Mannogalactoglucan from mushrooms protects pancreatic islets via restoring UPR and promotes insulin secretion in TIDM mice

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM) lacks insulin secretion due to autoimmune deficiency of pancreaticβ-cells.Protecting pancreatic islets and enhancing insulin secretion has been therapeutic approaches.Mannogalactoglucan is the main type of polysaccharide from natural mushroom,which has potential medicinal prospects.Nevertheless,the antidiabetic property of mannogalactoglucan in T1DM has not been fully elucidated.In this study,we obtained the neutral fraction of alkali-soluble Armillaria mellea polysaccharide(AAMP-N) with the structure of mannogalactoglucan from the fruiting body of A.mellea and investigated the potential therapeutic value of AAMP-N in T1DM.We demonstrated that AAMP-N lowered blood glucose and improved diabetes symptoms in T1DM mice.AAMP-N activated unfolded protein response(UPR) signaling pathway to maintain ER protein folding homeostasis and promote insulin secretion in vivo.Besides that,AAMP-N promoted insulin synthesis via upregulating the expression of transcription factors,increased Ca^(2+) signals to stimulate intracellular insulin secretory vesicle transport via activating calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase Ⅱ(CamkⅡ) and cAMP/PKA signals,and enhanced insulin secretory vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane via vesicle-associated membrane protein 2(VAMP2).Collectively,these studies demonstrated that the therapeutic potential of AAMP-N on pancreatic islets function,indicating that mannogalactoglucan could be natural nutraceutical used for the treatment of T1DM.

Novel wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus(Pers.)Morgan induces robust apoptosis on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through a RONS-subsisted mitochondria-dependent pathway

Objective:To explore the therapeutic effects of the novel wild edible mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus(Pers.)Morgan(A.hygrometricus)on human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.Methods:Extensive screening of the antiproliferative and chemopreventive potential of different extracts from 5 wild mushrooms,A.hygrometricus,Phallus sp.,Lentinus sp.,Tricholoma sp.,and Serpula sp.was performed against a panel of 6 cancer cell lines and normal cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Apoptosis determination,cell cycle profiling,intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and reactive nitrogen species(RNS),and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry.The activity of caspases was measured colorimetrically,and the expression pattern of mitochondrial proteins was analyzed.Results:The methanol extract of A.hygrometricus and MOLT-4 cells were identified as the most potent extract exhibiting antiproliferative activity and most sensitive cell line,respectively.The mushroom extract induced robust selective apoptosis in MOLT-4 cells and arrested cell cycle progression at the G0/G1 stage.The extract disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced ROS production in MOLT-4 cells.The methanol extract induced apoptosis by downregulating the expression of Bcl-2,increasing the expression of Bax,and activating the caspase cascade.Conclusion:The novel wild edible mushroom is a potential repository of biomolecules for the development of antileukemic drugs.

Biochemical, functional and antioxidant potential of higher fungi cultivated on agro-industrial residues. Part Ⅱ: Cultures on mixtures of spent mushroom substrates and mushroom cropping by-products

Novel substrates consisted of different fresh agro-industrial residues,their corresponding and commercial spent mushroom substrates(i.e.SMS deriving from laboratory-scale experiments and SMS deriving from industrial-scale experiments by Green Zin S.A.-SMS GZ)and Pleurotus waste(PW;stipes/mishappen mushrooms)were used in blends for a new cultivation cycle of Pleurotus ostreatus and P.eryngii mushrooms in bags.Their impact on the biochemical properties(intra-cellular polysaccharides-IPSs,protein,lipid,total phenolic compounds-TPCs,individual carbohydrates composition of the IPSs)in the first-and second-flush whole mushrooms,pilei and stipes,as well as the fatty acids composition,the antioxidant activity(in the first-flush mushroom parts)and glucan content of stipes were examined.Both species produced satisfactory IPSs quantities in all substrates(28.69-46.38%,w/w)and significant protein amounts(18.37-26.80%,w/w).The further SMS addition(80%,w/w instead of 40%,w/w)in the cultivation substrates affected positively the mushroom IPSs values,whereas the highest protein content was detected in mushroom’s parts cultivated on substrates consisted of fresh agro-industrial residues.Mushroom’s lipid content was affected differently by the various substrate combinations,with SMS presence resulting in mushrooms with a lower fat content than those produced in substrates with PW addition.Fresh substrates with PW and those with coffee residue were the most favorable for TPCs production.Regarding production flushes,the nutritional value of mushrooms was comparable between them,only a slight increase in TPCs of second-flush carposomes was detected.Glucose was the predominant monosaccharide of the produced IPSs,combined with a significant production of total and β-glucans.SMSs and PW addition had a positive impact on antioxidant activity,too.A higher quantity of lipids,TPCs and significant antioxidant activity were detected in all Pleurotus pilei than stipes,whereas the latter were richer in IPSs.Both pilei and stipes had a significant protein amount.Hence,the data obtained by this study support the positive effect of different types of SMS and mushroom waste on P.ostreatus and P.eryngii nutritional value.

Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Evaluation of Sponge Cake Supplemented with Hot Air and Freeze Dried Oyster Mushroom (<i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>)

The study was aimed to enhance the nutritional quality of sponge cakes with oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju). In this study, the physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of cake supplemented with five different levels of mushroom powder (0 as control, 5%, 7%, 10%, and 12%) were evaluated. The results revealed that both hot air dried (HD) and freeze dried (FD) mushroom powder contained a higher amount of protein, fat, ash and fiber ontent compared with wheat flour used in cake, but the carbohydrate and moisture content showed the reverse trend. The study also found that increasing the level of fortification from 0% to 12% mushroom powder also increased the protein, fat, ash, and fiber content in the cake. FD mushroom powder significantly (p ≤ 0.05) recorded the highest protein (11.72% - 15.16%), fat (20.01% - 21.9%), ash (1.75% - 1.92%), and fiber (1.39% - 1.74%) with increasing the level of supplementation from 5% - 12%. In contrast, carbohydrate content of cake decreased from 34.13% - 31.15% with increasing the level of FD mushroom from 5% - 12%. Also, the volume and weight of the cake with FD mushroom were higher compared to HD and control sample. The results of sensory evaluation indicated that sponge cake with 10% FD oyster mushroom was rated the most acceptable after the control.

Transformation of Metallothionein Gene into Mushroom Protoplasts by Application of Electroporation

Metallothionein gene (MT) has been transferred into mushroom protoplasts by electroporation. It is a low molecular weight, cysteine-rich and metal-binding protein. MT can bind metals. Its synthesis is induced by Zn ion. Thus the expression of MT gene in mushroom can improve the accumulation of Zn in this fungus. This transgenic mushroom, consumed as a kind of vegetable, can supply the necessary Zn to people who are short of the element. When protoplasts were prepared, the concentration (C) of protoplasts is 6.745 x 10(6) /mL. After protoplast electroporation, the transformation rate of protoplasts is 0.01 %. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that the gene had been integrated into the mushroom chromosome, SDS-PAGE, Western blot analysis indicated that the MT gene had been expressed in the transgenic mushroom. The expressing level, detected by ELISA, is 0.6 % - 0.8 %. Tested for metal resistance, the wild-type mushroom growth was inhibited on die medium containing 1.0 - 1.2 mmoL/L ZnSO4. While the transgenic mushroom was inhibited on the medium containing 1. 5 - 2.0 mmol/L ZnSO4. The mycelium can develop into hymenophore in the medium of rice bran: sawdust = 1: 3, and not in the medium of rice bran: sawdust = 1: 4.

Study on Compound Substrate Properties with Spent Mushroom Compost and Cattle Manure Compost and Effects on the Growth of Seedlings

[Objective] The purpose was to study the optimum composition ratio of compound substrate with spent mushroom compound （SMC） and cattle manure com- post （CMC） for the seedling growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon. [Method] With internationally best formula substrate （turf：vermiculite=2：1） used for CK, SMC and CMC were matched according to different proportions to get different substrate whose physical and chemical nutrient properties and their effects on the growth of tomato, cucumber and watermelon were studied by means of plug seeding technolo- gy. [Result] The results showed that the bulk density, porosity and the pH of the compound substrates are all in the ideal condition. However, CMC increased the EC value and the pH of the compound substrates. Compound substrates with high ratio of CMC are not suitable for seedlings. [Conclusion] Tomato and watermelon seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=3：1 with no river sand. And the cucumber seedlings grew well in the compost substrate with SMC：CMC=2：1 with 5% volume river sand.

Study on Cotton Nursery Substrate Using Cotton Seed Hulls Residue after Producing Edible Mushroom

In order to discuss the localization application technology of cotton seedling using substrate, the author used cotton seed hulls after the production of edible fungi residue, river sand and peat in different proportion formula using in field and laboratory cotton seedling test. The results showed that： dry mass per plant and leaf area per plant of formula 3 were higher than Jiangxi cotton seedling nurs- ery substrate.the higher proportion were 48.4% and 73.5%; the rate of forming plantlets, survival rate of transplant and the unginned cotton yield had no obvious difference with the other matrix seedling and transplanting; nursery substrate was returned using as fertilizer, reduced environment pollution, achieved comprehensive utilization and cyclic utilization. Cotton seed hulls after the production of edible fungi residue was a cotton seedling substrate material of saving work,reducing cost and protecting environment and would have a good application prospect.

Phylogenetic analysis and protective effects of thymol and its chromatographic fractions from a novel wild mushroom in combating oxidative stress

Mushrooms are good sources of phytochemicals that have antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects.This study identifi ed a unique isoform of 18S rRNA gene(864 bp)from a novel wild mushroom(SMK-1)(GenBank accession number:SUB3267363).Thin layer chromatographic(TLC)profiling of the methanolic extract of the dried mushroom fruiting bodies of SMK-1 revealed the presence of phenolic and fl avonoid fractions with retention factor(Rf)values of 0.955 and 0.927 respectively.The GC/MS chromatograms of the SMK-1 methanolic extract identifi ed the main bioactive compound was phenol,5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)(74.00%)(thymol).The radical scavenging activity for the fl avonoid fraction was greater than the phenolic fractions(Rf–phenolics fractions>Rf–fl avonoid fractions)with the antioxidant activity more than that of standard ascorbic acid.Also,the phenolic and flavonoid fractions of SMK-1 expressed cytotoxic effects in HeLa cells with IC50 values ranging from 5μg/mL to 80μg/mL in a dose-dependent manner.This present research highlights the presence of high thymol concentration in a novel wild mushroom that has antioxidant and anti-poliferative potential with therapeutic benefi ts.The application of thymol natural products from novel mushroom SMK-1 as nutrition supplements could inhibit oxidative stress triggered by numerous pathologies that may pave the way to develop a new therapeutic natural drug.

Mushroom Production as an Alternative for Rural Development in a Forested Mountainous Area

Wild mushrooms are recognized as important non-wood forest products in mountainous ecosystems, but their real potential for generating rural economies has not been fully evaluated due to the difficulties in obtaining reliable productivity data, minimizing their true potential as contributor to rural economies. Mushroom yield models based on large data series from Pinus forest ecosystems in the region of Catalonia(Spain), combined with data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory allow us to estimate the potential mushroom productivity by forest ecosystems. The results of 24,500 tons/yr of mushrooms of which 16,300 tons are classified as edible and 7,900 tons are commonly marketed demonstrate the importance of mushroom productions in Catalonian pine forests, mostly located in mountainous areas where the development of agricultural activities is limited. Economic mushroom value is estimated at 48 million € for the edible mushroom and 32 million € for those corresponding to marketable yields, confirming the potential of this non-wood forest product. These production results and corresponding economic values provide a basis for the incorporation of wild mushrooms as significant non-wood forest products in the development of forest policies in mountainous areas.

Diversity of Wild Mushrooms in Nagaland, India

The Indian sub-continent is blessed with favorable agro climatic conditions that are suitable to a varied range of fungal species. Though the occurrence of mushrooms is of diverse nature, they are not well studied and documented. Northeastern region of India is one of the biodiversity hotspots. Nagaland is one of the Northeastern states of India. The people of the state highly covet mushrooms and have been a delicacy since time immemorial. The present study documents the macro fungal diversity in various districts of the state. A total of 87 species of wild mushrooms were collected and identified. They are parasitic, saprophytic and ecto-mycorrhizal in habitat. The highest numbers of mushroom species were collected during May–September from the study areas. Of the collected mushrooms, 37 species were identified as edible, 21 species medicinal, 5 poisonous and 37 inedible/unclassified.

Traditional knowledge and use of wild mushrooms in Simbhanjyang,Makwanpur district,Central Nepal

Mushrooms are an important source of food among different ethnic communities in Nepal and are widely collected during rainy season.This paper includes documentation of wild mushrooms in the vicinities of Simbhanjyang,Makwanpur district,central Nepal.Semi-structured open ended questionnaire and Rapid Rural Appraisal were followed to get information about edibility of wild mushrooms from local harvesters.Forty-three species of mushrooms were documented.The collected species are saprophytic,parasitic,and mycorrhizal.Ethnic communities identify edible and other useful mushroom species based on traditional knowledge transferred from their ancestors orally which was in practice and tested through generations.Edible Boletus edulis,Russula virescens and medicinal Ganoderma tsugae are some potential non-timber forest products from the study area.

The coral mushrooms Ramaria and Clavaria

The need to improve the quality life together with the increase in the frequency of threating diseases direct the attention of many scientists to look for potential foods as a source of nutritional and therapeutical agents.Since ancient times,several mushrooms have been reported as a nutritious food with valuable medicinal properties.The genus Ramaria and Clavaria belonging to coral fungi are a group of edible mushrooms that are distributed all over the world.The studies on different species of Ramaria and Clavaria have revealed their medicinal potentials.This review aims to present the importance of genera Ramaria and Clavaria as both food and medicine,and they offer new insights to researchers to develop new drugs and nutraceuticals.

Effects of Active Modified Atmosphere Packaging on Postharvest Quality of Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) Stored at Cold Storage

The effects of active modified atmosphere packaging （MAP） on the postharvest quality of shiitake mushrooms stored at cold temperature （4°C） were investigated.The gas components were 2% O2 ＋7% CO2 （MAP1）,2% O2 ＋10% CO2 （MAP2） and 2% O2 ＋13% CO2 （MAP3）,respectively.The results showed that active MAP could extend the shelf-life of shiitake mushrooms to 17 d and the concentration of carbon dioxide could influence the postharvest quality of shiitake mushrooms.MAP2 treatment inhibited the increase in respiration rate and malondinaldehyde （MDA） contents,delayed the decrease in firmness,soluble sugar and vitamin C,and obviously reduced the activity of polyphenol oxidase （PPO） and the degree of browning,therefore maintaining better quality.

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metal in Wild Growing Mushrooms from Liangshan Yi Nationality Autonomous Prefecture,China

The heavy metal bioaccumulation levels of 13 species of mushrooms were studied. 13 different species of wild mushrooms growing in China were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and As. Contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in mushroom and Cu, Zn in Soil were tested by atomic absorption spectrometer （AAS）, and As in samples by atomic fluorescent light （AFL）. Contents of Cd and Pb in soil were analyzed by graphite furnace AAS. The results showed that contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, and As in Termitomyces microcarpus were the highest in the tested mushroom samples, which were 135.00, 13.28, 65.30, and 1.60 mg·kg^-1 （dry biomass） respectively, and the corresponding bioconcentration factor （BCF） for Cu and Cd was 57 and 1 674 separately, which was the highest data in 13 mushroom species. The capability ofBoletus griseus for Cd accumulation was very strong with BCF of 300. when people consume the wild edible mushrooms, contents of Cd and Pb should be greatly considered.

Predictors of poor outcomes in patients with wild mushroom-induced acute liver injury

To identify early predictive markers of poor outcomes in patients with acute liver injury from wild mushroom intoxication.METHODSThis observational, retrospective record review involved adults aged ≥ 18 years admitted to emergency department with mushroom intoxication from January 2005 to December 2015. The diagnosis of mushroom intoxication was based on the following: (1) a positive history of recent wild mushroom intake (either raw or cooked); (2) the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, such as watery diarrhea, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain, after ingestion; and (3) the exclusion of other possible causes of acute liver injury. Acute liver injury was defined by a > 5-fold elevation of liver enzymes or moderate coagulopathy [international normalized ratio (INR) > 2.0]. Clinical and laboratory findings were compared in survivors and non-survivors.RESULTSOf 93 patients with mushroom intoxication, 23, 11 men (47.8%) and 12 women (52.2%), of median age 61 years, developed acute liver injury. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 43.5% (10/23). Among the laboratory variables, mean serum alkaline phosphatase (73.38 ± 10.89 mg/dL vs 180.40 ± 65.39 mg/dL, P < 0.01), total bilirubin (2.312 ± 1.16 mg/dL vs 7.16 ± 2.94 mg/dL, P < 0.01) concentrations and indirect/direct bilirubin (2.45 ± 1.39 mg/dL vs 0.99 ± 0.45 mg/dL, P < 0.01) ratio as well as prothrombin time (1.88 ± 0.83 mg/dL vs 10.43 ± 4.81 mg/dL, P < 0.01), and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT; 32.48 ± 7.64 s vs 72.58 ± 41.29 s, P = 0.01), were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors. Logistic regression analysis showed that total bilirubin concentration (OR = 3.58, 95%CI: 1.25-10.22), indirect/direct bilirubin ratio (OR = 0.14, 95%CI: 0.02-0.94) and aPTT (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.04-1.63) were significantly associated with mortality. All patients with total bilirubin > 5 mg/dL or aPTT > 50 s on day 3 died.CONCLUSIONMonitoring of bilirubin concentrations and aPTT may help in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with acute liver injury from wild mushroom intoxication.

Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest related to mushroom poisoning: A case report

BACKGROUND Mushroom exposure is a global health issue.The manifestations of mushroom poisoning (MP) may vary.Some species have been reported as rhabdomyolytic,hallucinogenic,or gastrointestinal poisons.Critical or even fatal MPs are mostly attributable to Amanita phalloides,with the development of severe liver or renal failure.Myocardial injury and even cases mimicking ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have been previously reported,while cardiac arrhythmia or cardiac arrest is not commonly seen.CASE SUMMARY We report a 68-year-old woman with MP who suffered from delirium,seizure,long QT syndrome on electrocardiogram (ECG),severe cardiac arrhythmias of multiple origins,and cardiac arrest.She was intubated and put on blood perfusion.Her kidney and liver functions were intact;creatine kinase-MB was mildly elevated,and then fell within normal range during her hospital stay.We sent the mushrooms she left for translation elongation factor subunit 1α,ribosomal RNA gene sequence,and internal transcribed spacer sequence analyses.There were four kinds of mushrooms identified,two of which were found to be toxic.CONCLUSION This is the first time that we found cardiac toxicity caused by Panaeolus subbalteatus and Conocybe lactea,which were believed to be toxic to the liver,kidney,and brain.We suggest that intensive monitoring and ECG follow-up are essential to diagnose prolonged QT interval and different forms of tachycardia in MP patients,even without the development of severe liver or renal failure.The mechanisms need to be further investigated and clarified based on animal experiments and molecular signal pathways.

Inhibition of α/β-K_6P_2W_(18)O_(62)·10H_2O on the Activity of Mushroom Tyrosinase and Its Antimicrobial Effects

Dawson-type phosphotungstic polyoxometalate α/β-K6P2W18O62·10H2O（P2W18） was synthesized and its inhibitory effect on the mushroom tyrosinase was investigated. It could inhibit diphenolase activity of mushroom tyrosinase as an irreversible inhibitor. When the concentration of the enzyme reached 0.0176 mg/mL, the concentration of P2W18 leading to 50% activity lost（IC50） was 0.05 mmol/L for monophenolase and 0.64 mmol/L for diphenolase. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of P2W18 was evaluated by zone of inhibition test. The results show that P2W18 possesses effective antimicrobial ability against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, yeast, especially Escherichia coli and yeast.

Mini-review on edible mushrooms as source of dietary fiber:Preparation and health benefits

Dietary fiber and high-fiber food products have attracted great attention because of their significant health benefits to consumers.Mushrooms are valuable resources for food,medicine and nutraceuticals.Edible mushroom is considered as a novel source of dietary fiber.The dietary fiber content and composition in edible mushroom vary greatly with its morphological stages including fruit body,mycelium and sclerotium.The focus of this mini-review is on the preparation of dietary fiber from edible mushroom with emphasis on the sclerotium which has the highest level of non-starch polysaccharides.The possible health benefits of mushroom dietary fiber in relationship with boosting the immune system,anticancer functions as well as the control of blood lipids and glucose levels are also discussed.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

DNA Barcoding,Fungal Diversity,and Authentication of Wild Gourmet Mushrooms

The application of molecular tools for the identification of strains,populations and species has become a common practice in a variety of applied and basic investigations in many parts of the world.However,standardization of such applications varies widely among organisms and scientific fields.In this mini-review,the author provides a brief introduction to one of the most prominent effort for species identification-the international barcode of life(iBOL) project,discusses the features of fungal diversity including the proposed fungal barcode DNA fragment-the intergenic spacer regions(ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene clusters,and illustrates the potential promises and problems of using ITS for barcoding and for analyzing the phylogeographic pattern of the wild gourmet mushroom Tricholoma matsutake species complex.The analyses show that identification to species level is often insufficient for practical applications and that sequences from multiple genes in combination with critical morphological and physiological evaluations are needed to identify strains,populations and species.