Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma Hominis and Ureaplasma Urealyticum to Fluoroquinolones

Objectives: To determine the susceptibilities of M.hominis and U. urealyticum to fluoroquinolones forthe instruction of reasonable clinical application ofantibiotics.Method: The susceptibilities of M. hominis and U.urealyticum to six fluoroquinolones were determinedby the broth dilution method.Results: Sparfloxacin and gatifloxacin were veryactive with MIC50S of 0.03125 and 0.25 μg/ml againstM. hominis, 0.25 and 0.5 μg/ml against U. urealyticum,respectively. Levofloxacin and ofloxacin had MIC50S of1 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml, respectively against both species.Norfloxacin was less effective against both species at16 and 32 μg/ml. Ciprofloxacin was unusual in thatthe MIC50S varied fourfold between species, with 2 μg/ml against M. hominis and 8 μg/ml against U.urealyticum.Conclusions: The results can provide useful infor-mation for selecting fluoroquinolones for treatmentof urogenital mycoplasma infections.

Presence of an Active Effiux System in the Fluoroquinolones Resistance of Mycoplasma Hominis

Objective: To investigate the possible presence ofan active efflux system in resistance tofluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma hominis. Methods: The resistant strains of M. hominis wereselected from one hundred and three clinical strainsof M. hominis by broth microdilution method. The ac-cumulation of ciprofloxacin in M. hominis and the in-fluence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone(CCCP) and reserpine were measured by a fluores-cence method. Results: Two resistant strains and two susceptiblestrains of M. hominis were selected in vitro. The accu-mulation of ciprofloxacin for resistant strains is lowerthan that of susceptible strains. CCCP and reserpinehad different influence on clinical strains of M.hominis. Reserpine could dramatically increase theaccumulation of ciprofloxacin, however CCCP had alittle effect on it. Conclusion: These results suggest that the pres-ence of an active efflux system implicated in thefluoroquinolones-resistant in M. hominis.

Susceptibility of Mixed Infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum and Mycoplasma Hominis to Seven Antimicrobial Agents and Comparison with that of Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infection

In order to investigate the susceptibility of mixed infection of Ureaplasma Urealyticum (UU) and Mycoplasma Hominis (MH) to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents and comparison with that of UU infection in NGU patients, the in vitro susceptibility was determined by using microdilution method. The positive results were analyzed. The results showed that the sequence of susceptibility to 7 kinds of antimicrobial agents for both UU infection group and UU-MH mixed infection group was almost the same from the highest susceptibility to the lowest accordingly: Josamycin, Doxycycline, Minocycline, Sparfloxacin, Roxithromycin, Ofloxacin and Azithromycin. The total drug resistance rate for UU-MH mixed infection group (97. 67 %) was significantly higher than that for UU infection group (44. 67 %, P<.0. 01). The highest drug resistance rate in UU group and UU-MH mixed infection group was 31. 33 % (Ofloxacin) and 90. 48 % (Azithromycin) respectively. UU-MH mixed infection showed an increased drug resistance and changes of drug resistance spectrum.

Ureaplasma Urealyticum or Mycoplasma Hominis Infections and Semen Quality of Infertile Men in Abidjan

Objective To determine the prevalence of U. urealyticum and M. hominis in semen samples collected from men admitted in clinic for infertility, and to compare the quality of these semen samples.Methods A total of 1 058 semen samples collected were investigated. Sperm semiological assays were performed according to the guidelines of the World Health Organisation （WHO）. Semen were examined by Mycoplasma IST for the detection of mycoplasma. Semen culture on agar media was used to detect other microorganisms. Chlamydia was detected using direct fluorescent assay （DFA） of Clamydia Trachomatis.Results Among 1 058 semen samples, microorganisms were detected in 638 （60.3%）. The infected sperms consisted of mycoplasma alone in 507 cases （47.9%）, mycoplasma and other microorganisms in 98 （9.3%）, giving in all 605 （57.2%） samples infected with mycoplasma. The last 33 （3.1%） consisted of other microorganisms alone. The frequency of U. urealyticum, M. hominis and mixed genital infections detected in semen samples of infertile men were 39%, 23.8% and 5.6%, respectively. The rates of abnormal semen parameters recorded among patients infected with mycoplasma were for volume （22.2%-25%）, viscosity （29.6%-43.5%）, pH （64.7%-72.9%）, motility （80.8%-93.8%）, morphology （36.3%-47.9%）, sperm concentration （53.3%-58.3%） and leukocyte count （51.4%-58.3%）.Conclusion Frequency of U. urealyticum infection was higher than that of M. hominis. Mycoplasma infections were associated with disorders of pH, motility and sperm concentration. In addition M. hominis infection affected spermatozoa morphology. Therefore, screening of U. urealyticum clinically relevant in Abidjan. and M. hominis for routine semen analysis is

Mycoplasma hominis meningitis after operative neurosurgery:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Mycoplasma hominis(M.hominis),which causes central nervous system infections in adults,is very rare.It is also relatively difficult to culture mycoplasma and culturing requires special media,resulting in a high rate of clinical underdiagnosis.Therefore,clinicians often treat patients based on their own experience before obtaining pathogenic results and may ignore infections with atypical pathogens,thus delaying the diagnosis and treatment of patients and increasing the length of hospital stay and costs.CASE SUMMARY A 44-year-old man presented to the hospital complaining of recurrent dizziness for 1 year,which had worsened in the last week.After admission,brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)revealed a 7.0 cm×6.0 cm×6.1 cm lesion at the skull base,which was irregular in shape and had a midline shift to the left.Based on imaging findings,meningioma was our primary consideration.After lesion resection,the patient had persistent fever and a diagnosis of suppurative meningitis based on cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)examination.The patient was treated with the highest level of antibiotics(meropenem and linezolid),but the response was ineffective.Finally,M.hominis was detected by next-generation metagenomic sequencing(mNGS)in the CSF.Therefore,we changed the antibiotics to moxifloxacin 0.4 g daily combined with doxycycline 0.1 g twice a day for 2 wk,and the patient had a normal temperature the next day.CONCLUSION Mycoplasma meningitis after neurosurgery is rare.We can use mNGS to detect M.hominis in the CSF and then provide targeted treatment.

Charcterization of Type Ⅱ Topoisomerase Gene Mutations in Clinical Isolates of Mycoplasma Hominis Resistant to Fluoroquinolones

Objective: To analyze type II topoisomerase genes in clinical isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant Mycoplasmahominis. Methods: Eight isolates of M.hominis cross resistant to 6fluoroquinolones were selected from 103 clinical strains ofM.hominis using a broth microdilution method. Type IItopoisomerase genes were amplified by PCR and directlysequenced. Nucleotide sequences were compared to sequencesfrom a susceptible strain (M.hominis PG2I). Results: MICs of resistant Mh isolates were 4- to 512-foldhigher than MICs from the susceptible reference strain.Sequence comparison revealed a C to T change at 113nt ingyrA QRDR led to the substitution of Ser83 by Leucine and noamino acid change in gyrB. A change of G to T at 134nt inparC QRDR led to the substitution of Ser80 by Isoleucine anda G to A change at 70nt in ParE QRDR led to the substitutionof Aspartic acid by Asparagine.Conclusion: These results suggest that a C to T change at113nt in gyrA, a G to T change at 134nt in parC and a G to Achange at 70nt i atrE are associated with fluoroquinolone resistance of M.hominis.

A Study on Diagnosis of Mycoplasma Hominis in The Urogenital Tract By Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction with First Void Urine in Men

Objectives: To evaluate thc efficacy of nested polymerasechain reaction (PCR) with first void urine (FVU) for thediagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis in male patients. Methods: Matched FVU specimens and urethral swabs werecollected from 194 male patients with NongonococcalUrethritis and tested by nested PCR and cell culture. Cellculture was used as a gold standard for evaluating other assaytechniques. Results: For FVU nested PCR assay and FVU cell culture,our results showed that the sensitivity was 100% and 93.3%;specificity was 97.0% and 98.2%; positive predictive value(PPV) was 85.7% and 90.3%, negative predictive value (NPV)was 100% and 98.8%, respectively. The total consistencybetween the two techniques was 97.4%. Conclusions: For the diagnosis of Mycoplasma hominis inmen, nested PCR detecting FVU is a highly sensitive andspecific method. First void urine can replace swab culture orPCR in terms of acceptability and feasibility.

Detection and evaluation of different morphological forms of Mycoplasma hominis in human semen

Recently discovered microcolonial forms of Mycoplasma hominis(M.hominis)and their impact on human spermatogenesis are studied.The spermatozoa of 125 fertile men(sperm donors;from Reprobank[Reproductive Tissue Bank,Moscow,Russial)and of 93 patients with fertility problems(from the Federal State Budgetary Institution"Research Centre for Medical Genetics[RCMG]",Moscow,Russia)were used.Classical colonies of M.hominis and microcolonies were detected by molecular biological methods,culture of bacteria,and transmission electron microscopy.The unique structure of microcolonial cells,in which the cytoplasmic cylinder is surrounded by concentric electron-dense and electron-light layers with a periodicity of 12-14 nm,and the ability of microcolonial cells to attach to spermatozoa are shown.In patients with lower sperm quality,microcolonies of M.hominis were detected 2.5 times more frequently than classical colonies.The detection of microcolonies in the ejaculate and the frequent isolation of microcolonies from sperm samples of patients with fertility problems suggest that microcolonial cells may be one cause of infertility.

The infection of Mycoplasma hominis after total knee replacement： Case report and literature review

The Mycoplasma hominis infection is a rare postoperative complication after joint replacement. Based on our knowledge, there were only two cases reported by Korea all over the world currently. A case of postoperative Mycoplasma hominis infection after total knee replacement in our hospital was reported in this article. It was confirmed through mass spectrometer and Mycoplasma cultivation and treated by the first stage debridement, polyethylene insert replacement, and then drainage and irrigation combined with sensitive antibiotics after the operation. We observed that the C reactive protein （CRP） level correlates with the development of disease, while the erythrocyte sedimentation rate （ESR） remains at a high level, indicating the relevance between the Mycoplasma hominis infection caused by knee joint replacement and CRP. This study aims to report the case and review relevant literature.

Identification of 11 STD Pathogens in Semen Using Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） and ＂Flow-through＂ Hybridization Technology

The transmission of sexually transmitted infection （STI） pathogens from an infected donor to the recipient of a semen donation in assisted conception may result not only in acute infection but also in long-term reproductive complications or adverse outcomes of pregnancy including infection of the offspring. Semen samples were obtained by masturbation into sterile containers. Samples were subjected to semen analysis within one hour of collection and processed for freezing within two hours of collection. The sperm motility was determined. After DNA extraction the PCR was performed and amplicons are subsequently hybridized to pathogen-specific capturing probes via ＂Flow-through＂ hybridization. During our study we came across with the STI pathogens present in semen and main cause of infertility was note. It was also observed that route for the transfer for these STI pathogens were the men working in other cities and visited commercial sex workers and their complained for infertility. We have reported our data that after the normal sperm count in semen samples of men with infertility or subfertility they were infected with Chlamtdia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Mycoplasma hominis. In our study all the 11 pathogens were detected which cause serious reproductive complications and infection in their offspring.