic conditions insulin stimulates microvascular perfusion(capillary recruitment) of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue and thus increases blood flow mainly after meal ingestion or physical exercise.This helps the delivery of insulinitself but also that of substrates and of other signalling molecules to multiple tissues beds and facilitates glucose disposal and lipid kinetics.This effect is impaired in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes early in the development of metabolic dysregulation and reflects early-onset endothelial dysfunction.Failure of insulin to increase muscle and adipose tissue blood flow results in decreased glucose handling.In fat depots,a blunted postprandial blood flow response will result in an insufficient suppression of lipolysis and an increased spill over of fatty acids in the circulation,leading to a more pronounced insulin resistant state in skeletal muscle.This defect in blood flow response is apparent even in the prediabetic state,implying that it is a facet of insulin resistance and exists long before overt hyperglycaemia develops.The following review intends to summarize the contribution of blood flow impairment to the development of the atherogenic dysglycemia and dyslipidaemia.

Efficient differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells from Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stromal cells using human platelet lysate: A potential cell source for small blood vessel engineering

BACKGROUND The development of fully functional small diameter vascular grafts requires both a properly defined vessel conduit and tissue-specific cellular populations.Mesenchymal stromal cells(MSCs) derived from the Wharton's Jelly(WJ) tissue can be used as a source for obtaining vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs),while the human umbilical arteries(h UAs) can serve as a scaffold for blood vessel engineering.AIM To develop VSMCs from WJ-MSCs utilizing umbilical cord blood platelet lysate.METHODS WJ-MSCs were isolated and expanded until passage(P) 4. WJ-MSCs were properly defined according to the criteria of the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy. Then, these cells were differentiated into VSMCs with the use of platelet lysate from umbilical cord blood in combination with ascorbic acid,followed by evaluation at the gene and protein levels. Specifically, gene expression profile analysis of VSMCs for ACTA2, MYH11, TGLN, MYOCD, SOX9,NANOG homeobox, OCT4 and GAPDH, was performed. In addition,immunofluorescence against ACTA2 and MYH11 in combination with DAPI staining was also performed in VSMCs. HUAs were decellularized and served as scaffolds for possible repopulation by VSMCs. Histological and biochemical analyses were performed in repopulated h UAs.RESULTS WJ-MSCs exhibited fibroblastic morphology, successfully differentiating into"osteocytes", "adipocytes" and "chondrocytes", and were characterized by positive expression(> 90%) of CD90, CD73 and CD105. In addition, WJ-MSCs were successfully differentiated into VSMCs with the proposed differentiation protocol. VSMCs successfully expressed ACTA2, MYH11, MYOCD, TGLN and SOX9. Immunofluorescence results indicated the expression of ACTA2 and MYH11 in VSMCs. In order to determine the functionality of VSMCs, h UAs were isolated and decellularized. Based on histological analysis, decellularized h UAs were free of any cellular or nuclear materials, while their extracellular matrix retained intact. Then, repopulation of decellularized h UAs with VSMCs was performed for 3 wk. Decellularized h UAs were repopulated efficiently by the VSMCs. Biochemical analysis revealed the increase of total hydroyproline and s GAG contents in repopulated h UAs with VSMCs. Specifically, total hydroxyproline and s GAG content after the 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd wk was 71 ± 10, 74 ± 9 and 86 ± 8 μg hydroxyproline/mg of dry tissue weight and 2 ± 1, 3 ± 1 and 3 ± 1μg s GAG/mg of dry tissue weight, respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between all study groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION VSMCs were successfully obtained from WJ-MSCs with the proposed differentiation protocol. Furthermore, h UAs were efficiently repopulated by VSMCs. Differentiated VSMCs from WJ-MSCs could provide an alternative source of cells for vascular tissue engineering.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation Effectiveness of the Blood Sugar Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Diabetes Melilltus (DM) is one serious chronic illness. The proportion of incident type 2 diabetes is 95% of the population of DM in the world. The prevalence of DM in Indonesia showed an increase of 1.1% in 2007 to 2.1% of the population of DM in 2013, and the most cases are Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Management of blood sugar levels can be conducted of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic. One of nonpharmacologic therapy is a complementary therapy. Progressive muscle relaxation is part of a of complementary therapy which is a mindbody therapy. Objective: This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation of the blood sugar levels of patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: Quasi experiment with pre- and posttest randomized control group design, consisting of 48 samples, 24 samples 24 samples of the treatment group and the control group. Subjects treated group guided progressive muscle relaxation exercises 2 times a day for 3 consecutive days with a duration of 25 - 30 minutes in one workout. Subjects of the control group gave breathing exercises. Results: There were significant differences between the average blood sugar levels type 2 diabetes patients in the the treatment group and the control group, with p value = 0.000 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The progressive muscle relaxation is effective to reduce blood sugar levels of patients with type 2 diabetes at Dr. Salamun Hospital and Advent Hospital in Bandung.

Assessment of voluntary rhythmic muscle contraction-induced exercising blood flow variability measured by Doppler ultrasound

Given recent technological developments, ultrasound Doppler can provide valuable measurements of blood velocity/flow in the conduit artery with high temporal resolution. In human-applied science such as exercise physiology, hemodynamic measurements in the conduit artery is commonly performed by blood flow feeding the exercising muscle, as the increase in oxygen uptake (calculated as a product of arterial blood flow to the exercising limb and the arterio-venous oxygen difference) is directly proportional to the work performed. The increased oxygen demand with physical activity is met through a central mechanism, an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure, as well as a peripheral mechanism, an increase in vascular conductance and oxygen extraction (a major part of the whole exercising muscles) from the blood. The increase in exercising muscle blood flow in relation to the target workload (quantitative response) may be one indicator in circulatory adjustment for the ac- tivity of muscle metabolism. Therefore, the determination of local blood flow dynamics (potential oxygen supply) feeding repeated (rhythmic) muscle contractions can contribute to the understanding of the factors limiting work capacity including, for instance, muscle metabolism, substance utilization and magnitude of vasodilatation in the exercising muscle. Using non-invasive measures of pulsed Doppler ultrasound, the validity of blood velocity/flow in the forearm or lower limb conduit artery feeding to the muscle has been previously demonstrated during rhythmic muscle exercise. For the evaluation of exercising blood flow, not only muscle contraction induced internal physiological variability, or fluctuations in the magnitude of blood velocity due to spontaneous muscle contraction and relaxation induced changes in force curve intensity, superimposed in cardiac beat-by-beat, but also the alterations in the blood velocity (external variability) due to a temporary sudden change in the achieved workload, compared to the target workload, should be considered. Furthermore, a small amount of inconsistency in the voluntary muscle contraction force at each kick seems to be unavoidable, and may influence exercising muscle blood flow, although subjects attempt to perform precisely similar repeated voluntary muscle contractions at target workload (muscle contraction force). This review presents the methodological considerations for the variability of exercising blood velocity/flow in the limb conduit artery during dynamic leg exercise assessed by pulsed Doppler ultrasound in relation to data previously reported in original research.

Differentiation of smooth muscle progenitor cells in peripheral blood and its application in tissue engineered blood vessels

Background: A major shortcoming in tissue engineered blood vessels (TEBVs) is the lack of healthy and easily attainable smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Smooth muscle progenitor cells (SPCs), especially from peripheral blood, may offer an alternative cell source for tissue engineering involving a less invasive harvesting technique. Methods: SPCs were isolated from 5-ml fresh rat peripheral blood by density-gradient centrifugation and cultured for 3 weeks in endothelial growth medium-2-MV (EGM-2-MV) medium containing platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF BB). Before seeded on the synthesized scaffold, SPC-derived smooth muscle outgrowth cell (SOC) phenotypes were assessed by immuno-fluorescent staining, Western blot analysis, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The cells were seeded onto the silk fibroin-modified poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (SF-PHBHHx) scaffolds by 6×104 cells/cm2 and cultured under the static con- dition for 3 weeks. The growth and proliferation of the seeded cells on the scaffold were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Results: SOCs displayed specific "hill and valley" morphology, expressed the specific markers of the SMC lineage: smooth muscle (SM) α-actin, calponin and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM MHC) at protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels. RT-PCR results demonstrate that SOCs also expressed smooth muscle protein 22α (SM22α), a contractile protein, and extracellular matrix components elastin and matrix Gla protein (MGP), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). After seeded on the SF-PHBHHx scaffold, the cells showed excellent metabolic activity and proliferation. Conclusion: SPCs isolated from peripheral blood can be differentiated into the SMCs in vitro and have an impressive growth potential in the biodegradable synthesized scaffold. Thus, SPCs may be a promising cell source for constructing TEBVs.

Effects of Micro Vibration Therapy Nursing Care on Muscle Hardness and Skin Blood Flow: A Pre/Post Group Comparison Study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Micro Vibrational therapy (MVT) on muscle stiffness and blood flow in the skin before and after Micro Vibrational therapy in healthy subjects in order to scientifically verify the effects of MVT. Methods: Micro Vibrational therapy is nurse care use in Japan. It was performed on the backs of 30 subjects (8 males and 22 females) in their 20 s to 50 s according to the eligibility criteria. The resting state before implementation was set as the baseline for the control group, and after 30 seconds of MVT was set as the intervention group. The effects of the MVT were statistically analyzed by these factors and subjective sensation by Visual Analog Scale. Results: The muscle hardness of the area where the MVT was applied for 30 seconds decreased to 29.54 (SD 5.04) after the application, compared to 30.45 (SD 5.05) before. A corresponding t-test showed a significant difference (p = 0.019). Skin blood flow increased from a median of 0.76 (variance 0.062) before to a median of 0.86 (variance 0.16) after the procedure. The Wilcoxon rank test showed a significant difference (p = 0.000). Circulatory response was confirmed by SBP, DBP, and HR. SBP of 108.6 mmHg (SD 14.8) before the study decreased to 105.7 mmHg (SD 15.0) after the study, and DBP of 65.6 mmHg (SD 11.1) before the study decreased to 62.7 mmHg (SD 11.8) after the study. HR decreased from 71.6 beats per minute (SD 10.3) before to 69.2 beats per minute (SD 11.7) after. There was a significant difference in all cardiovascular indices (p < 0.05). VAS (pain, stiffness, and fatigue) was significantly decreased after MVT (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Micro Vibrational therapy tended to decrease muscle hardness and increase skin blood flow even in the short time of 30 seconds. The results suggest that local vibration stimulation is not likely to cause a sudden increase in blood pressure or pulse rate fluctuation. These results suggest that hand vibration nursing care may be applicable to acute patients with unstable circulatory conditions.

Measurement of the exercising blood flow during rhythmical muscle contractions assessed by Doppler ultrasound:Methodological considerations

Given the recent technological developments, ultra-sound Doppler can provide valuable measurements of arterial blood flow with high temporal resolution. In a clinical setting, measurements of hemodynamics is used to monitor, diagnose and manage changes in blood velocity profile for cardiac valve disease, relatively large vessel stenosis and other cardiovascular diseases. In health science and preventive medicine for cardiovascular disease with exercise therapy, evaluation of cardiac and vascular function is a useful indicator not only at rest but also during exercise, leading to improved exercise tolerance as well as physical activity. During exercise, the increase in oxygen uptake (calculated as product of arterial blood flow to the exercising limb and the arteriovenous oxygen difference) is directly proportional to the work performed. The increased oxygen demand is met through a central mechanism, an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure, as well as a peripheral mechanism, an increase in vascular conductance and oxygen extraction (major part in the whole exercising muscles) from the blood. Therefore, the determination of the local blood flow dynamics (potential oxygen supply) feeding to rhythmic muscle contractions can contribute to the understanding of the factors limiting the work capacity including, for instance the muscle metabolism, substance utilization and vasodilatation in the exercising muscle. Using non-invasive measures of pulsed Doppler ultrasound the validity of evaluating blood velocity/flow in the fore- arm or lower limb conduit artery feeding to the mus- cle is demonstrated during rhythmic muscle exercise;however the exercising blood velocity profile (fast Fourier transformation) due to muscle contractions is always seen as a physiological variability or fluctuations in the magnitude in blood velocity due to the spontaneous muscle contraction and relaxation induced changes in force curve intensity. Considering the above mentioned variation in blood velocity in relation to muscle contractions may provide valuable information for evaluating the blood flow dynamics during exercise. This review presents the methodological concept that underlines the methodological considerations for determining the exercising blood velocity/flow in the limb conduit artery in relation the exercise model of dynamic leg exercise assessed by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography.

Experimental Study on Anatomic Reduction of Lateral Pterygoid Muscle(Simulated Manipulation Fracture Reduction)and Condylar Free Reduction for Condylar Fracture

[Objectives]To compare the fracture healing of keeping lateral pterygoid muscle anatomic reduction(simulated manipulation fracture reduction)with condylar free reduction in the treatment of condylar fractures.[Methods]Twenty-four New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into two groups to mandibular condylar neck fracture model was established.one team keep the lateral pterygoid muscle,the other excise it.Cervical vascular perfusion was done with ink before animals executed after operation 2,4,6 and 8 weeks.Bilateral anteroposterior and mediolateral condylar diameters measured.Changes of operation side condylar proliferating layer,microvessel number and bone parameters were observed and analyzed after slices and HE staining.[Results]The mediolateral condylar diameters of operation side were significantly smaller than health side in condylar free reduction group at the 4,6,8 weeks(P<0.05),but there was no statistical difference in the anteroposterior condylar diameters at each time point(P>0.05).There were no significant differences in the anteroposterior and mediolateral condylar diameters of the anatomic reduction lateral pterygoid muscle group compared between the operation side and health side(P>0.05).The number of microvessel in condylar free reduction group were smaller than those in anatomic reduction lateral pterygoid muscle group(P<0.05).There were significant differences in BV/TV,Tb.Th,Tb.Sp between the condylar free reduction group and the anatomic reduction lateral pterygoid muscle group(all P<0.05),and the Tb.N were significantly differences between two groups at the 4,6,8 weeks(P<0.05).[Conclusions]When the condyle is fractured it should keep lateral pterygoid muscle(manipulation fracture reduction)as possible,which is important in the fracture healing and functional recovering of mandibular.

基于“筋骨平衡”理论针刺推拿疗法治疗椎动脉型颈椎病的临床观察

目的浅析椎动脉型颈椎病(cervical spondylotic vertebral arteriopathy,CSA)患者实施基于“筋骨平衡”理论针刺推拿疗法对其中医症状积分、颈性眩晕症状与功能评估量表(cervical vertigo symptom and function assessment scale,ESCV)评分、颈椎曲度及脑血流参数的影响。方法选择该院2019年12月—2021年12月就诊的CSA患者86例实施研究,随机数字表法分作观察组与对照组,各43例;其中对照组脱落2例,剔除1例,共完成40例;观察组脱落1例,剔除1例,共完成41例;对照组予以常规牵引疗法,观察组予以基于“筋骨平衡”理论针刺推拿疗法;比较两组治疗前与治疗后中医症状积分、ESCV评分、颈椎曲度及脑血流参数的变化,并对比两组疗效。结果治疗后,观察组中医症状积分皆显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组ESCV评分和颈椎曲度皆明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组椎底动脉及左、右椎动脉的Vs与Vd水平均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[95.12%(39/41)vs 80.00%(32/40),P<0.05]。结论基于“筋骨平衡”理论针刺推拿疗法对CSA患者疗效显著,有效改善中医症状积分、ESCV评分以及颈椎曲度,增强脑血流参数。

“Z”字形拨针治疗神经根型颈椎病急性加重期(气滞血瘀证)的临床观察

目的观察“Z”字形拨针治疗对神经根型颈椎病急性加重期(气滞血瘀证)的疗效及炎性因子的影响。方法选取120例患者,随机分为拨针组和针刺组,分别给予“Z”字形拨针联合常规护理宣教和针刺联合常规护理宣教。比较两组治疗前后的颈椎功能、疼痛程度、生活质量和血清炎性因子水平、头夹肌及头半棘肌E值的变化和1个月、3个月、6个月的复发率。结果两组治疗后症状及功能评价均有明显改善,但拨针组优于针刺组(P<0.05);两组治疗后血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平均显著降低(P<0.05),拨针组明显低于针刺组(P<0.05);两组治疗后的头夹肌及头半棘肌E值均下降,拨针组明显低于针刺组(P<0.05);治疗后6个月的复发率比较,拨针组明显低于针刺组(P<0.05)。结论“Z”字形拨针治疗能有效改善神经根型颈椎病急性加重期(气滞血瘀证)患者的颈椎功能、疼痛程度和生活质量,降低相关肌肉的E值,且可能通过抑制炎性因子的释放发挥治疗作用,降低复发率。

血流限制训练对上肢肌肉适能效益的影响

背景:血流限制训练在提高肢体肌肉力量方面有广阔的应用前景,其中上肢应用血流限制训练的效果较为理想,且具体应用方案具有较高的研究价值。目的:阐述血流限制训练对上肢肌肉适能效益的影响,总结上肢应用血流限制训练的具体方案,试图依据现有研究给出应用方案的建议。方法:检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方、维普、CBM、PubMed、Embase、EBSCO、Cochrane Library及Web of Science数据库中发表的上肢应用血流限制训练的相关文献,中文检索词为“血流限制,血流限制训练,加压训练,上肢,上臂,前臂,手臂,小臂”,英文检索词为“Blood Flow Restriction Training,Blood Flow Restriction Exercise,Blood Flow Restriction Therapy,BFR Therapy,Occlusion training,KAATSU training,BFRT,Upper Extremity,Upper Limb,Arm,Forearm”。选择各数据库建库至2022年12月收录的上肢应用血流限制训练的相关文章,并根据纳入标准和排除标准对所得文献进行筛选。结果与结论:①目前血流限制训练在上肢应用的人群以健康人、专项运动员和上肢损伤人群为主;②血流限制训练对上肢肌肉适能的影响主要体现在增加上肢的肢体围度、肌肉的力量、肌肉耐力、肌肉厚度、肌肉横截面积以及上肢爆发力,其次是引起上肢出现交叉迁移现象;③上肢应用血流限制训练多使用充气型的血流限制装置,袖带宽度为3-5 cm,加压位置在大臂上1/3处,限制压力为40%-60%动脉闭塞压(AOP)或80-160 mmHg,训练负荷为20%-30%1RM,训练量为4组(30-15-15-15次),间歇时间为30-60 s,训练频率为每周两三次。

血流限制训练干预老年肌少症:生物学机制和应用方案建议

背景:肌少症是一种慢性病,会导致力量丧失和功能下降,增加老年人虚弱、残疾、跌倒和死亡风险。血流限制训练可以有效治疗肌少症,但还缺乏对其优缺点、生物学机制和应用方案的全面回顾。目的:通过回顾血流限制训练干预肌少症的优势、局限性和生物学机制,并基于当前已发表的证据给予应用方案建议。方法:检索各大数据库建库至2023年2月发表的文献。英文检索词:blood flow restriction training、KAATSU、elderly、sarcopenia、muscle等;中文检索词:血流限制训练、加压训练、老年人、肌少症和肌肉等。对纳入的82篇文献进行整理和分析。结果与结论:①血流限制训练作为干预肌少症的一种方法,在外周肌群中有一定的效果,但其应用范围存在局限性,血流限制训练具备较高的可操作性和安全性,并能够提高肌肉力量和身体表现,但血流限制训练亦存在潜在风险,尤其证据报告了其对骨骼肌、心血管和内皮细胞等的不良事件,故需在科学指导下进行,并需进一步研究验证其对肌少症患者的效果。②血流限制训练干预肌少症的生物学机制可能包括:增加肌肉反应性充血导致肌肉肥大、改善肌肉蛋白合成能力、诱导代谢应激适应、促进骨骼肌生长和修复、激活血管内皮生长因子信号通路促进血管生成、促进卫星细胞增殖,但这些机制的具体作用和联合作用需要更深入的研究来确定。③血流限制训练干预肌少症主要受训练和袖带的影响,为避免出现不良事件,建议训练负荷20%-50%1RM,重复次数20-75次,训练频率每周两三次,组间间隔30-60 s,上肢训练使用较小尺寸的袖带且加压值≤140 mmHg,下肢训练使用较大尺寸的袖带且加压值≤180 mmHg,通常选择完全闭塞动脉血流压力值的50%-80%,但老年人血流限制训练频度和组间间隔的研究还需更多探讨,同时袖带加压值的最适选择亦需要进一步研究。

血流限制训练对前交叉韧带重建患者膝关节功能恢复的Meta分析

目的:系统评价血流限制训练对前交叉韧带重建术后康复的临床疗效,以期为临床实践提供参考依据。方法:计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、EBSCO等数据库,搜集国内外有关血流限制训练干预前交叉韧带重建术后康复的随机对照试验,检索时限均从各数据库建库至2022-08-10。结局指标包括膝关节肌力、膝关节周围肌肉量及膝关节功能评价,均为连续性变量。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并使用PEDro量表、Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具进行纳入研究的偏倚风险评价,然后采用RevMan5.4软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入9篇文献,包括226例受试者,其中试验组114例,对照组112例。Meta分析结果显示,血流限制训练组与常规抗阻训练组相比,可以显著改善患者膝关节肌力[SMD=0.54,95%CI(0.29,0.79),P<0.01]、肌肉量[SMD=0.26,95%CI(0.06,0.46),P=0.01]及膝关节功能[SMD=1.17,95%CI(0.53,1.80),P<0.01];亚组分析显示,仅当干预时间>4周时,膝关节肌力[SMD=0.68,95%CI(0.38,0.97),P<0.01]与肌肉量[SMD=0.38,95%CI(0.09,0.68),P=0.01]出现显著性改善。结论:当前的证据表明,血流限制训练可以改善前交叉韧带重建术后患者肌力及膝关节功能,减少肌肉萎缩,并建议术后干预时间达到4周以上以获得更好的肌力与肌肉量改善效果。

不同运动方式促进周围神经损伤后的功能恢复

背景:运动作为一种主动康复的方式可以改善周围神经损伤导致的功能障碍,而不同运动方式针对的病变部位及恢复机制不同。目的:综合分析不同运动方式在周围神经损伤功能恢复中的应用及机制。方法:应用计算机检索中国知网、PubMed数据库建库时间至2024年1月期间的相关文献,英文检索词为“peripheral nerves injury,spinal cord,exercise,cerebral cortex,muscle atrophy,mirror therapy,blood flow restriction training”,中文检索词为“周围神经损伤,脊髓,大脑皮质,肌肉萎缩,有氧运动,血流限制,镜像运动”,最终纳入77篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:周围神经损伤后会引起其支配骨骼肌萎缩、相应脊髓节段病变、感觉运动皮质重塑等系统性的病理变化。有氧运动可以加强免疫反应,促进神经胶质细胞极化以及神经生长因子的释放,改善功能障碍。血流限制运动可以调节肌肉生长因子的分泌,促进肌肉生长及增强肌肉力量。镜像运动在激活大脑皮质、减少皮质重塑方面有良好的作用。不同运动方式在周围神经损伤功能恢复中具有潜在的益处,然而目前仍存在一些问题和挑战,例如运动方式的选择、运动强度和频率的控制及机制的详细解析等。

Reduction of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats

Traumatic brain inju ry-induced unfavorable outcomes in human patients have independently been associated with dysregulated levels of monoamines,especially epinephrine,although few preclinical studies have examined the epinephrine level in the central nervous system after traumatic brain injury.Epinephrine has been shown to regulate the activities of spinal motoneurons as well as increase the heart rate,blood pressure,and blood flow to the hindlimb muscles.Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of repeated blast-induced traumatic brain injury on the epinephrine levels in seve ral function-s pecific central nervous system regions in rats.Following three repeated blast injuries at 3-day intervals,the hippocampus,motor cortex,locus coeruleus,vestibular nuclei,and lumbar spinal cord were harvested at post-injury day eight and processed for epinephrine assays using a high-sensitive electrochemical detector cou pled with high-performance liquid chromatography.Our results showed that the epinephrine levels were significantly decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissues of blast-induced traumatic brain injury animals compared to the levels detected in age-and sex-matched sham controls.In other function-specific central nervous system regions,although the epinephrine levels were slightly altered following blast-induced tra u matic brain injury,they were not statistically significant.These results suggest that blast injury-induced significant downregulation of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord could negatively impact the motor and cardiovascular function.This is the first repo rt to show altered epinephrine levels in the spinal cord following repetitive mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

基于骨骼肌线粒体动力学探讨健脾清化方对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的:观察健脾清化方对高脂饮食诱导的肥胖模型小鼠(DIO)胰岛素敏感性的影响,并基于骨骼肌线粒体动力学讨论其作用机制。方法:将30只小鼠随机分为正常组(NOR组,n=6)和模型对照组(n=24),NOR组小鼠予正常饲料喂养。MOD组小鼠利用高脂饲料诱导建立C57BL/6J肥胖模型。将18只造模成功小鼠随机分为模型组(MOD组)、健脾清化方组(JPQH组)、二甲双胍组(MET组),每组6只,分别予生理盐水、健脾清化方(1.3g/mL)、二甲双胍(30 mg/mL)进行干预。干预6周后,称量小鼠体质量,检测空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛素敏感性、葡萄糖耐量,反转录聚合酶链式反应法(RT-PCR)检测小鼠骨骼肌有丝分裂融合蛋白1(Mfn1)mRNA、有丝分裂融合蛋白2(Mfn2)mRNA、视神经萎缩蛋白1(Opa1)mRNA、动力相关蛋白1(Drp1)mRNA、线粒体分裂蛋白1(Fis1)mRNA表达水平,蛋白质免疫印迹法(Western blotting)检测Mfn1、Mfn2、Opa1、Fis1、Drp1、肌球蛋白重链(MYH)蛋白表达水平。结果:干预1周后,JPQH组小鼠体质量低于MOD组(P<0.05);干预2、3、4、5、6周后,JPQH组小鼠体质量与MOD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);干预2、3、4、5、6周后,MET组小鼠体质量低于MOD组(P<0.05);干预1周后,MET组小鼠体质量与MOD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。JPQH组小鼠FINS水平低于MOD组(P<0.05),与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IPITT试验中,JPQH组小鼠各时间点血糖水平均低于MOD组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠0 min血糖水平高于MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠30、60、90、120 min血糖水平与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);JPQH组曲线下面积AUC低于MOD组(P<0.05),与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。OGTT试验中,JPQH组小鼠0 min血糖水平与MOD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),JPQH组小鼠30、60、90、120 min血糖水平均低于MOD组(P<0.05),与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);JPQH组曲线下AUC低于MOD组(P<0.05),与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。JPQH组小鼠Mfn1 mRNA相对表达量低于MOD组(P<0.05),高于MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Mfn2 mRNA相对表达量高于MOD组、MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Opa1 mRNA相对表达量低于MOD组(P<0.05),高于MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Fis1 mRNA相对表达量高于MOD组(P<0.05),低于MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Drp1 mRNA相对表达量与MOD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。JPQH组小鼠Mfn1、Mfn2蛋白相对表达量高于MOD组、MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Opa1、Fis1蛋白相对表达量低于MOD组、MET组(P<0.05);JPQH组小鼠Drp1蛋白相对表达量与MOD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);JPQH组小鼠MYH蛋白相对表达量低于MOD组(P<0.05),与MET组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:健脾清化方可以降低高脂饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠体质量,改善小鼠的胰岛素敏感性,降低胰岛素抵抗;健脾清化方可能通过影响骨骼肌线粒体动力学进而改善骨骼肌胰岛素抵抗,以稳定血糖。

Advances in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into vascular cells

Blood vessels constitute a closed pipe system distributed throughout the body,transporting blood from the heart to other organs and delivering metabolic waste products back to the lungs and kidneys.Changes in blood vessels are related to many disorders like stroke,myocardial infarction,aneurysm,and diabetes,which are important causes of death worldwide.Translational research for new appro-aches to disease modeling and effective treatment is needed due to the huge socio-economic burden on healthcare systems.Although mice or rats have been widely used,applying data from animal studies to human-specific vascular physiology and pathology is difficult.The rise of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)provides a reliable in vitro resource for disease modeling,regenerative medicine,and drug discovery because they carry all human genetic information and have the ability to directionally differentiate into any type of human cells.This review summarizes the latest progress from the establishment of iPSCs,the strategies for differentiating iPSCs into vascular cells,and the in vivo trans-plantation of these vascular derivatives.It also introduces the application of these technologies in disease modeling,drug screening,and regenerative medicine.Additionally,the application of high-tech tools,such as omics analysis and high-throughput sequencing,in this field is reviewed.

针刺联合重复经颅磁刺激与深层肌肉刺激治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛疗效及对皮质血氧的影响

目的:观察针刺联合经颅磁刺激(rTMS)与深层肌肉刺激(DMS)对脑卒中后上肢痉挛患者日常生活能力、运动功能、痉挛状态及皮质血氧水平的影响。方法:选取脑卒中后上肢痉挛患者80例,按照随机数字表法分为针刺组、rTMS组、DMS组、联合组各20例,四组患者根据自身情况均接受常规药物治疗和康复训练,针刺组给予针刺治疗,rTMS组在针刺组的基础上给予rTMS治疗,DMS组在针刺组的基础上给予DMS治疗,联合组在针刺组的基础上联合rTMS与DMS治疗,四组均治疗4周。观察治疗前后四组患者的改良Barthel指数(MBI)评分、简化Fugl-Meyer上肢运动功能评定量表(FMA-UE)评分、改良Ashworth评分量表(MAS)评分、大脑氧合血红蛋白(O2Hb)水平。结果:治疗后四组患者的MBI、FMA-UE、MAS评分及O2Hb水平变化的S积分与均值均较治疗前明显改善(P<0.01),且联合组MBI、FMA-UE、MAS评分改善明显优于其他三组(P<0.01);rTMS组、DMS组、联合组大脑O2Hb水平变化S积分均优于针刺组(P<0.05),且联合组优于rTMS组(P<0.01);rTMS组、DMS组、联合组大脑O2Hb水平变化均值均优于针刺组(P<0.01),且联合组优于rTMS组、DMS组(P<0.05)。结论:针刺联合rTMS与DMS治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛可显著改善患者日常生活能力、运动功能和痉挛状态,提高大脑皮质血氧水平可能为机制之一。

基于稳定肌训练的延续性护理结合低碳水化合物膳食干预对颈椎病合并糖尿病患者颈椎功能及血糖控制的影响

目的 探讨基于稳定肌训练的延续性护理结合低碳水化合物膳食干预对颈椎病合并糖尿病患者颈椎功能及血糖控制的影响。方法 选取2020年1月至2022年1月我院收治的80例颈椎病合并糖尿病患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其分为对照组与观察组,各40例。对照组采用常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上增加基于稳定肌训练的延续性护理结合低碳水化合物膳食干预。比较两组的干预效果。结果 干预后,观察组的颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)评分低于对照组,日本矫形外科协会(JOA)评分高于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的前列腺素E2(PGE2)、多巴胺(DA)、P物质(SP)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。干预后,观察组的空腹血糖(FBG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PBG)水平及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论基于稳定肌训练的延续性护理结合低碳水化合物膳食干预不仅能够促进颈椎病合并糖尿病患者颈椎功能恢复,缓解疼痛程度,还能有效提高血糖控制水平。