Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion and Systolic Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease after Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery by Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography and Two-dimensional Strain Echocardiography

The clinically applied value of myocardial perfusion and systolic function in patients with coronary artery disease after coronary artery bypass surgery using real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RT-MCE） combined with two-dimensional strain echocardiography was assessed. Twenty patients underwent intravenous RT-MCE by intravenous injections of SonoVue before and after coronary artery bypass surgery. Two-dimensional images were recorded from the left ventricular four-chamber view, two-chamber view and the apical view before, and two weeks and three months after coronary artery bypass surgery, and the peak systolic longitudinal strain was measured. The results showed that myocardial perfusion was significantly increased after coronary artery bypass surgery in about 71.6% segments. In the group that myocardial perfusion was improved, the peak systolic longitu- dinal strain three months after bypass surgery was significantly higher than that before operation [（-15.78±5.91）% vs （-10.45±8.31）%, P〈0.05]. However, the parameters did not change in the group without myocardial perfusion improvement [（-10.33±6.53）% vs （-9.41±6.09）%, P〉0.05]. It was concluded that whether or not the improvement of myocardial perfusion can mirror the recovery trend of regional systolic function, two-dimensional strain echocardiography can observe dynamic change of regional systolic function. The combination of myocardial perfusion with two-dimensional strain echocardiography can more accurately assess the curative effectiveness of coronary artery bypass surgery.

Protective effect of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide against contrast-induced nephropathy in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients:A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND Increasing reports have demonstrated that recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide(rhBNP)can improve acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and heart failure.However,whether it can improve renal function and decrease the risk of contrastinduced nephropathy(CIN)in elderly AMI patients is still unclear.AIM To explore the effect of rhBNP on CIN in elderly AMI patients after percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).METHODS One hundred and thirty-one elderly AMI patients underwent PCI from January 2017 to July 2021.Patients were either given 1 mL of 0.9%normal saline/(kg/h)for 72 h after PCI(control group,n=66)and or intravenous rhBNP[1.5 mg/kg followed by 0.0075 mg/(kg/min)]for 72 h(rhBNP treatment group,n=65).Serum creatinine and cystatin C levels,creatinine clearance rate,and eGFR were measured at 24 h,48 h,and 72 h after PCI.Research nurses collected data on hand-written forms,and then stored them in password-protected electronic databases.RESULTS The creatinine clearance rate and eGFR were increased,while the creatinine and cystatin C levels were decreased significantly in the rhBNP treatment group compared to the control group at 48 h and 72 h.The incidence of CIN(P=0.028)and acute heart failure(P=0.017)also significantly decreased in the rhBNP group.No significant difference was noted between the two groups in cardiac death and recurrent AMI.CONCLUSION Early application of rhBNP could protect renal function and decrease the incidence of CIN after primary PCI and acute heart failure.

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION DEFECTS WITH REAL-TIME THREE-DIMENSIONAL MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of measurement of myocardial perfusion defects with intravenous contrast-enhanced real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (CE-RT3DE). Methods RT3DE was performed in 21 open-chest mongrel dogs undergoing acute ligation of the left anterior descending artery (LAD, n=14) or distal branch of the left circumflex artery (LCX, n=7). A perfluorocarbon microbubble contrast agent was injected intravenously to assess the resulting myocardial perfusion defects with Philips Sonos-7500 ultrasound system. Evans blue dye was injected into the occluded coronary artery for subsequent anatomic identification of underperfused myocardium. In vitro anatomic measurement of myocardial mass after removal of the animal’s heart was regarded as the control. Blinded off-line calculation of left ventricular mass and perfusion defect mass from RT3DE images were performed using an interactive aided-manual tracing technique.Results Total left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass ranged from 38.9 to 78.5 (mean±SD: 60.0±10.1) g. The mass of perfusion defect ranged from 0 to 21.4 (mean±SD: 12.0±5.0) g or 0 to 27% of total LV mass (mean±SD: 19%±6%). The RT3DE estimation of total LV mass (mean±SD: 59.8±9.9 g) strongly correlated with the anatomic measurement (r=0.98; y=2.01+0.96x). The CE-RT3DE calculation of the mass of underperfused myocardium (mean±SD: 12.3±5.3 g) also strongly correlated with the anatomic measurement (r=0.96; y=-0.10+1.04x) and when expressed as percentage of total LV mass (r=0.95; y=-0.20+1.04x). Conclusions RT3DE with myocardial contrast opacification could accurately estimate underperfused myocardial mass in dogs of acute coronary occlusion and would play an important role in quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion defects in patients with coronary artery disease.

Evaluation of the Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Myocardial Infarction after Revascularization with Intravenous Real-time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

In order to evaluate the left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction after revascularization with intravenous real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RT-MCE）, intravenous RT-MCE was performed on 20 patients with myocardial infarction before coronary revascularization. Follow-up echocardiography was performed 3 months after coronary revascularization. Segmental wall motion was assessed using 18-segment LV model and classified as normal, hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by visual interpretation and divided into 3 conditions： homogeneous opacification=l; partial or reduced opaciflcation or subendocardial contrast defect=2; constrast defect=3. Myocardial perfusion score index （MPSI） was calculated by dividing the total sum of contrast score by the total number of segments with abnormal wall motion. Twenty patients were classified into 2 groups according to the MPSI： MPSI≤I.5 as good myocardial perfusion, MPSI〉1.5 as poor myocardial perfusion. To assess the left ventricular remodeling, the following comparisons were carried out： （1） Comparisons of left ventricular ejection fraction （LVEF）, left ventricular end-systolic volume （LVESV） and left ventricular end-diastolic volume （LVEDV） before and 3 months after revascularization in two groups;（2） Comparisons of LVEF, LVESV and LVEDV pre-revascularization between two groups and comparisons of these 3 months post-revascularization between two groups; （3） Comparisons of the differences in LVEF, LVESV and LVEDV between 3 months post-and pre-revascularization （ALVEF, ALVESV and ALVEDV） between two groups; （4） The linear regression analysis between ALVEF, ALVESV, ALVEDV and MPSI. The results showed that the LVEF obtained 3 months after revascularization in patients with MPSI〉1.5 was obviously lower than that in those with MPSI〈1.5. The LVEDV obtained 3 months post-revascularization in patients with MPSI〉1.5 was obviously larger than that in those with MPSI≤1.5 （P=0.002 and 0.04）. The differences in ALVEF and ALVEDV between patients with MPSI〉I.5 and those with MPSI≤1.5 were significant （P=0.002 and 0.001, respectively）. Linear regression analysis revealed that MPSI had a negative correlation with ALVEF and a positive correlation with ALVESV, ALVEDV （P=0.004, 0.008, and 0.016, respectively）. It was concluded that RT-MCE could accurately evaluate the left ventricular remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction after revascularization.

Evaluation of Myocardial Viability after Myocardial Infarction with Intravenous Real-time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

The myocardial viability after myocardial infarction was evaluated by intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography. Intravenous real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed on 18 patients with myocardial infarction before coronary revascularization. Follow-up echocardiography was performed 3 months after coronary revascularization. Segmental wall motion was assessed using 18-segment LV model and classified as normal, hypokinesis, akinesis and dyskinesis. Viable myocardium was defined by evident improvement of segmental wall motion 3 months after coronary revascularization. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by visual interpretation and divided into 3 conditions： homogeneous opacification; partial or reduced opaciflcation or subendocardial contrast defect; contrast defect. The former two conditions were used as the standard to define the viable myocardium. The results showed that 109 abnormal wall motion segments were detected among 18 patients with myocardial infarction, including 47 segments of hypokinesis, 56 segments of akinesis and 6 segments of dyskinesis. The wall motion of 2 segments with hypokinesis before coronary revascularization which showed homogeneous opacification, 14 of 24 segments with hypokinese and 20 of 24 segments with akinese before coronary revascularization which showed partial or reduced opaciflcation or subendocardial contrast defect was improved 3 months after coronary revascularization. In our study, the sensitivity and specificity of evaluation of myocardial viability after myocardial infarction by intravenous real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography were 94.7% and 78.9%, respectively. It was concluded that intravenous real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography could accurately evaluate myocardial viability after myocardial infarction.

Quantitative Analysis of Myocaridal Perfusion in Rabbits by Tansthoracic Real-time Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

To evaluate the feasibility of real-time myocardial contrast echocardiography （RTMCE） by quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion in rabbits, transthoracic RTMCE was performed in 10 healthy rabbits by using continuous infusion of SonoVue into the auricular vein. The short axis view at the papillary muscle level was obtained. The duration of the time that the contrast took to appear in right heart, left heart and myocardium was recorded. The regional myocardial signal intensity （SI） versus re-filling time plots were fitted to an exponential function： y（t） =A（1–e–β（t–t0）） ＋ C, where y is SI at any given time, A is the SI plateau that reflects myocardial blood volume, and β is the slope of the refilling curve that reflects myocardial microbubble velocity. The A, β and A×β values at different infusion rate of SonoVue were analyzed and the A, β and A×β values in each segment in the short axis view at the papillary muscle level were compared. All the animal experiments were successful and high-quality im-ages were obtained. The best intravenous infusion rate for SonoVue was 30 mL/h. The contrast appeared in right heart, left heart and myocardium at 7.5±2.2 s, 9.1±2.4 s and 12.2±1.6 s respectively. After 16.6±2.3s, myocardial opacification reached a steady state. The mean A, β and A×β value in the short axis view at the papillary muscle level were 9.8±3.0 dB, 1.4±0.5 s-1 and 13.5±3.6 dB×s-1 respectively. A, β and A×β values showed no significant differences among 6 segments. It was suggested that RTMCE was feasible for quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion in rabbits. It provides a non-invasive method to evaluate the myocardial perfusion in rabbit disease models.

An Experimental Study of Myocardial Viability with Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

Background Myocardial blood flow(MBF) can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) during a venous infusion of microbubble. A minimal MBF is required to maintain cell membrane integrity and myocardial viability in ischemic condition. Thus, we hypothesized that MCE could be used to assess myocardial viability by the determination of MBF. Methods and ResultsMCE was performed at 4 hours after ligation of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in 7 dogs with constant venous infusions of microbubbles. The video intensity versus pulsing interval plots derived from each myocardial pixel were fitted to an exponential function: y=A(1-e-βt), where y is Ⅵ at pulsing interval t, A reflects microvascular cross - sectional area (or myocardial blood volume), and βreflects mean myocardial microbubble velocity. The product of A·β represents MBF. MBF was also obtained by ra-diolabeled microsphere method servered as reference. MBF derived by radiolabeled microsphere - method in the regions of normal, ischemia and infarction was 1.5+0.3, 0.7+0.3, 0. 3+0. 2 mL @ min-1@ g-1 respectively. The product of A·β obtained by MCE in those regions was 52. 46±15. 09, 24. 36±3. 89, 3. 74 ±3. 80 respectively. There was good correlation between normalized MBF and the normalized A·β ( r = 0. 81, P=0. 001). Conclusions MCE has an ability to determine myocardial viability in myocardial infarction canine model.

Myocardial perfusion echocardiography and coronary microvascular dysfunction

Our understanding of coronary syndromes has evolved in the last two decades out of the obstructive atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary arteries paradigm to include anatomo-functional abnormalities of coronary microcirculation. No current diagnostic technique allows direct visualization of coronary microcirculation,but functional assessments of this circulation are possible. This represents a challenge in cardiology. Myocardial contrast echocardiography(MCE) was a breakthrough in echocardiography several years ago that claimed the capability to detect myocardial perfusion abnormalities and quantify coronary blood flow. Research demonstrated that the integration of quantitative MCE and fractional flow reserve improved the definition of ischemic burden and the relative contribution of collaterals in non-critical coronary stenosis. MCE identified no-reflow and low-flow within and around myocardial infarction,respectively,and predicted the potential functional recovery of stunned myocardium using appropriate interventions. MCE exhibited diagnostic performances that were comparable to positron emission tomography in microvascular reserve and microvascular dysfunction in angina patients. Overall,MCE improved echocardiographic evaluations of ischemic heart disease in daily clinical practice,but the approval of regulatory authorities is lacking.

Combination therapy reduces the percutaneous coronary intervention acute myocardial infarction incidence of no-reflow after primary in patients with ST-segment elevation

Background No-reflow is associated with an adverse outcome and higher mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction （STEMI） who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI） and is considered a dynamic process characterized by multiple pathogenetic components. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a combination therapy for the prevention of no-reflow in patient with acute myocardial infarction （AMI） undergoing primary PCI. Methods A total of 621 patients with STEMI who underwent emergency primary PCI were enrolled in this study. Patients with high risk of no-reflow （no-flow score 〉 10, by using a no-flow risk prediction model, n = 216） were randomly divided into a controlled group （n = 108） and a combination therapy group （n = 108）. Patients in the controlled group received conventional treatment, while patients in combination therapy group received high-dose （80 mg） atorvastatin pre-treatment, intracoronary administration of adenosine （140 ~tg/min per kilogram） during PCI procedure, platelet membrane glycoprotein lib/Ilia receptor antagonist （tirofiban, 101.tg/kg bolus followed by 0.15 ~tg/kg per minute） and thrombus aspiration. Myocardial contrast echocardiography was performed to assess the myocardial perfusion 72 h after PCI. Major adverse cardiac events （MACE） were followed up for six months. Results Incidence of no-reflow in combination therapy group was 2.8%, which was similar to that in low risk group 2.7% and was significantly lower than that in control group （35.2%, P 〈 0.01）. The myocardial perfusion （A= 13） values were higher in combination therapy group than that in control group 72 h after PCI. After 6 months, there were six （6.3%） MACE events （one death, two non-fatal MIs and three revasculafizations） in combination therapy group and 12 （13.2%） （four deaths, three non-fatal MIs and five revascularizations, P 〈 0.05） in control group. Conclusions Combination of thrombus aspiration, high-dose statin pre-treatment, intmcoronary administration of adenosine during PCI procedure and platelet membrane glycoprotein Ⅱ b/Ⅲa receptor antagonist reduces the incidence of no-reflow after primary PCI in patients with acute myocardial infarction who are at high risk of no-reflow.

Magnetic resonance imaging and multi-detector computed tomography assessment of extracellular compartment in ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial pathologies

Myocardial pathologies are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early detection of loss of cellular integrity and expansion in extracellular volume(ECV) in myocardium is critical to initiate effective treatment. The three compartments in healthy myocardium are: intravascular(approximately 10% of tissue volume), interstitium(approximately 15%) and intracellular(approximately 75%). Myocardial cells, fibroblasts and vascular endothelial/smooth muscle cells represent intracellular compartment and the main proteins in the interstitium are types Ⅰ/Ⅲ collagens. Microscopic studies have shown that expansion of ECV is an important feature of diffuse physiologic fibrosis(e.g., aging and obesity) and pathologic fibrosis [heart failure, aortic valve disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, amyloidosis, congenital heart disease, aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy(hypereosinophilic and idiopathic types), arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and hypertension]. This review addresses recent advances in measuring of ECV in ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial pathologies. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) has the ability to characterize tissue proton relaxation times(T1, T2, and T2*). Proton relaxation times reflect the physical and chemical environments of water protons in myocardium. Delayed contrast enhanced-MRI(DE-MRI) and multi-detector computed tomography(DE-MDCT) demonstrated hyper-enhanced infarct, hypo-enhanced microvascular obstruction zone and moderately enhanced peri-infarct zone, but are limited for visualizing diffuse fibrosis and patchy microinfarct despite the increase in ECV. ECV can be measured on equilibrium contrast enhanced MRI/MDCT and MRI longitudinal relaxation time mapping. Equilibrium contrast enhanced MRI/MDCT and MRI T1 mapping is currently used, but at a lower scale, as an alternative to invasive sub-endomyocardial biopsies to eliminate the need for anesthesia, coronary catheterization and possibility of tissue sampling error. Similar to delayed contrast enhancement, equilibrium contrast enhanced MRI/MDCT and T1 mapping is completely noninvasive and may play a specialized role in diagnosis of subclinical and other myocardial pathologies. DE-MRI and when T1-mapping demonstrated sub-epicardium, sub-endocardial and patchy mid-myocardial enhancement in myocarditis, Behcet's disease and sarcoidosis, respectively. Furthermore, recent studies showed that the combined technique of cine, T2-weighted and DE-MRI technique has high diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocarditis. When the tomographic techniques are coupled with myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function they can provide valuable information on the progression of myocardial pathologies and effectiveness of new therapies.

Systematic Evaluation of Current Possibilities to Determine Left Ventricular Volumes by Echocardiography in Patients after Myocardial Infarction

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy for quantification of left ventricular (LV) volumes and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) with current echocardiographic methods of planimetry for analysis of LV remodeling after myocardial infarction in daily clinical routine. Methods: 26 patients were investigated directly after interventional therapy at hospital pre-discharge and at 6 month follow-up. Standardized 2D transthoracic native and contrast echocardiography were performed in all patients. Due to methodological aspects the results of LV volumes and LVEF using native echocardiography were compared to the results of LV opacification (LVO) imaging for analysis in mono-, bi- and triplane data sets using the Simpson’s rule. In addition corresponding multidimensional data sets were analyzed. Results: The assessment of LV volumes and LVEF is more accurate with contrast echocardiography. The comparison of LV volumes and LVEF shows significant increases using contrast echocardiography (p < 0.001). Larger left ventricular end-diastolic volumes (LVEDV) are measured at follow up (p < 0.05). Significant differences (p < 0.001) are found for the determination of LVEDV and LVEF relating to apical mono-, bi-, tri- and multiplane data sets. Standard deviations of the triplane approach, however, are significantly lower than using other modalities. Conclusion: Depending on the localization of the myocardial infarction LV volumes and LVEF are less reliably evaluated using the mono- or biplane approach. According to standardization and simultaneous acquisition of all LV wall segments the triplane approach is currently the best approach to determine LV systolic function. In addition, contrast echocardiography is indicated to improve endocardial border delineation in patients using the triplane or multiplane approach. To our knowledge the present study is the first systematic evaluation of all current possibilities for determination of LV volumes and LVEF by native and contrast echocardiography.

心肌超声造影定量分析辅助诊断左心房非活动性黏液瘤一例

1病例资料患者女性,51岁,因“发现血压升高6年余,反复头晕1年余”于2022年1月25日入院。患者6年前诊断为“高血压1级,低危组”,规律服用硝苯地平缓释片,20 mg/d,血压控制平稳。近1年来反复出现头晕,无头疼、恶心呕吐,无视物旋转,无肢体麻木等。既往无特殊。查体:血压135/80 mmHg,体温36.5℃,神志清楚,步行入院,双肺未闻及干湿啰音;心界不大,心率76次/min,心律齐,未闻及病理性杂音;腹软,无压痛,肝脾肋下未触及;双下肢无水肿,生理反射正常,病理反射未引出。头部CT检查未见异常。

心肌声学造影对急性心肌梗死患者存活心肌及经皮冠状动脉介入术后临床预后的评估价值

目的探讨心肌声学造影(MCE)对急性心肌梗死患者存活心肌及经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后临床预后的评估价值。方法回顾性选取2021年10月至2023年1月自贡市第四人民医院100例急性心肌梗死患者临床资料。根据急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后6个月内是否发生主要不良心血管事件(MACE)分为预后不良组21例和预后良好组79例。以患者PCI术后3个月超声心动图左心室壁运动改善为“金标准”,统计MCE检测存活心肌结果,比较两组临床资料、心功能指标和MCE定量参数。Spearman相关性分析MCE定量参数、心功能指标与存活心肌节段数的相关性;Pearson相关性分析MCE定量参数与心功能指标的相关性。Logistic回归分析MCE定量参数与急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后临床预后的关系。绘制ROC曲线评价MCE定量参数对急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后临床预后的预测价值。结果MCE判定急性心肌梗死患者存活心肌的敏感度及特异度分别为92.55%、90.91%,准确率为91.97%。预后不良组患者存活心肌节段<4个比例高于预后良好组,PCI术后3个月心功能指标左心室射血分数(LVEF)和左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)低于预后良好组(χ2/t=4.571、2.883、2.948,P<0.05);预后不良组患者PCI术后3个月MCE定量参数峰值强度(A)、曲线斜率(β)、心肌血流量(A·β)低于预后良好组,灌注计分指数(PSI)高于预后良好组(t=3.077、2.393、3.831、2.989,P<0.05);急性心肌梗死患者A、β、A·β、LVEF、LVFS与存活心肌节段数呈正相关,PSI与存活心肌节段数呈负相关(r=0.652、0.609、0.667、0.685、0.647、-0.627,P<0.01);急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后3个月PSI与LVEF、LVFS呈负相关,A、β、A·β与LVFS、LVEF呈正相关(r=-0.801、-0.662、0.705、0.781、0.752、0.727、0.593、0.654,P<0.05);Logistic回归分析显示急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后3个月A、β、A·β、PSI均与急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后临床预后相关(OR=4.322、3.672、6.670、0.648,P<0.01);PCI术后3个月MCE定量参数A、β、A·β、PSI均可预测急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后的临床预后,四者联合预测的曲线下面积为0.945,预测效能高于各参数单独预测。结论MCE检查可评价急性心肌梗死患者的存活心肌,定量参数A、β、A·β、PSI对急性心肌梗死患者PCI术后的临床预后有较好的预测效能。

左心心肌声学造影在冠心病心肌缺血患者中的诊断价值

目的探讨左心心肌声学造影在冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)心肌缺血患者中的诊断价值。方法选取2022年1月至2022年6月于应急总医院内科诊断为冠心病心肌缺血患者68例,先行经胸超声心动图检查(TTE),观察并记录不同节段性室壁运动异常,评价心肌供血情况,行心肌声学造影,观察心肌灌注情况。将两次评价结果与冠状动脉造影(CAG)结果进行对比。结果68例患者均行冠状动脉造影检查,结果显示51例患者均有不同程度的狭窄,其中轻度狭窄8例,中度狭窄15例,重度狭窄28例。TTE显示室壁运动减低阳性38例,阴性30例,其中阳性患者中轻度狭窄6例,中度狭窄15例,重度狭窄17例;心肌声学造影检查心肌灌注异常阳性51例,阴性17例,其中阳性患者中轻度狭窄10例,中度狭窄14例,重度狭窄27例。结果发现心肌灌注检出率明显高于TTE检出率,其敏感性和特异性均高于TTE。结论心肌声学造影对冠心病心肌缺血患者的诊断符合率明显高于经胸超声心动图,心肌声学超声造影对不同部位心肌灌注显像诊断准确性高,安全性高,具有较高的临床应用价值。

经胸超声心动图联合超声造影检测冠状动脉血流储备对高血压患者冠状动脉病变的预测价值

目的 探讨经胸超声心动图联合超声造影检测冠状动脉血流储备(CFR)对高血压患者冠状动脉病变的预测价值。方法 纳入伴有左心室肥厚(LVH)的高血压患者45例作为观察组,另纳入45例单纯高血压患者作为对照组。对所有患者开展经胸超声心动图联合超声造影检查,比较两组经胸超声心动图检查结果及造影检查结果。结果 两组患者的静息舒张期峰值血流速度(PDV)比较无差异(P>0.05);观察组的负荷PDV(47.34±14.98)cm/s及CFR(1.94±0.78)低于对照组的(67.78±15.57)cm/s、(2.83±1.82)(P<0.05)。观察组灌注量(7.02±2.91)L/min、曲线峰值强度(9.46±7.62)dB、曲线斜率(1.23±1.03)dB/s低于对照组的(9.64±3.34)L/min、(16.78±8.43)dB、(1.78±1.22)dB/s,灌注阳性率71.11%高于对照组的22.22%(P<0.05)。结论 经胸超声心动图联合超声造影可实现对CFR的评估,帮助了解高血压患者的冠状动脉病变情况,为冠状动脉病变的防治提供依据。

血清NLRP3水平和造影剂用量在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后造影剂肾病的诊断价值研究

背景急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是常见的心血管急危重症之一,首选治疗方式为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),PCI术后患者多发造影剂肾病(CIN),CIN会显著增加患者不良事件发生风险,早诊断、早治疗尤为重要。目的探讨血清NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3(NLRP3)水平、造影剂用量对STEMI患者PCI术后CIN的诊断价值。方法纳入2022年6—12月在喀什地区第一人民医院确诊为STEMI且急诊行PCI术的257例患者为研究对象,根据PCI术后24、48 h是否发生CIN分为CIN组61例,非CIN组196例。收集患者基本临床资料,并记录患者术中造影剂用量。患者入院第2天抽空腹静脉血,检测肾功能指标、血脂、血糖等生化指标和血清NLRP3水平,同时心脏彩超检测左心室射血分数(LVEF)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探究发生CIN的影响因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估血清NLRP3水平及造影剂用量对CIN的诊断价值。结果CIN组患者男性比例、术前血尿酸、白蛋白低于非CIN组,造影剂剂量、NLRP3高于非CIN组(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,造影剂用量增加(OR=1.008,95%CI=1.001~1.015,P=0.017)、血清NLRP3水平升高(OR=1.139,95%CI=1.054~1.230,P=0.001)是发生CIN的危险因素。ROC曲线结果显示造影剂用量、血清NLRP3水平以及二者联合应用诊断急性心肌梗死PCI术后CIN的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.797(95%CI=0.716~0.879)、0.885(95%CI=0.828~0.942)、0.939(95%CI=0.896~0.981)。结论在STEMI患者中,造影剂用量和血清NLRP3水平是PCI术后CIN的危险因素,可作为PCI术后CIN的预测指标,二者联合应用对CIN的诊断价值较为明确。

急性心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生冠状动脉微循环障碍的早期临床预测技术研究

目的 探讨左室整体纵向应变(LVGLS)联合全球急性冠状动脉事件注册(GRACE)评分预测急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者发生冠状动脉微循环障碍(CMD)的临床价值。方法 选取收治的AMI患者90例为研究对象(失访10例,图像质量差筛除4例),最终纳入76例。术后48 h,患者接受左室心肌声学造影(MCE)技术检测。将患者根据冠状动脉微循环灌注情况分为非CMD组(n=53)及CMD组(n=23)。分析比较2组临床数据及超声心动图相关数据。采用多因素Logistic回归分析筛选CMD发生的影响因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析其临床预测价值。结果 76例患者中,发生CMD 23例(30.26%)。CMD组的LVGLS、GRACE评分高于非CMD组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,LVGLS、GRACE评分是急诊PCI术后AMI患者发生CMD的独立预测因子。LVGLS预测CMD发生的曲线下面积为0.858(95%CI:0.769~0.948)。LVGLS联合GRACE评分预测CMD发生的曲线下面积为0.891(95%CI:0.815~0.967)。结论 LVGLS是早期评估急诊PCI术后AMI患者CMD发生的独立预测因素,其协同GRACE评分可以提高预测CMD发生的准确性。

基于心脏超声造影的AL型淀粉样变性预后评分系统

目的 寻找与AL型淀粉样变性预后相关的心脏超声造影(myocardial contrast echocardiography,MCE)指标,建立预后评分模型。方法 研究纳入北京大学人民医院2017年11月-2021年4月期间首次诊断为AL型淀粉样变性并进行了MCE检查的39例患者,主要终点是总生存期(overall survival,OS)。使用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析确定独立预测因子及预后模型,通过受试者工作曲线确定各指标的截断值,通过Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验比较各组间的预后。结果 在为期713天的中位随访时间后,12例患者死亡。研究选择整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain,GLS)和室壁运动积分指数(wall motion score index,WMSI)进入OS的预测模型:OS评分=0.18GLS(%)+2.07WMSI(χ^(2)=21.134,P<0.001)。为简化模型,通过受试者工作曲线确认GLS和WMSI的截断值分别为-13.77%和1.16。将GLS>-13.77和WMSI>1.16分别设为1分,39例患者被分为3组(0分组21人,1分组11人,2分组7人);Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验提示,0分组的OS最佳,其次分别是1分组和2分组(P<0.001)。结论 MCE检测的GLS、WMSI是AL型淀粉样变性患者OS的独立预测因子,结合GLS和WMSI的模型可以很好地预测AL型淀粉样变性患者的预后。

超声造影、ALB、Lp(a)评估AMI心肌微循环的价值

目的分析心肌超声造影联合血清白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、脂蛋白a[lipoprotein a,Lp(a)]对急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者治疗后心肌微循环功能的评价作用。方法选取2022年1月至2023年9月笔者医院收治的96例AMI患者,根据治疗后心肌微循环功能分为功能正常组56例、功能障碍组40例,比较两组院内主要心血管不良事件(major cardiovascular adverse events,MACE)、治疗48h后心肌超声造影参数平台期峰值强度(A值)、微泡再灌注上升速率(β值)、心肌血流量(A值×β值)、血清ALB、Lp(a)水平差异,明确心肌超声造影、ALB、Lp(a)评估AMI患者治疗后心肌微循环功能的价值。结果功能障碍组心肌超声造影参数A值、β值、A值×β值、血清ALB水平功能正常组,Lp(a)高于功能正常组(P<0.05)。A值、β值、A值×β值、ALB与心功能正相关,Lp(a)与心功能呈负相关(P<0.05)。超声造影联合ALB、Lp(a)评估AMI患者治疗后心肌微循环状态的效能更优(P<0.05)。功能障碍组MACE发生率高于功能正常组(P<0.05)。结论心肌超声造影可早期评价AMI患者治疗后心肌微循环功能,如与血清ALB、Lp(a)联合可提高诊断效能。

心脏磁共振对比增强电影序列对合并微血管阻塞STEMI患者的诊断价值

目的运用磁共振对比增强平衡稳态自由进动(contrast enhancement-steady state free precession,CE-SSFP)电影序列对老年合并微循环阻塞(microvascular obstruction,MVO)的ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者进行图像质量评价,结合序列参数分析,进一步探讨其对MVO的诊断效能。材料与方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2023年3月50例STEMI患者(STEMI组)的资料,所有患者均进行CE-SSFP电影序列的短轴位、四腔心位、两腔心位扫描。收集与患者组性别、年龄相匹配的50例志愿者为健康对照组。由两名放射诊断医师在CE-SSFP序列上对两组心肌、血池进行定性、定量图像质量评价。采用独立样本t检验分析STEMI组和对照组间的一般资料和影像资料。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析CE-SSFP序列对MVO的诊断效能。结果STEMI组48例患者(96%)和健康对照组49例(98%)的CE-SSFP图像均可满足诊断条件;STEMI组的血池与心肌对比噪声比显著优于健康对照组(222.9±15.6vs.170.1±14.9,t=4.631,P<0.05);CE-SSFP人工识别MVO的敏感度为91.38%,特异度为91.88%,约登指数为0.833;以2倍标准差评价MVO的敏感度为90.23%,特异度为89.94%,约登指数为0.802。两种方法的曲线下面积分别为0.931和0.909。结论CE-SSFP序列可定量评估STEMI合并MVO患者的图像质量,能提供有效量化识别MVO的指标,为临床诊断提供影像学依据。