Extraction of Astragalus Polysaccharides and Ganoderma lucidum Mycelia Polysaccharides and Their in Vitro Antioxidative Effects

[Objectives]To explore the extraction and in vitro antioxidant effects of astragalus polysaccharides(APS)and Ganoderma lucidum mycelia polysaccharides(GLMPS).[Methods]By studying the polysaccharides of the herbal medicinal material Astragalus membranaceus and the fungal medicinal material Ganoderma lucidum mycelia,two polysaccharides were mixed according to different proportions and concentrations by using the principle of traditional Chinese medicine compound combination.The effect of polysaccharides on the scavenging ability of hydroxyl radical system was determined by salicylic acid method.[Results]When the compound ratios of GLMPS and APS were 1∶1,1∶4,1∶5,4∶1,and 5∶1,the scavenging effect of compound polysaccharides was better than that of single-component polysaccharides,and with the increase of concentration,the scavenging effect increased.When the ratio of GLMPS and APS was 5∶1,the hydroxyl radical scavenging rate of the compound polysaccharide reached 59.77%,which was 18.72%higher than that of single GLMPS and 28.58%higher than that of single APS.The scavenging effect of compound polysaccharide is closely related to the compound ratio and concentration.[Conclusions]APS and GLMPS can obtain better hydroxyl radical scavenging ability than single-component polysaccharides through compounding in appropriate proportions.In addition,within a suitable concentration range,as the concentration increases,the scavenging ability also increases.

Inhibition of Chlamydospore Germination and Mycelial Growth of Trichoderma spp. by Chemical Fungicides

For exploring the influences of application and residue of chemical fungi- cides on chlamydospore preparations of Trichoderma spp., the effects of seven chemical fungicides on chlamydospore germination and mycelia growth of two bio- control fungi T. harzianum 610 and T. Iongibrachiatum 758 were studied. Carben- dazim, tebuconazole and difenoconazole showed strong toxicities, thiram and car- bexin showed moderate toxicities, and metalaxyl showed Mycelia growth of the two strains was more sensitive to most tested fungicides than those of chlamydospore germination. Chlamydospore germination of 610 was more sensitive to tested fungicides than those of 758, and mycelia growth of 758 was more sensitive to most tested fungi- cides than those of 610. Among the seven fungicides, 98% carbendazim had the strongest effects （ECru values were 1.64 and 0.05μpg/ml）, and 70% pentachloroni- trobenzene had the weakest effects （EC50 values were 1.64 and 0,05 μg/ml） for chlamydospore germination and mycelia growth of 610. As for 758, 98% carbendaz- im had the strongest inhibitory effects and 95% metalaxyl had the weakest inhibitory for chlamydospore germination of 756 （EC50 values were 0.62 and 1 108.61 μg/ml respectively）, whereas 96.2% tebuconazole showed the strongest inhibitory effects for mycelia growth of 758 （EC= value was 0.32μg/ml）, and 95% metalaxyl was the weakest （EC= value was 1 206.29 μg/ml）. According to the applied concentration of different fungicides in practice, we concluded that chlamydospore preparations of 610 and 758 could not be combined with carbendazim, tebuconazole, thiram and carboxin for controlling plant diseases, and the pesticide residues to the biocontrol effects should be kept in mind. Chlamydospore preparations of 610 and 758 can be and difenoconazole for controlling plant dis- eases, 758 chlamydospore preparations and germinated chlamydospore of 610 can be combined with metalaxyl for controlling plant diseases, and pesticide residue risk was not serious.

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Cell-wall Destruction of Auricularia auricula Mycelia under the Synergistic Effect of Ultrasonic Waves and Repeated Freeze-thaw Cycles

We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auric-ula mycelia, and determine the best combination of conditions for cel-wal destruc-tion of Auricularia auricula mycelia. [Method] The effects of destruction time, added water, destruction times, freeze time and number of freeze-thaw cycles during ultra-sonic treatment on polysaccharide yield were investigated by single-factor test in our research. The optimum conditions for cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auricula mycelia by the synergistic effect of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles were ascertained by orthogonal test. [Result] The results of single test indicated the best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 20 min; added water, 15 times; destruction times, 2 times; number of freeze-thaw cycles, 3 cycles. The results of orthogonal test indicated the influencing factors ranked as destruction time 〉 destruction times 〉 freeze time. The best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 25 min; destruc-tion times, 2 times. Under above conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 57.76 mg/g. [Conclusion] This research would provide a basis and reference for practical production.

Nutrient Requirements and Fermentation Conditions for Mycelia and Crude Exo-Polysaccharides Production by <i>Lentinus squarrosulus</i>

Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is an emerging tropical white rot basidiomycete, with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Low levels of commercial cultivation of the mushrooms limit their availability for use as food and medicine. Mycelia from submerged fermentation are a suitable alternative to the mushroom from L. squarrosulus. Three strains, 340, 339 and 218, were studied to determine optimum growth conditions for mycelia mass and crude exo-polysaccharides (CEPS) production. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial structure. Nutrients involving 8 carbon and 8 nitrogen sources were screened, and concentrations of the best sources were optimized. Optimized nutrients, interaction between strains and other parameters such as agitation and medium volume were investigated to obtain optimum fermentation conditions for biomass and CEPS production. Biomass yield varied among strains depending on carbon or nitrogen nutrient sources. Starch and yeast extract at 30 and 25 g/L were identified as the most important nutrients in mycelia and CEPS production. Nutrient optimization resulted in a 3-fold increase in mycelia mass: 12.8, 10.0 and 15.3 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. There was a significant interaction between strain, agitation, and volume (p p = 0.02). Static conditions favored more polysaccharide production. Optimized fermentation conditions resulted in very high increase in biomass: 238.1, 266.9 and 185.0 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. Results obtained could be useful in modeling fermentation systems for large-scale production of mycelia mass, CEPS and other bio-products from L. squarrosulus.

Extracellular Enzymatic Activity of <i>Tuber maculatum</i>and <i>Tuber aestivum</i>Mycelia

Truffle mycelia exhibit a complex interaction pattern with host plants and have been extensively studied over the last years as a source of new bioactive compounds. Fungal enzymes possess a wide use in food industry, confectionaries, textiles and leather industries in order to simplify the processing of raw materials. They are often more stable than enzymes derived from other sources. Tuber maculatum and Tuber aestivum mycelia were tested for enzymes production in Petri dishes solid medium conditions. The results showed that Tuber maculatum produced seven extracellular enzymes (amylase, xylanase, laccase, lipase, peroxidase, cellulase and catalase) while Tuber aestivum produced only three enzymes (amylase, peroxidase and catalase).

Acceleration of <i>Hericium erinaceum</i>mycelial growth in submerged culture using yogurt whey as an alternative nitrogen source

The effects of various carbon sources and their initial concentrations on mycelia production by Hericium erinaceum were investigated by determining the dry cell weight (DCW) and β-glucan content of mycelia in submerged culture. Glucose and xylose were superior carbon sources for promoting mycelial growth resulting in mycelial concentrations of 3.99 g/L and 4.01 g/L, respectively;glucose was the best carbon source in terms of productivity (0.44 g/L/day). Experiments were also performed using yogurt whey as an alternative nitrogen source for submerged cultivation of H. erinaceum mycelia, and DCW and β-glucan content were compared with those with chemical nutrient medium. When whey was used as a nitrogen source, DCW and total amount of β-glucan were 2.3- and 2.8-fold higher, respectively, than that with chemical nutrient medium. Thus, whey appears to be an alternative nitrogen source for promoting H. erinaceum mycelial growth.

The triterpenoids-enriched extracts from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia attenuate alcohol-induced chronic liver injury via suppression lipid accumulation in C57BL/6 mice

The major pathologic hallmark of the alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is the representation of chronic alcohol-induced hepatocyte lipid accumulation.This study aims to investigate the hepatoprotective role of triterpenoids-enriched extracts from Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia(ACT)in chronic alcohol-induced liver injury mice,establishing in C57BL/6 mice through gradient alcohol feeding for 24 weeks.In longterm alcohol consumption mice,the significantly lost body weight,increased organ indexes,hepatic alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were all remissed after 6-week ACT orally administration,showing its hepatoprotective property.ACT suppressed the triglyceride,total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels,and enhanced high-density lipoprotein levels in serum or/and liver of chronic alcohol damaged mice.Combining with the pathological observations,ACT displayed an anti-steatosis effects to restrain the progress of ALD.Based on proteomic analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ACT had been confi rmed to regulate the levels of lipid biogeneration-related factors and depressed the over-accumulation of hepatic reactive oxygen species.According to further data,ACT prevented alcoholic liver injury may be associated with mediating lipid metabolism-related to PGC-1αand NF-κB signaling.In summary,ACT protected the body against chronic alcohol ingest induced liver injury through its regulation lipid on metabolism.

Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts prepared from fungal mycelia

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial property of three different partitioned extracts(petroleum ether, ethanol and water) prepared from some fungal mycelia.Methods: Seven fungal mycelia were prepared, initially extracted with acidified ethanol(0.2 mol/L HCl in 80% ethanol), yielding the raw crude extracts. The obtained extracts were then further partitioned with petroleum ether(F1), ethanol(F2) and water(F3). All the fractions were tested for antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion assay.Results: Our data showed that all the fractions could inhibit the testing bacteria.However, the inhibitory activity was found to be dependent on(i) the fungal strains used;(ii) the solvent extracted; and(iii) the testing bacteria assayed. In general, the ethanolic extracts(F2) derived from all fungi displayed highest inhibitory activity against the testing bacteria except for Chaetomium sp.Conclusions: The findings of the present study concluded that the extracts prepared from the fungal mycelia had the bioactive compounds with antibacterial property. This study is a pioneering work and further study should be carried out for development of the new drug leads.

Solid-State Fermentation Production of Chitosanase by <i>Streptomyces</i>with Waste Mycelia of <i>Aspergillus niger</i>

Solid-state fermentation was carried out using mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger as substrate for the production of chitosanase of Streptomyces. Results of the experiments indicated that the optimal medium consisted of wheat bran and mycelium powder of Aspergillus niger with initial moisture content of 60% - 70%. The enzyme activity reached 41.33 U per gram dry medium after cultured for 5 days at 28°C - 30°C and an initial pH 6.5. Chitosanase was detected on the second day of incubation and had maximal activity at 5 days and decreased gradually within a 1 month period. Solid-state fermentation is maybe an economic alternative in the production.

A Study on Antibacterial Activity and Chemical Composition of the Petroleum Ether Extract from Aspergillusniger Mycelia

In order to develop natural antibacterial agents,the antibacterial activity of Aspergillusnigerxj was investigated.After being cultured in potato dextrose liquid medium liquid medium,mycelia was under heating reflux extraction with 90% ethanol.Removal of ethanol under reduced pressure gave a residue,to which water was added and then extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate.In vacuo evaporation of the solvents yielded three crude extracts.Then the disc diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity of these extracts.The petroleum ether extract with antibacterial activity was separated by silica gel column chromatography method,then separated and identified by GC-MS after been methyl esterified.At the concentration of 50 mg /mL,the petroleum ether extract of mycelia exhibited inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus.The petroleum ether extract from Aspergillusnigerxj mycelia contained natural substances with antibacterial activity and fatty acids are the main constituents in it.

Rapid Survey of Total Protein Content in Mycelia of Oyster Mushroom Based on Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Using the total protein content in mycelia of oyster mushroom cultured in plate medium as the index, the spectral information in 1 000-1 799 nm region was collected to establish a quantitative prediction model for the parameters of strains through partial least squares regression combined with chemometrics. The results showed that the optimal spectral pretreatment method was the combination of Savitzky-Golay smoothing＋Savitzky-Golay derivative＋MSC＋Mean-Centefing. Parameters of the quantitative model including RC, SEC, RP, SEP, MF, SEP /SEC were all in the reasonable regions. The correlation coefficient of the real value and predictive value of the model was 0.672 63. The prediction model had better reliability, robustness and predictive effects, so it could be used for protein content detection in mycelia.

Optimization of Mycelial Culture Conditions and Fructification of Lentinus Species Using Rice Straw and Sawdust Based Substrates

Lentinus(Basidiomycota,Polyporaceae)species are naturally-occurring mushrooms with nutritional and pharmacological importance.Unlike shiitake Lentinula edodes,a widely cultivated mushroom,Lentinus species are often ignored because they are underutilized and unpopular.However,like shiitake,Lentinus spp.could also be valuable resources of functional food and bioactive compounds.It is therefore of high interest to understand their cultural requirements leading to their efficient biomass production.Thus,this study established the optimal culture conditions for the maximum mycelial growth of seven wild strains under four Lentinus species.Their cultivation potentials were also determined using rice straw and sawdust(7:3 v/v)substrate formulation.Mycelia of all Lentinus strains evaluated favorably grew on coconut water gulaman(local crude agar)and other culture media for specific strain with suitable pH ranging from 5.0 to 8.0.Aeration was not a major physical factor for all Lentinus strains except L.squarrosulus strain 1,which favored sealed condition.Both lighted and dark conditions were found suitable for both strains of L.sajor-caju,L.strigosus strain 2 and L.swartzii whereas both strains of L.squarrosulus and L.strigosus strain 1 favorably grew in lighted condition.However,all Lentinus strains evaluated recorded the highest mycelial growth rates and thick mycelia at 30℃.In terms of fruiting body production,all Lentinus strains demonstrated cultivation potential.The seven Lentinus strains completely colonized the substrate for 18.0-25.6 days and initiated primordia for 21.6-33.5 days.The highest yield(52.5 g bag^(-1))and biological efficiency(10.5%)was recorded in L.strigosus strain 1,whereas the lowest was noted in L.strigosus strain 2 with 21.1 g bag^(-1) yield and 4.2%biological efficiency.L.sajor-caju strain 2 and L.squarrosulus strain 1 showed the widest cap diameter and longest stipe,respectively.The mycelial growth and fruiting body performance of Lentinus may vary depending on species and strains.Altogether,the seven new wild strains of Lentinus can be artificially cultivated by providing the nutritional and physical requirements.

Immobilization and characterization of the Lactarius deliciosus mycelia-embedded polylysine-alginate beads and their decolorization performance

Liquid fermented fungal mycelia with decolorization capability have potential applications in scale-up. In this work, the Lactarius deliciosus mycelia were immobilized on ε-polylysine-alginate beads, and the decolorization effects of ε-polylysine-alginate beads were demonstrated along with Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 as a model dye. Morphology observation confirmed the beads had an exterior film and interior capsule with honeycomb microstructures suitable for mycelia growth. It was manifested that the maximum decolorization efficiency for mycelia was 98.5% at a removal rate of 0.68 mg·L^(-1)·h after 3 days. In comparison, the decolorization efficiency of the immobilized mycelia reached the maximum value of 97.3% at a removal rate of 6.1 mg·L^(-1)·h after 8 h. The enzyme activities of lignin peroxidase and laccase tested in the immobilized mycelia were significantly higher than in that of the free ones, such as the lignin peroxidase had the highest enzyme activity of 77.6 ± 7.4 U·L^(-1) in the former, while of 27.4 ± 8.7 U·L^(-1) in the latter. The immobilization of L. deliciosus mycelia could improve the decolorization of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 efficiently. The prepared ε-polylysine-alginate beads embedded with L. deliciosus mycelia have very good reusability and a great potential in decolorizing analog dyes.

基于非靶向代谢组学的平菇子实体发育过程中菌丝体差异代谢物分析

为了解平菇生长发育过程中子实体形成的代谢物基础,采用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)技术结合多变量统计分析方法对发菌完成期(MM)、原基期(MP)及子实体分化期(MF)的平菇菌丝体进行代谢组学分析。结果表明,主成分(PCA)模型分析结果显示3个时期平菇菌丝体中的代谢产物具有明显差异。通过正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS‐DA),以VIP(varible importance in the projection)>1和差异倍数值(fold change)≥2或≤0.5为条件对MM vs MP、MM vs MF和MP vs MF中的差异代谢物进行比较分析,分别获得139个、147个和67个差异代谢物,变化倍数最大的物质包括氨基酸及其衍生物、脂质、生物碱、有机酸等,说明这些差异代谢物对平菇子实体发育具有重要影响。KEGG分析表明,苯丙氨酸代谢、色氨酸代谢、嘌呤代谢等20条代谢通路表现活跃。在子实体发育过程中,脂质、有机酸、核苷酸及其衍生物、氨基酸及其衍生物之间明显相关。以上研究结果为平菇子实体发育机制和标准化栽培提供了理论依据。

辽宁省玉米秸秆基质栽培糙皮侧耳菌株筛选评价

为筛选出适宜辽宁地区以玉米秸秆为主要栽培基质的优良糙皮侧耳菌株,以19个糙皮侧耳菌株为试验材料,对菌丝长势、满袋时间、污染率、生物学效率及农艺性状等指标进行测定和比较分析。结果表明,C14号菌株综合指标优于其他供试菌株,其母种和栽培种在玉米秸秆基质中菌丝长势均较好,生物学效率较高,为105.8%,子实体菌盖颜色深灰色,菌柄3.1~6.8 cm,朵大韧性好,菇型紧凑,菌盖肥厚,中等大小,光泽好,可作为生产用优良菌株。C10、C2号菌株子实体性状一般,但其母种及栽培种在玉米秸秆基质中菌丝长势强、生物学效率高,利用秸秆能力强,可作为品种选育的备选材料。

大型真菌及菌丝体复合材料的应用研究进展

为深入探究新型真菌材料在可降解性、生物相容性、耐用性、隔音性等方面的应用研究,促进真菌复合材料的发展,对目前国内外大型真菌及菌丝体复合材料的研究现状进行了综述。首先,从材料角度出发,对平菇、金针菇、灵芝等大型真菌的主要结构、组成成分、活性物质和应用价值等内容进行了分类介绍,对比分析了固态发酵和液态发酵方式对真菌材料及其加工性能的影响。其次,综合分析了国内外有关纯菌丝体材料和菌丝体复合材料的研究进展,详细介绍了菌丝体复合材料在隔音材料、建筑板材、包装材料、纺织皮革以及医用敷料等方面的研究成果。最后,对真菌材料存在的生产污染、致病性、使用寿命等问题以及未来发展方向进行了分析与展望,希望为真菌复合材料的快速发展提供有益借鉴。

LED光质配比对香菇菌丝生长及转色期生理活性的影响

为了探究不同光质和光质配比对香菇菌丝生长及转色期的影响,该研究采用9种LED光质处理,以香菇‘L808’为试材,测定了香菇菌丝生长及转色期的生长势、转色特点及5种胞外酶活性,并采用线性回归和主成分分析方法对各指标进行评价。结果表明:在菌丝生长期,与黑暗处理(CK1)相比,红光处理下菌丝平均生长速率显著提高12.13%(P<0.05),羧甲基纤维素酶(carboxymethylcellulase,CMC酶)活性平均增加66.81%,而红蓝光比为3︰7时,菌丝平均生长速率显著降低2.62%(P<0.05),CMC酶活性平均降低10.46%。在菌丝转色期,与白光处理(CK2)相比,红蓝光7︰3处理第54天时菌丝完成转色,漆酶活性平均增加19.21%,而此时红光和黄光处理下的菌丝未转色,漆酶活性平均降低9.50%。菌丝生长期CMC酶活性与木聚糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性与漆酶和多酚氧化酶活性均呈正相关。菌丝转色期CMC酶活性与木聚糖酶活性、淀粉酶活性、漆酶活性呈正相关,淀粉酶活性与漆酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。综上所述,红光和红蓝光7︰3分别是菌丝生长期和转色期的适宜光质。该研究结果可为香菇生长的LED光质选择以及香菇工厂化栽培下的光环境控制提供理论依据。

UPLC-MS/MS法测定广叶绣球菌不同生长阶段栽培基质中有机酸含量及其对菌丝生长的影响

为探究绣球菌生长发育过程中有机酸的代谢情况,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),以负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式测定广叶绣球菌栽培基质未接种阶段(0 d)、菌丝阶段(40 d)、原基阶段(60 d)及子实体生长阶段(80 d)26种有机酸的含量,并研究主要有机酸对菌丝生物量和菌丝生长速度的影响。结果表明:各有机酸在其线性范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r2≥0.99),检出限在2.0~100.0 ng/mL;有13种有机酸在各阶段均能检测到,其中苹果酸、L-焦谷氨酸、柠檬酸、D-葡萄糖醛酸和酒石酸变化趋势明显,浓度变化分别为113.222~13.826μg/g、41.349~1.418μg/g、16.821~46.399μg/g、15.653~96.850μg/g和4.125~66.550μg/g;酒石酸和L-焦谷氨酸在试验浓度0.02~0.20 g/L范围内均对菌丝生长有显著促进作用,柠檬酸和苹果酸则在添加浓度较高时对菌丝生长促进作用显著。研究有机酸在栽培过程中的变化趋势有利于探究绣球菌基质降解机理,同时也可将其作为安全的营养添加剂用于配方优化。

Biodegradation and detoxification of the triphenylmethane dye coomassie brilliant blue by the extracellular enzymes from mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus

Fungi play an important role in dying wastewater treatment.In this work,the mycelia of Lactarius deliciosus exhibited an excellent capacity in decolorizing coomassie brilliant blue(CBB).The results demonstrated that the mycelia could treat CBB with high concentrations over a broad range of pH and temperature.The decolorization rate of 99.19%and the removal rate of 16.31 mg·L^(‒1)·h were realized.The mycelia could be recycled from decolorizing process for 19 times,indicating a good re-usability.It verified that the lignin peroxidase(121.65 U·L^(‒1))and manganese peroxidase(36.77 U·L^(‒1))were involved in the degradation and decolorization process of CBB.Toxicity assessments indicated the seed germination rate was up to 82.22%while inhibition to Escherichia coli decreased dramatically and no significant effect on Caenorhabditis elegans growth was found.The removal of CBB was a synergistic process accomplished by adsorption and biodegradation.The mycelia could be used for eco-friendly CBB treatment.

不同培养方式对三种典型食用菌营养品质的影响

为了比较研究不同培养方式对食用菌营养品质的影响,该论文系统分析了3种典型食用菌猴头菇、榆黄菇、茶树菇液体发酵菌丝体和固体栽培不同潮次子实体的功能代谢产物。研究发现,相较于固体栽培子实体,同株菌液体发酵菌丝体多糖产量较高;且菌丝体多糖分子质量均明显小于相应菌株前三潮子实体;3种食用菌菌丝体多糖的单糖组成中存在鼠李糖,而相应子实体中均未检测到,而茶树菇菌丝体多糖的单糖组成还检测到木糖和甘露糖组分。此外,菌丝体氨基酸组成、核苷类物质组成与相应子实体组分一致,但榆黄菇菌丝体蛋白质含量明显少于其子实体,猴头菇和茶树菇菌丝体核苷类物质均明显少于同一菌株的不同潮次子实体。多酚、麦角固醇、麦角硫因同时存在于菌丝体和子实体,但3种食用菌菌丝体中这些化合物的含量小于同一菌株的不同潮次子实体。由此,不同培养方式、不同潮次对食用菌营养品质均有不同程度的影响,不同培养方式对食用菌营养品质影响较大。液体发酵在生产多糖上具有显著优势,菌丝体和子实体都是理想的蛋白来源和补充剂,固体栽培方式在生产多酚、三萜、麦角硫因、麦角固醇、核苷这些小分子代谢产物上优于液体发酵。这对于将食用菌子实体和菌丝体深度开发为不同属性的、不同功效的功能性食品和膳食补充剂奠定了重要的理论依据。