Medicinal Mushroom Products:Nutriceuticals and/or Pharmaceuticals?

Although the effectiveness of mushroom products(mushroom derivatives) has been confirmed repeatedly by numerous laboratory experiments and,in some cases,human trials,precisely how these products work is still a matter of conjecture.Studies on the effectiveness of mushroom products fall into two general categories.One approach has been to isolate and determine the bioactivity of individual mushroom components within a particular class of compounds(e.g.polysaccharides,lectins,triterpenoids,fungal immunomodulatory proteins).The active principal component is then sold in refined or purified form,e.g.the polysaccharide lentinan from the edible/medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes.Such an approach is certainly valid if the objective is to focus on a single mushroom-derived substance for the treatment of specific disease conditions,e.g.cancers or strokes.In such cases,the products might be(and have been) developed and marketed as prescription drugs.However,an alternative approach is not to focus on a single component within a class of compounds but on groups of compounds that improve overall health and the general quality of life.These composite formulae,in which several different compounds together contribute to the beneficial effect of the mushroom,could then be used collectively as a dietary supplement(nutriceutical).Thus,the medicinal effects afforded by medicinal mushroom products may be attributable to several quite different types of compounds present in the mushrooms,e.g.polysaccharides,lectins,triterpenoids and fungal immunomodulatory proteins.These compounds,and possibly others yet to be identified,appear to act in concert in contributing to the documented anticancer,antitumour,antiviral,antibacterial and immunomodulating properties of the mushroom.Therefore,mushroom nutriceuticals may be deemed to have multifunctional values,the essence of which depends on the integrated effects of the various compounds.Certainly,the overwhelming majority of mushroom-based products currently available are not single components but combinations of several groups of compounds("crude extracts") that together contribute to the overall medicinal effect of the product.Therefore,it is important that future development of mushroom nutriceuticals places emphasis on investigating the functionality and interaction of the groups of compounds found in mushrooms.In some cases,it may be more desirable to consider the total medicinal effect(s) of mushroom "crude extracts"(comprising groups of compounds) and then to ascertain the contributions made to the overall activity by individual components.The consistency of the "crude extracts",both in terms of the overall chemical composition and in the actual levels of active components,between different batches could be standardized on the basis of one or two of the main components.This is essential for ensuring some degree of uniformity in prescribed dosages.Thus,while the minimum dosage of an active component required to bring about the desired therapeutic effect is often known for similar products,e.g.hypericin in extracts of St.John's Wort,this is generally not the case where mushroom "crude extracts" are concerned.This is an area where scientific validation can increase knowledge of the products themselves as well as contributing to product quality control.

Energy Efficiency Analysis of White Button Mushroom Producers in Alburz Province of Iran: A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

The aim of this study was to determine energy consumption pattern and specifically to measure and benchmark the efficiency for white button mushroom production in Alburz province of Iran. The data used in this study were collected by interviewing mushroom producers in the region. In the surveyed farms, average yield and total energy consumption were calculated as around 208.46 kg·ton-1 compost and 133.25 MJ·ton-1, respectively. The results revealed that fossil fuel (40.43%), compost (30.45%) and electricity (27.42%) consumed the bulk of energy. The results of DEA approach also showed that 12 and 14 farmers had efficiency score of unity. Electricity and fossil fuel were found to be used in excess in target mushroom production farms. Moreover, we came to the conclusion that the total energy consumption can be reduced to 120.15 MJ·ton-1 for mushroom production in which diesel fuel energy (50.89 MJ·ton-1), FYM (37.32 MJ·ton-1) and electricity (30.34 MJ·ton-1) energies were considerably significant.

Optimization of Mycelial Biomass Production in Submerged Culture Fermentation of <i>Pleurotus flabellatus</i>Using Response Surface Methodology

The factors selected to optimize the productivity of Pleurotus flabellatus biomass in 250ml working volume Erlenmeyer flask were agitation rate, initial pH value and incubation temperature. The central composite design was applied to study the significant factors and the interactions between the chosen factors, if present. The Design Expert software generated 20 runs. The optimized conditions obtained were as follows: the agitation rate of 129.8 rpm, incubation temperature at 27.8&degC, and initial pH of 6.06. The optimized conditions tripled the productivity at the range of 980 - 1040 mg/litre/day compared to the initial rate productivity at 310 mg/litre/day. From the quadratic equation,the agitation rate, temperature and the interaction between agitation rate and temperature were found to be significant (p < 0.05). At optimum conditions, the experimental data supported the theoretical estimate.

A Comparative Study of Technological Impact on Mushroom Industry in Sri Lanka: A Review

The present status of technological implementation for mushroom industry in Sri Lanka is expressed along this paper. It has been comparatively discussed with entire Japanese mushroom industry. Sri Lanka is a developing country located in south Asia. Almost all the mushroom cultivators in the country are growing Pleurotus ostreatus, Calocybe indica and Volvariella volvacea. These species are most preferred because they are not difficult to cultivate using the low cost cultivation method being practiced in the country. Mushroom cultivators are selling their product at prices ranging from LKR 240 (1.47) to LKR 430 (USD 2.63) per kg in 2017. Mushroom cultivation is not that popular in Sri Lanka. This may be, partly, attributed to lack of know-how, technological barrier and awareness on the economic, nutritive and medicinal benefits of cultivated mushrooms. Some of the major supermarkets do sell locally cultivated P. ostreatus and, Agaricus bisporus and Lentinula edodes mushrooms which are imported from the Republic of China and Thailand. At present, there are few private and government institutions which produce spawn and offer knowledge to the farmers. Their programs have been mainly focused on mushroom cultivation as a woman’s household business;but the industry should be developed towards large scale commercial mushroom cultivation as well. This study is focused on main steps of mushroom production with some discussion and suggestion for increase production efficiency through technological advancement.

Fruiting Body Production and Aroma Profile Analysis of <i>Agrocybe aegerita</i>Cultivated on Different Substrates

The industrial cultivated basidiomycete Agrocybe aegerita, also known as “Pioppino” in Italy or “Samthaube” in Germany, is a high quality mushroom with a delicious aroma. Cultivation of A. aegerita on wheat straw supplemented with different residues of the food industry showed the highest yields in fruiting body production with a biological efficiency of 36% when black tea pomace was added. The addition of other substrates resulted in biological efficiencies of 23% to 33%. Besides the mushroom yields, the number and size of fruiting bodies harvested on the different substrates were determined. A comparison of the aroma profiles of A. aegerita grown on wheat straw and on wheat straw supplemented with black tea by means of GC/MS/MS/O is presented.

Yield models for predicting aboveground ectomycorrhizal fungal productivity in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands of northern Spain

Background: Predictive models shed light on aboveground fungal yield dynamics and can assist decision-making in forestry by integrating this valuable non-wood forest product into forest management planning. However, the currently existing models are based on rather local data and, thus, there is a lack of predictive tools to monitor mushroom yields on larger scales.Results: This work presents the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms and related ecosystem services in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, using a long-term dataset suitable to account for the combined effect of meteorological conditions and stand structure.Models were fitted for the following groups of fungi separately: all ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, edible mushrooms and marketed mushrooms. Our results show the influence of the weather variables(mainly precipitation) on mushroom yields as well as the relevance of the basal area of the forest stand that follows a right-skewed unimodal curve with maximum predicted yields at stand basal areas of 30–40 m2·ha-1.Conclusion: These models are the first empirical models for predicting the annual yields of ectomycorrhizal mushrooms in Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinaster stands in northern Spain, being of the highest resolution developed to date and enable predictions of mushrooms productivity by taking into account weather conditions and forests’ location, composition and structure.

北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄与香菇生态套种技术

基于葡萄树下套种香菇试验,总结出北方地区塑料大棚内葡萄树下香菇半熟料畦床套种和香菇菌棒地表摆放套种两种生态套种模式,系统介绍了茬口安排、场地消毒、原料准备、原料处理、播种、发菌管理、转色管理、出菇管理和采收管理等不同栽培阶段的技术要点,并讨论了塑料大棚内葡萄香菇生态套种的注意事项。

Copper Oxide Inked with Dye Obtained from the Lactarius Indigo Fungus for Energy Production

The results obtained from the characterization of a copper deposit on indium doped tin oxide (ITO), inked with natural dye extracted from the Lactarius indigo fungus, for use in Gratzel type solar cells are reported. An electrolyte composed of 0.1 M HNO3 and 0.5 M CuSO4 was used, this solution was prepared for copper deposits on the ITO. Cyclic voltammetry was performed at different scan rates to obtain the reduction zone for deposition between potentials of ?100 to ?500 mV. The dye was obtained from the indigo Lactarius fungus from maceration, once the inked deposits were obtained, characterizations were performed, the initial test was to obtain the Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-visible) of the pure dye, and later the same test was performed on the inked oxide. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was performed on the samples, as well as Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), to characterize the material properties for its application.

食用菌营养组成、功能活性及加工现状研究进展

食用菌是一类具有药食两用功能的大型真菌,自古以来就被用作民间药物和健康食品。食用菌富含蛋白质、多糖、萜烯和脂质等营养活性物质,具有抗癌、免疫调节、抗高胆固醇血症、抗病毒、抗糖尿病和抗炎等作用,随着全球经济的快速发展以及绿色健康饮食观念的日益深入,食用菌受到众多消费者的欢迎,对其加工产品提出了更高的要求。本文综述了近年来关于食用菌营养、活性物质及加工产品的研究进展,以期对食用菌产业的高质量可持续发展提供思路。

Maximizing Agricultural Residues: Nutritional Properties of Straw Mushroom on Maize Husk, Waste Cotton and Plantain Leaves

The straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea (Bulliard ex Fries) Singer, (V. volvacea), a tropical and sub-tropical mushroom is an invaluable vegetable. Nutritional properties of straw mushrooms grown on plantain leaves, maize husk and waste cotton were investigated. Aim: The aim of this study was to recommend these agro-wastes for mushroom production by farmers instead of relying solely on seasonal wild hunting, and to promote consumption of the mushroom. Method: Ten percent (10%) of the mushrooms spawn was used to inoculate 500 g of each substrate in plastic baskets. Mushrooms were harvested after twenty days of incubation followed by proximate analysis of the fruiting bodies. Results: Results indicated that the fruiting bodies harvested from the substrates varied significantly (P Conclusion: These agro wastes are recommended for production of V. volvacea.

关于加快发展食药用菌产业新质生产力的若干思考

发展以创新为驱动、以全要素生产率提升为核心标志的新质生产力是食药用菌产业高质量发展的必然。本文分析科技创新及数字技术、人工智能、大数据、互联网等信息技术与食药用菌产业深度融合是发展新质生产力的关键点,指出发展新质生产力在资金投入、人才培养、政策扶持等方面面临的挑战,并围绕科技自立自强、创新驱动、成果转化、企业责任等关键,探讨食药用菌产业发展新质生产力的实现路径。

工厂化秀珍菇单潮爆发性出菇技术研究

传统反季节栽培秀珍菇培养基以木屑为主料,采收6~7潮,周期长,用工量大,栽培成本高。工厂化秀珍菇栽培量大,生产周期短,要求产量集中。为探索工厂化秀珍菇单潮爆发性出菇关键技术,本研究比较了秀珍菇不同菌株、培养基配方、发菌期等因素,发现适宜工厂化单潮爆出菇的优良菌株为金秀,最佳配方为棉籽壳15%、玉米芯15%、木屑26.5%、甘蔗渣20%、麸皮20%、豆粕2.5%、石灰1%,适宜开袋出菇的发菌期为70 d。

基于连续体机器人技术的金针菇自动采收装置设计

在现有的金针菇工厂化产线中,滤光罩拆卸、金针菇采收、金针菇切根3道关键工序仍需人工完成,效率低下,且人工成本高昂。为提高工厂的自动化程度及金针菇生产效率,对金针菇的产线方案进行搭建,模块化设计一种金针菇自动采收装置,将3道工序集成为一体。结合连续体机器人技术设计一种绳驱动金针菇柔性夹爪,解决自动化实现金针菇无损采收这一核心问题。同时在环保的角度进一步完善产线,产线中对滤光罩与切割后的金针菇根壤分别进行回收,实现金针菇产线的废料回收再利用。

不同多糖对鸡肝酶解液美拉德反应的影响及其产物应用

该文研究了不同多糖对鸡肝酶解液美拉德反应产物风味及抗氧化性的影响并进行了应用探索。结果表明,与不添加多糖相比,平菇多糖(flat mushroom polysaccharides,FMP)与鸡肝酶解液的美拉德反应产物(FMP,chicken liver protease hydrolysate Maillard reaction products,CLPHM-FMP)在420 nm和294 nm处的吸光值分别提高了67%和20%,亮度值L^(*)降低显著,FMP可促进中间产物和褐变产物的形成;傅里叶红外光谱结果显示FMP的添加有助于反应中氨基消耗,且其多羟基糖链与鸡肝酶解液结合程度最高;通过GC-MS分析发现,CLPHM-FMP中醇类和杂环类化合物含量分别提高了166.71%和53.37%,醛类化合物含量下降了73.12%,FMP减弱了美拉德反应产物(Maillard reaction products,MRPs)的腥味,增强其烘烤香味,对肉味形成具有重要贡献作用。FMP可以提高其MRPs的Fe^(3+)还原能力、DPPH自由基清除率和·OH清除率,分别提高了38%、39%和23%。对素鸡的物性分析结果显示,CLPHM-FMP的添加可有效保持素鸡的质构性能,且其中烃类、醇类和杂环类化合物含量分别提升了52%、22%和38%,有助于素鸡肉香味的形成。综上所述,FMP有利于鸡肝酶解液美拉德反应产物风味的形成及其抗氧化功能的提升,在风味食品中具有良好的应用前景。

丘陵山区林下食用菌栽植基地专用运输机械设计

贵州省地势较为复杂,食用菌规模化种植基地分布分散,宜机化道路环境较差,无论是菌棒、营养袋运输还是其他物资运输等都需要大量的劳动力,作业成本高。研究设计了一种丘陵地区林下食用菌栽培基地专用运输机,采用无线遥控技术实现无人操作,高通过性底盘保证满足作业要求,新能源技术绿色环保,可解决林下食用菌种植的运输难题。

河西走廊绿洲灌区循环模式“农田-食用菌”生产系统氮素流动特征

河西走廊绿洲灌区在农业产业化进程加快的同时,也带来了水资源和生态环境的压力。本文利用养分流动和模型分析的方法,分析河西走廊绿洲灌区典型"农田-食用菌"生产系统(农田-食用菌集约生产模式、农田-食用菌单户生产模式、农田单作)的氮元素流动特征。结果表明:农田作物秸秆通过食用菌体系还田使氮素利用率提高了10%左右,秸秆还田氮输入量(165.6kg.hm-.2a-1)占农田氮素总输入量的37.1%,使化肥氮输入量减少,因此秸秆氮的合理循环利用可作为减少化肥投入的有效途径。但农田氮素仍有盈余,单位面积氮盈余量高达217.0 kg.hm-.2a-1,未能实现循环模式内养分平衡的理想效果,因此优化氮素管理、确定合理的大田作物和食用菌面积、调整农业产业结构是解决该问题的关键。

金针菇菌渣栽培秀珍菇试验

基于金针菇菌渣再利用和对环境污染综合考虑,将金针菇菌渣按22%、42%、64%、85%的比例代替部分棉籽壳用于秀珍菇的栽培研究。结果表明:培养料配方中菌渣的添加量与菌丝生长速度呈负相关,菌渣占22%配方中菌丝生长速度最快,为1.13cm/d,而菌渣占85%配方中菌丝生长速度最慢,为0.80cm/d;根据三潮菇的产量,配方中菌渣占22%、42%配方的产量和生物转化率均高于对照组,生物转化率分别为101%、99%,而菌渣占85%的配方生物转化率最低,为83%,大大低于对照组。

食用菌工厂化生产虚拟仿真教学平台的构建及应用

为了克服食用菌工厂化栽培周期长、学校缺乏相关的场地和设备等局限,利用Visual Studio、Unity 3D软件构建了食用菌工厂化生产虚拟仿真教学平台。该平台生动逼真地展示了食用菌工厂化生产的整个流程。学生通过该软件平台,既可以巩固课堂所学理论知识,又可以学习和锻炼课堂所没有的实践操作。该软件平台的应用突破了传统教学的局限性,使得学生在仿真的环境中交互操作,增强了学习的趣味性和主动性,提高了实验教学效果。

密集烤房培育食用菌姬松茸技术研究

为解决密集烤房闲置时间长,探索利用烤房等设施培育高附加值产业,促进烟农增收,笔者介绍了姬松茸生长对环境的要求,阐述了培养料的制作、菌丝生长阶段管理技术、出菇的温湿度管理和水分要求、采收的标准及注意事项、烘烤加工的平台搭建方法和操作技术,以期在密集烤房这一特定条件下,为探索解决推广应用培育姬松茸这一品种提供技术支撑。

我国食用菌产品出口结构及竞争力分析

通过对我国食用菌生产贸易现状的分析,剖析了我国食用菌产品出口的商品结构和市场结构,并运用国际市场占有率、贸易竞争指数、显示性比较优势指数等指标对2003—2012年我国食用菌及食用菌产品的国际竞争力进行了测算和比较。结果表明:我国不同品目食用菌产品出口结构和竞争力差异较大,经过简单加工处理的干食用菌、暂时保藏的食用菌和食用菌罐头表现了较强的竞争优势,而鲜冷食用菌的国际竞争力较弱。为了提高食用菌产品出口竞争力,提出了发展鲜冷食用菌出口及调整出口结构的对策建议。