Effects of tree size and organ age on variations in carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus stoichiometry in Pinus koraiensis

Carbon(C),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus(P)are of fundamental importance for growth and nutrient dynamics within plant organs and deserve more attention at regional to global scales.However,our knowledge of how these nutrients vary with tree size,organ age,or root order at the individual level remains limited.We determined C,N,and P contents and their stoichiometric ratios(i.e.,nutrient traits)in needles,branches,and fine roots at different organ ages(0-3-year-old needles and branches)and root orders(1st-4th order roots)from 64 Pinus koraiensis of varying size(Diameter at breast height ranged from 0.3 to 100 cm)in northeast China.Soil factors were also measured.The results show that nutrient traits were regulated by tree size,organ age,or root order rather than soil factors.At a whole-plant level,nutrient traits decreased in needles and fine roots but increased in branches with tree size.At the organ level,age or root order had a negative effect on C,N,and P and a positive effect on stoichiometric ratios.Our results demonstrate that nutrient variations are closely related to organ-specific functions and ecophysiological processes at an individual level.It is suggested that the nutrient acquisition strategy by younger trees and organ fractions with higher nutrient content is for survival.Conversely,nutrient storage strategy in older trees and organ fractions are mainly for steady growth.Our results clarified the nutrient utilization strategies during tree and organ ontogeny and suggest that tree size and organ age or root order should be simultaneously considered to understand the complexities of nutrient variations.

Macronutrients Uptake in Soybean as Affected by <i>Bradyrhizobium japonicum</i>Inoculation and Phosphorus (P) Supplements

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to study the effect of B. japonicum inoculation and phosphorus supplementation on macronutrient uptake by soybean. The treatments consisted of B. japonicum inoculation (with & without), phosphorus supplementation at the levels of 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P·ha-1. Both treatments were replicated four times in a split plot design. The macronutrients considered were N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Results showed that inoculation with B. japonicum significantly contribute to the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole soybean plant. Likewise, phosphorus supplementation significantly enhanced the uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in roots, shoots, pods and the whole plant. The use of effective strains of rhizobia and P supplementation was an effective way of enhancing the growth of soybean, eventually the uptake of macronutrients in plant organs.

莲雾遮光期叶片SPAD值和C、N、P、K含量的变化及其规律

对大田莲雾成年树进行遮光处理,研究遮光叶片SPAD值及C、N、P、K含量的动态变化及其规律。结果表明:叶片SPAD值受叶龄和遮光互作影响,自然条件下,叶龄40 d左右SPAD值最大,达到63.0±2.49。短时间遮光对叶片SPAD值的影响不大,遮光40 d叶片SPAD值降到最低;长时间遮光会造成叶片早衰,限制树体营养生长。遮光对叶片N、P、K、C含量均有影响,在遮光过程中,叶片的C、N、P、K含量的变化情况不尽相同,但树体对遮光后形成的弱光条件均作出响应,然后通过自身的调节,慢慢使C、N、P、K趋同于自然条件下的含量水平。莲雾叶片的碳氮比(C/N)随着遮光时间的延长而呈增大趋势,遮光40 d左右比值达到顶峰,此时是莲雾栽培上进行催花的一个关键时间点。

水肥条件对小麦、玉米N、P、K吸收的影响

水、N是影响作物N、P、K吸收的重要因素。通过对 6个水分等级和 5个N肥等级相互搭配的研究结果表明 ,高水、高N处理不利于小麦N吸收 ,而玉米是耐肥作物 ,相同灌水条件下 ,玉米的吸N量随施N量的增加而增加。在低灌水条件下 (W 0、W 1处理 ) ,玉米子粒吸N量很低 ,变幅为 0～ 17 3kg/hm2 ,并且不受施N量的影响 ;而小麦子粒吸N量仍达 36 6～154 2kg/hm2 。小麦与玉米吸P量的变化趋势与吸N量的变化趋势非常接近。但是 ,作物的吸K量随灌水量增加有明显增加的趋势 ,在玉米上表现尤其明显 ,并且作物的吸K量主要存在于茎秆中 ,因此 。

硝态N累积与菠菜有机N形成及P、K吸收的关系

在低N(0.3g·kg-1土)和高N(0.6g·kg-1土)2个水平下,采用土壤盆栽试验,研究了30个菠菜品种硝态N累积情况及其与植株生长,有机N形成,P、K吸收的关系。结果表明:施N水平低时,30个菠菜品种的硝态N含量与生长量、有机N总量和P、K吸收量之间均无显著的相关关系;高N时,菠菜品种间硝态N含量表现出显著的差异,硝态N含量最高与最低相差242mg·kg-1,与生长量、有机N总量和P、K吸收量之间亦呈极显著正相关关系。

基于LS-SVM建模方法近红外光谱检测土壤速效N和速效K的研究

应用可见/短波近红外光谱(Vis/SW-NIRS)测量土壤速效氮(N)和速效钾(K)含量。光谱预处理包括标准正态变换(SNV),多元散射校正(MSC)和Savitzky Golay平滑结合一阶导数,以消除系统噪声和外部干扰,分别应用偏最小二乘(PLS)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)方法建立校正模型。最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)输入分别包括主成分分析得到的主成分(PCs)和PLSR建模得到的潜在变量(LVs)和由PLSR模型回归系数得到有效波长(EWs)。结果表明,三种输入的LS-SVM模型都优于PLS模型,其中EWs-LS-SVM模型最佳,速效氮(N)的相关系数(R2)和预测均方误差RMSEP分别0.82和17.2,速效钾(K)为0.72和15.0。结果表明,利用可见光和短波近红外光谱(Vis/SW-近红外光谱)(325～1 075nm)的LS-SVM的结合,可以作为一个精确的土壤理化性质的测定方法。

Improvement of Water and Wastewater Treatment Process Using Various Sound Waves—A Consideration from the Viewpoint of Frequency

Application of sound waves is one of the novel techniques for the improvement of water treatment process. In this study, various sound waves such as 1) ultrasonic wave, 2) music box, and 3) windbell were irradiated to water and wastewater for removing contaminants such as nitrate, phosphorus and BOD/COD. As a result, a possibility of improvement of water and wastewater treatment process using sound waves with various frequencies was proposed.

The Effects of Legume Crops （Pea and Faba Bean） on Soil Nutrients Availability and Yield Parameters of Subsequent Cabbage Crops under Organic Production Conditions

Three equal field plots were cultivated with respectively wheat, field pea and faba bean. The common conventional production technology, including the use of chemical fertilizers was applied in wheat, but no fertilizers at all were used in faba bean and field pea plots. Atter legume harvesting, forty day old broccoli and cauliflower seedlings were transplanted to each of them according to three replications randomized block design. The transplanting was conducted at equal planting density, and common organic production practices were applied in entire production cycle. The legume crops improved soil fertility by increasing total soil N （Nitrogen） and improving P （Phosphorus） and K （Potassium） availability to the subsequent crops. As a result, an enhanced vegetative growth, improved curd setting and increased average curd weight was found in broccoli and cauliflower. However, there were significant differences between legume crops themselves regarding the proved benefits to the subsequent crops, confirming a clear advantage of faba bean versus field pea. A significantly higher above ground biomass was recorded in cauliflower plants followed faba bean, compared with field pea and wheat, but no difference was found regarding the biomass production in broccoli. The higher percentage of plants set curds （either broccoli or cauliflower） was obtained in the variants followed faba bean and then field pea. The same was true regarding total curd yield and the average curd weight for both： broccoli and cauliflower.

Family-level leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of global terrestrial plants

Leaf nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) concentrations are critical for photosynthesis, growth, reproduction and other ecological processes of plants. Previous studies on large-scale biogeographic patterns of leaf N and P stoichiometric relationships were mostly conducted using data pooled across taxa, while family/genus-level analyses are rarely reported. Here, we examined global patterns of family-specific leaf N and P stoichiometry using a global data set of 12,716 paired leaf N and P records which includes 204 families, 1,305 genera, and 3,420 species. After determining the minimum size of samples(i.e., 35 records), we analyzed leaf N and P concentrations, N:P ratios and N^P scaling relationships of plants for 62 families with 11,440 records. The numeric values of leaf N and P stoichiometry varied significantly across families and showed diverse trends along gradients of mean annual temperature(MAT) and mean annual precipitation(MAP). The leaf N and P concentrations and N:P ratios of 62 families ranged from 6.11 to 30.30 mg g–1, 0.27 to 2.17 mg g–1, and 10.20 to 35.40, respectively. Approximately 1/3–1/2 of the families(22–35 of 62) showed a decrease in leaf N and P concentrations and N:P ratios with increasing MAT or MAP, while the remainder either did not show a significant trend or presented the opposite pattern. Family-specific leaf N^P scaling exponents did not converge to a certain empirical value, with a range of 0.307–0.991 for 54 out of 62 families which indicated a significant N^P scaling relationship. Our results for the first time revealed large variation in the family-level leaf N and P stoichiometry of global terrestrial plants and that the stoichiometric relationships for at least one-third of the families were not consistent with the global trends reported previously. The numeric values of the family-specific leaf N and P stoichiometry documented in the current study provide critical synthetic parameters for biogeographic modeling and for further studies on the physiological and ecological mechanisms underlying the nutrient use strategies of plants from different phylogenetic taxa.

Phosphorus and Nitrogen Interactions in Field-Grown Soybean as Related to Genetic Attributes of Root Morphological and Nodular Traits

Two field experiments with different soybean (Glycine max L.) materials were conducted to investigate the interactions between phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) as related to the genetic attributes of root morphological and nodular traits. In experiment one, 13 cultivated soybean varieties were grown in a field with relatively low soil P and N availability. P application with 160 kg P/hm2 as triple superphosphate produced a significant simultaneous increase in the content of both P and N in shoot, demonstrating positive P and N interactions. The addition of P also increased root dry weight, root nodule number, nodule mass, nodule size, and nodulation index, but decreased root length and root surface area, indicating that P may affect N nutrition in soybean through a number of root morphological and nodular traits. Interestingly, like P content, N content appeared to be more correlated with root morphological traits (root weight, root length, and root surface area) than with root nodular traits (nodule number, nodule size, nodule mass, and nodulation index) at both P levels, implying that N taken up by the roots may contribute more to the plant N status than biological N2 fixation under the present experimental conditions. In experiment two, 57 soybean lines of a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between a cultivated variety and a wild genotype were grown on another field site with moderately sufficient P and N levels to further characterize the genetic attributes of root morphological and nodular traits and their relationships with P and N interactions. The results indicated that all morphological and nodular traits measured continually segregated in the RIL population with a normal distribution of the phenotypic values, indicating that these traits are possibly controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Genetic analysis revealed that all these root traits had relatively low heritabilities (h2b=74.12,70.65,73.76,56.34,52.59, and 52.24 for root weight, root length, root surface area, nodule number, nodule mass, and nodule size, respectively), suggesting that root morphology and nodule formation are influenced greatly by environmental factors. Correlation analysis of the RILs showed that shoot N content was significantly correlated with P content, confirming positive PXN interactions. Similar to experiment one, shoot N content was only significantly correlated with root morphological traits, but not with root nodular traits, again denoting the fact that the N status in soybean could be attributed more to N uptake from the soil than to biological N2 fixation under the present experimental conditions.

Divergent responses of plant biomass and diversity to short-term nitrogen and phosphorus addition in three types of steppe in Inner Mongolia,China

Background:Understanding the response of the plant community to increasing nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)inputs is helpful for managing and protecting grassland ecosystems in semiarid areas.However,information about different types of steppe responses to N and P availability in semiarid grasslands is limited.In 2017-2018,two field experiments were conducted with six levels of N(from 5 to 30 g N m^(−2)yr^(−1))and P(from 2.5 g to 15 g P m^(−2)yr^(−1))additions in three different temperate steppes,including meadow steppe(MS),typical steppe(TS),and desert steppe(DS),in northern China to study the effects of these addition rates on community biomass and diversity.Results:Our results showed that plant biomass and diversity in the three steppe types in Inner Mongolia responded differently to elevated N and P inputs.Increasing P promoted aboveground and belowground biomass more than increasing N in the three temperate steppes.Short-term N and P additions reduced plant diversity to some extent,with the most pronounced decreases in MS and DS.It is noteworthy that there were response thresholds for plant diversity and biomass in response to N and P inputs in different steppe types(e.g.,10 g P m^(−2)yr^(−1)).Furthermore,redundancy analysis and stepwise regression analysis revealed that changes in soil properties induced by nutrient addition and climate conditions jointly regulated changes in vegetation biomass and diversity.Conclusions:The plant biomass and diversity of three steppe types in Inner Mongolia respond divergently to elevated N and P inputs.Our results indicate that regional differences in climate and soil substrate conditions may jointly contribute to the divergent responses of plant biomass and diversity to short-term N and P addition.Our analyses provide new insights into managing and protecting grassland ecosystems.Considering that the effects of nutrient addition on plant diversity and productivity may have increasing effects over time,studies on long-term in situ nutrient addition are necessary.

黄花蒿干物质的积累及青蒿素与N、P、K量的动态变化研究

目的通过对黄花蒿干物质的积累及青蒿素与N、P、K量的动态变化研究,了解黄花蒿植株N、P、K的需求比例以及干物质的积累及N、P、K量和青蒿素量之间的关系,为肥料的合理配施提供参考。方法以桂93001号黄花蒿为观测对象,定期采集植株样品,测定其生物量和根、茎、叶、花中的N、P、K以及叶片和花的青蒿素量。结果黄花蒿7月中旬前干物质积累量最少,青蒿素的积累量最大,8月中旬到9月底干物质积累量较大,9月底叶片的青蒿素量达到最低;黄花蒿植株N、P、K积累量较多的时期主要在其生长前期,其中N、K是黄花蒿需要较多的营养元素,N、P、K在植株体内分配的比例为1∶0.12∶0.76,每生产100 kg黄花蒿需要N 19.6～28.2、P 2.0～3.4、K 13.6～17.3 kg。结论施肥的重要时期主要放在生长前期,而肥料应以N、K肥为主,配施适量的P肥,根据目标产量和土壤N、P、K量确定其施肥量。

氮、钾水平对小麦花后旗叶光合特性的影响

在大田栽培条件下,以冬小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)弱筋品种宁麦9号和中筋品种扬麦10号为材料,研究了不同氮、钾施肥水平下花后旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)和荧光参数的变化特征及其与开花期叶片氮、钾营养的关系。结果表明,与不施氮、钾的对照(N0K0)相比,施氮、钾肥增加小麦开花后旗叶SPAD和Pn,提高PSⅡ最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、有效光量子产量(F′v/F′m)和实际光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)等叶绿素荧光参数,其中氮肥效应高于钾肥。除SPAD外,扬麦10号的Pn及叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、F′v/Fm′和ΦPSⅡ)均高于宁麦9号。相关分析表明,Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、F′v/F′m和ΦPSⅡ等叶绿素荧光参数受开花期叶片氮/钾比的显著影响,是施氮、钾肥提高净光合速率的主要生理原因,较高的光能转化特性是满足扬麦10号较高能量需求的生理基础。

氮素和钾素对小麦籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

【目的】阐明氮、钾施肥对小麦淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响。【方法】在大田栽培条件下,以两个品质类型不同的冬小麦品种‘宁麦9号’(弱筋)和‘扬麦10号’(中筋)为材料,研究氮、钾施肥对小麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性和淀粉含量的影响及其与开花期旗叶氮、钾营养的关系。【结果】与不施氮、钾肥的对照处理相比,氮、钾施肥明显提高了花后籽粒中的蔗糖含量及蔗糖合成酶(SS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)的活性,提高了淀粉产量,但降低了总淀粉和支链淀粉含量,两小麦品种的表现基本一致,其中氮肥的作用大于钾肥,施氮降低了直链淀粉含量,施钾提高了直链淀粉含量,宁麦9号高于扬麦10号。【结论】相关分析表明,氮钾肥料配合提高开花期旗叶氮、钾营养并维持适宜的氮/钾比,是氮、钾施肥提高籽粒SSS和GBSS活性,进而促进小麦籽粒淀粉合成、改善籽粒品质的主要生理因素。施钾提高两小麦品种GBSS活性是直链淀粉含量提高的酶学基础。较高的SS、SSS和GBSS活性是弱筋品种宁麦9号较高淀粉含量的酶学保障。

不同氮、磷、钾水平对蝴蝶兰养分吸收及生长发育的影响

为提高蝴蝶兰的观赏品质,以蝴蝶兰品种F101530为试材,研究在了不同氮、磷、钾配比条件下,蝴蝶兰生长发育及其体内氮、磷、钾含量的差异。结果表明:蝴蝶兰植株体内氮、磷、钾含量与所施肥料的氮、磷、钾水平呈正相关。氮、磷、钾比例为3∶1∶1(高氮)条件下,蝴蝶兰植株的叶片数最多,鲜重、干重较重,花茎长且粗;氮、磷、钾比例为1∶3∶1(高磷)条件下,蝴蝶兰的假鳞茎直径最大,花枝数最多;氮、磷、钾比例为1∶1∶3(高钾)条件下,蝴蝶兰的单枝小花数最多。

氮、磷、钾配合施用对福田白菊产量和品质的影响

目的研究氮、磷、钾3种养分对福田白菊产量和品质的影响。方法采用湖北省麻城市福田河镇白菊种植基地土壤进行盆栽土培试验。结果在盆栽条件下施肥对白菊产量和品质的影响效应为氮>磷≥钾;氮、磷、钾3要素配合施用能促进白菊的正常生长发育,显著提高白菊的经济学产量、生物学产量、外观品质、茶用和药用品质。其中,白菊中可溶性总糖和总黄酮量呈显著正相关(r=0.813 1**),说明平衡施肥可能通过促进白菊中的可溶性总糖的合成来增加总黄酮的合成与积累。结论在白菊生产上要在合理施用氮肥的基础上增施磷、钾肥。

氮磷钾配施对紫锥菊产量和质量的影响

目的探讨氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)不同配比施肥处理对紫锥菊生物产量和菊苣酸量的影响。方法对N、P、K不同配比施肥栽培处理的紫锥菊生物产量和菊苣酸的量进行测定和统计。结果第一次收获各处理全株干质量由高到低依次为N+K、CK、P、N+P、N、N+P+K、P+K、K;方差分析结果表明,N+K、CK、P、N+P、N5个处理间无显著差异,但5个处理均与P+K、K两个处理差异显著。各处理对菊苣酸的量影响不显著;第二次取样N、N+K、P、N+P各处理分别比CK组高47.7%、35.4%、33.8%、12.3%,N+P+K、P+K、K各处理分别比CK低7.7%、10.8%、28.5%;方差分析结果显示N处理与CK差异显著,K处理显著低于CK。结论研究表明不同配施肥对紫锥菊主要有效成分菊苣酸的量影响不大;对产量的影响,N起主导效应,P效应不明显,而氯化钾导致减产。

钾营养对莲藕产量形成和氮磷钾养分累积分配的影响

【目的】研究钾营养对莲藕产量形成及氮磷钾养分积累与分配的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,设置不施钾(-K)和施钾(+K)处理进行全生育期试验。【结果】莲藕移栽76d后,+K处理叶片和叶柄干物质累积量明显高于-K处理,并均在97d膨大茎成型后逐渐降低;膨大茎干物质累积速率和累积量在早期为+K处理低于-K处理,97d后+K处理的干物质累积速率明显加快,其累积量于139d明显高于-K处理,160d不同处理膨大茎干物质累积量趋于稳定,+K处理为1204g/株,比-K处理高19.7%。在97—160d产量形成关键期,膨大茎中氮、磷和钾的累积量,+K处理比-K处理分别高32.8%、10.3%和74.2%,其中来自其它器官转移的氮、磷和钾,+K处理比-K处理分别高1.20、0.12和1.26g/株,来自根系直接从土壤中吸收转运的氮、磷和钾,前者比后者高2.16、0.04和5.70g/株。莲藕氮、磷、钾累积总量之比-K处理为1﹕0.14﹕0.90,+K处理为1﹕0.13﹕1.31。【结论】钾营养促进莲藕干物质生产和累积、促进根系对养分的吸收并提高莲藕各器官尤其是叶柄中钾的含量,在生育后期促进干物质和养分从叶片等器官转移并贮存到膨大茎中并最终增产。

缺钾对香蕉苗期地上部、根系生长及氮磷钾吸收的影响

【目的】明确香蕉苗缺钾的表型症状,探讨缺钾和恢复供钾对香蕉苗生长及氮磷钾营养平衡的影响,为香蕉苗营养诊断和平衡施肥提供依据。【方法】通过石英砂培养试验,以正常的完全营养液为对照,观察记录香蕉苗缺钾的表型症状及出现时间,对比研究缺钾和缺钾后恢复供钾条件下香蕉苗的地上部和根系的生物量、根系形态参数、氮磷钾吸收等变化。【结果】缺钾的表型症状为:老叶发黄,中部叶片主叶脉先呈现橙黄色,并逐渐向叶缘蔓延,然后部分叶片叶缘出现近椭圆形小枯斑,叶柄呈现浅红褐色,缺钾严重时,橙黄色叶片近叶脉处的叶肉发黑,进而干枯死亡,枯叶呈褐色,完全展开的新叶不挺立,上部叶片柔弱、下披。缺钾显著抑制香蕉苗生长,缺钾处理较正常处理的地上部和根系生物量降低了31%和39%,其根长、根表面积和根体积减少了30%、31%和34%,且细根减幅大于中根。缺钾同时改变了香蕉苗氮磷钾平衡,其地上部、根系和全株的氮含量分别增加了19%、21%和19%,磷含量分别增加了40%、12%和38%,钾含量分别降低了73%、56%和72%,氮、钾吸收量降低,根系的磷吸收量降低;缺钾处理的地上部、根系和全株的N/K、P/K显著升高,地上部和全株N/P显著降低,根系N/P显著升高。缺钾后恢复供钾,香蕉苗缺钾表型症状消失,但香蕉苗的生物量以及氮、磷、钾含量和吸收量不能同步恢复,香蕉苗生物量仍低于正常处理,各部位的氮含量、根系的磷、钾含量仍高于正常处理,地上部和全株的钾含量和吸收量也未增加至正常水平。供钾后地上部和全株的磷吸收量显著降低,且低于正常处理。【结论】缺钾对香蕉苗营养状况的影响显著大于对表型性状的影响,营养状况的恢复滞后于表型性状的恢复,香蕉苗施肥要针对其营养特性施用。

广元土壤氮钾供应水平与烟草氮钾吸收利用规律试验研究

本文对广元植烟土壤氮钾含量和变化水平,烟株不同时期生物量增长和增长率,烟叶氮钾吸收量和钾氮比进行了研究,结果表明,植烟土壤氮素供应和烤烟对氮素吸收良好,钾素供应和吸收较差,钾素＂回流＂现象和土壤钾素物理固定较为突出,钾含量和钾氮比较低;烤烟移栽后15 d左右土壤氮钾含量偏高,中期不足,后期匮乏,生物量较低,烤烟生物量增长与氮钾供应不协调。应减少前期氮钾供应量,加大移栽后45~75 d的氮钾供应,保持75 d后一定量钾素供应,同时缩短钾素在土壤中的滞留时间,调节植烟根际土壤的pH值,减少钾素的物理固定,增加钾素在土壤中的生物有效性,提高烤烟生物量和烟叶含钾量。初步摸清了川北地区烟草土壤氮钾供肥水平,烟叶的氮钾吸收利用规律,为进一步研制烤烟氮钾缓控专用肥料,集成控氮增钾高效施肥技术提供科学依据。