A model of continuum damage mechanics for high cycle fatigue of metallic materials

A non-linear continuum damage model was presented based on the irreversible thermodynamics framework developed by LEMAITRE and CHABOCHE. The proposed model was formulated by taking into account the influence of loading frequency on fatigue life. The parameters H and c are constants for frequency-independent materials, but functions of cyclic frequency for frequency-dependent materials. In addition, the expression of the model was discussed in detail at different stress ratios （R）. Fatigue test data of AlZnMgCu1.5 aluminium alloy and AMg6N alloy were used to verify the proposed model. The results showed that the model possesses a good ability of predicting fatigue life at different loading frequencies and stress ratios.

Fatigue behavior and life prediction of A7N01 aluminium alloy welded joint

Fatigue characteristics of A7N01 aluminium alloy welded joint were investigated and a fatigue crack initiation life-based model was proposed. The difference of fatigue crack initiation life among base metal, weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) is slight. Furthermore, the ratio of fatigue crack initiation life (Ni) to fatigue life to failure(Nf) is a material dependent parameter, 26.32%, 40.21% and 60.67% for base metal, HAZ and weld metal, respectively. Total fatigue life predicted using the presented model is in good agreement with the experimental data and that using Basquin’s model. The observation results of fatigue fracture surfaces, using scanning electron microscope (SEM), demonstrate that fatigue crack initiates from smooth surface due to welding process for weld metal, blowhole in HAZ causes fatigue crack initiation, and the crushed second phase particles play an important part in fatigue crack initiation in base metal.

Effect of three-step homogenization on microstructure and properties of 7N01 aluminum alloys

The effect of different homogenization treatments on the microstructure and properties of the 7N01 aluminum alloy was investigated using hardness measurements, electrical conductivity measurements, tensile and slow strain rate tests, electron probe microanalysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that three-step homogenization improved the uniformity of Zr distribution by eliminating segregation of the main alloying elements. During the second homogenization step at 350 °C for 10 h, coarse and strip-like equilibrium η phases formed which assisted the nucleation of Al3Zr dispersoids and reduced the width of the precipitate-free zone of A13Zr dispersoids. As a result, coarse recrystallization was greatly reduced after homogenization at 200 °C, 2 h ＋ 350 °C, 10 h ＋ 470 °C, 12 h, which contributed to improving the overall properties of the 7N01 aluminum alloys.

Evolution of residual stress field in 6N01 aluminum alloy friction stir welding joint

Based on the characteristics of friction stir welding( FSW) and Coulomb friction work theory,the residual stresses field of FSW joints of 6 N01 aluminum alloy( T5),which was used in high speed train,were calculated by using the ANSYS finite element software. During the FEM calculation,the dual heat source models namely the body heat source and surface heat source were used to explore the evolution law of the welding process to the residual stress field. The method of ultrasonic residual stress detecting was used to investigate the residual stresses field of the 6 N01 aluminum alloy FSW joints. The results show that the steady-state temperature of 6 N01 aluminum alloy during FSW is about 550 ℃,and the temperature mutates at the beginning and at end of welding. The longitudinal residual stress σ_x is the main stress,which fluctuates in the range of-25 to 242 MPa. Moreover,the stress in the range of shaft shoulder is tensile stress that the maximum tensile stress is 242 MPa,and the stress in the outside of shaft shoulder is compressive stress that the maximum compressive stress is 25 MPa. The distribution of the tensile stress in the welding nugget zone( WNZ) is obviously bimodal,and the residual stress on the advancing side is higher than that on the retreating side. With the increasing of the welding speed,the maximum temperature decreased and the maximum residual stress decreased when the pin-wheel speed kept constant. With the increasing of the pin-wheel speed,the maximum temperature of the joint increased and the maximum residual stress increased when the welding speed was constant. The experimental results were in good agreement with the finite element results.

Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of commercial 7N01 alloys

The effect of grain morphology and precipitates on mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of two commercial 7 N01 alloys was studied using transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD). Results showed that the recrystallization degree of the outer surface of 7 N01-I alloy was lower than that of 7 N01-II alloy. The main strengthening precipitates of two alloys were mainly η’ phases. The grain boundary precipitates(GBPs) of 7 N01-I alloy distributed discontinuously, while those of 7 N01-II alloy distributed continuously. The strength of two 7 N01 alloys was similar, but the maximum corrosion depth of 7 N01-I alloy was less than that of 7 N01-II alloy, because the discontinuous GBPs and the lower recrystallization degree of outer surface of 7 N01-I alloy were favorable for improving corrosion behavior. Different models of strengthening mechanism were discussed, and the corrosion behavior was correlated with microstructure.

Wettability of CuNi-Ti Alloys on Si_3N_4 and Interfacial Reaction Products

Based on the alloy Cu55Ni45 (at pct), holding the proportion of Cu to Ni in constant and in the temperature range of 1233~1573 K, the wetting angles of CuNi-0~56 at pct Ti alloys on Si3N4 have been measured by the sessile drop method. With the increase of Ti content, the wetting angles decreased. The equilibrium wetting angle was 5° when Ti content ≥32 at pct.In the case of same Ti content, the activity of Ti in CuNiTi alloy was weaker than that in CuTi alloy The cross-section of the CuNiTi-Si3N4 interface and the elements distribution were examined by scanning electron microscope with X-ray wave-dispersion spectrometer, and the reaction products formed at the interface were determined by X-ray diffiaction analysis method.

Phase Transition and Band Structure Tuned by Strains in Al_(1/2)Ga_(1/2)N Alloy of Complex Structure

Phase transition and band structure tuned by uniaxial and biaxial strains are systematically investigated based on the density-functional theory for ordered All/2 Ga1/2N alloys of complex structures. Although the structural transformations to graphite-like from wurtzite are energetically favorable for both types of strain, the phase transitions are different in nature： the second-order transition induced by uniaxial strain is jointly driven by the mechanical and dynamical instabilities and the first-order transition by biaxial strain only by the mechanical instability. The wurtzite phase always shows the direct band gap, while the band gap of the graphite-like phase is always indirect. Furthermore, the band gaps of the wurtzite phase can be reduced by both types of strain, while that of the graphite-like phase is enhanced by uniaxial strain and is suppressed by biaxial strain.

Research on the solidified microstructure and segregation behaviors of the UNS N10276 alloy produced by electroslag remelting

In this study,the solidified microstructure and segregation behaviors of the alloying elements and precipitate behaviors of the UNS N10276 alloy in a large-scale electroslag remelting(ESR)ingot were studied.Further,the formation of the solidified microstructure and segregation of ESR were systematically analyzed via thermodynamic calculations.The ESR ingot of the UNS N10276 alloy exhibits a typical dendritic structure.The secondary dendrite spacing at the head of the ingot is clearly larger than that at the bottom of the ingot.The alloying elements(e.g.,Mo,Mn,Si,and C),which are positive segregation elements,segregate to the interdendritic zones during the solidification process.However,Fe,W,and Cr segregate to the dendritic trunk zones,indicating that they are negative segregation elements.Among the alloying elements,Mo segregates the most,especially at the head of the ESR ingot.Majority of the precipitates that precipitate in the interdendritic zones and at grain boundaries belong to large-scale μ and M6C phases,respectively.Mo is the main element of the precipitates.The precipitates at the head of the ESR ingot are more abundant and larger than those at the bottom of the ingot.Hence,to improve the metallurgical quality and hot working properties of the UNS N10276 alloy,the segregation of the Mo element should be minimized,whereas the formation of the precipitates should be reduced as much as possible during the optimization of the composition and production processes.

Effects of in-situZrB_2 nanoparticles and scandium on microstructure and mechanical property of 7N01 aluminum alloy

In this study, the in-situ synthesized ZrB_(2) nanoparticles and rare earth Sc were introduced to enhance the strength and ductility of 7N01 aluminum alloy, via the generation of high-melting and uniform nanodispersoids. The microstructure and mechanical property evolution of the prepared composites and the interaction between ZrB_(2) and Sc were studied in detail. The microstructure investigation shows that the introduction of rare earth scandium(Sc) can promote the distribution of ZrB_(2) nanoparticles, by improving their wettability to the Al melt. Meanwhile, the addition of rare earth Sc also modifies the coarse Al Zn Mg Mn Fe precipitated phases, refines the matrix grains and generates high-melting Al_3(Sc,Zr)/Al_3Sc nanodispersoids. Tensile tests of the composites show that with the combinatorial introduction of ZrB_(2) and Sc, the strength and ductility of the composites are improved simultaneously compared with the corresponding 7N01 alloy, ZrB_(2) /7N01 composite and Sc/7N01 alloy. And the optimum contents of ZrB_(2) and Sc are 3 wt% and 0.2 wt% in this study. The yield strength, ultimate strength and elongation of(3 wt% ZrB_(2) +0.2 wt% Sc)/7N01 composite are 477 MPa, 506 MPa and 9.8%, increased about 18.1%, 12.2%and 38% compared to 7N01 alloy. Furthermore, the cooperation strengthening mechanisms of ZrB_(2) and Sc are also discussed.

Heterostructure design of Fe^(3)N alloy/porous carbon nanosheet composites for efficient microwave attenuation

The self-dissipation and attenuation capacity of materials play an important role in realizing efficient electromagnetic absorption,in this case,the roles of macroscopic composition and micro-structure should be emphasized simultaneously in the reasonable design of microwave absorbent.Given that,Fe_(3)N alloy embedded in two-dimensional porous carbon composites were fabricated via facile sol-gel and sacrificial template methods.Satisfactorily,the magnetic/dielectric materials combination and porous structure introduction are conductive to the optimization of impedance matching property,as result of the enhancement of microwave absorption capacity.In addition,sufficient magnetic loss capacity,strong conductivity as well as polarization attenuation bring about the outstanding microwave absorbing performance with an effective absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz and a minimum reflection loss value of-65.6 d B.It is believed that this work not only lay a foundation to achieve microwave response materials in a wide frequency range,but also emphasize the significant role of the component selection and structural design.

Effect of Precipitation on Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Maps of Nickel-Base UNS N10276 Alloy

The hot deformation characteristics and processing maps of aged nickel-base UNS N10276 alloy were inves- tigated and compared with those of solution-treated UNS N10276 alloy at temperatures of 950-1250 ℃ and strain rates between 0.01 and 10 s-1. The dominant precipitated phase in the aged alloy was identified as topologically close-packed （TCP） # phase enriched in Mo and Ni. The precipitates present in the UNS N10276 alloy could significantly facilitate flow softening after peak stress at temperatures lower than 1150 ℃ and strain rates higher than 0.01 s-1. Processing maps at true strains of 0.1-0.9 were developed using the dynamic materials model and experimental flow stress data. Although aging treatment slightly shrank the suitable hot working window of this alloy, the aged alloy showed higher peak efficiencies of power dissipation and smaller unstable regions in comparison with solution-treated alloy. Furthermore, aging treatment eliminated the instability region of processing maps at true strains of 0.2-0.5. The precipitated phase promoted dynamic recrystallization （DRX） by the particle-stimulated nucleation （PSN） mechanism, which resulted in the larger fraction of DRX as well as finer and more uniform grain structure in the aged alloy specimens compared to the solution-treated alloy.

Magnetic/Magnetostrictive Properties Together with Resistivity and Corrosion Behaviors of CoFe_2 and Its Composite with CoFe_2N

The CoFe_2alloy（CF） was prepared by reducing CoFe_2O_4 in the H_2 ambient. Subsequently the CF sample was nitrided in the NH_3 atmosphere to produce the composite of CoFe_2N and CoFe_2. The magnetostriction, thermal expansion, resistivity and corrosion resistance of CF sample and the nitrided sample（CFN）at 1000？C were investigated. The saturation magnetostriction coefficiency λ_s and thermal expansion coefficient ？ at 300 K for the nitrided CFN were 50 ppm and 10 ppm/K, respectively, approximately equal to those for the CF sample. However, compared with CF, CFN presents a decrease in temperature coefficient R_λ（300 K） of magnetostriction by 11%. The smaller resistivity and improved corrosion resistance in the H_2SO_4 solution may expand the applications of the CoFe_2 in the fields needing lower resistivity or in the acidic environment.

Theoretical Study on Structural Stability of Alloy Cages:A Case of Silicon-Doped Heterofullerenes

Structural stability and Si-substitution pattern in fullerene cage of C_(60−n)Sin are thoroughly investigated by integrating density functional calculations with a colorbond graph(CBG)model.We find that the parameterized CBG model with genetic algorithms can efficiently scan the large configuration space of alloy and therefore identify the low-energy region within the first-principles accuracy.Low-energy(stable)structures of C_(60−n)Sin in carbon-rich region(1≤n≤30)were identified and the silicon atoms are found to tend to aggregate in the fullerene cage.The mixing energy of these low-energy structures is ~35 meV/atom and insensitive to the Si concentration.We expect that these alloy fullerene cages can be synthesized experimentally at elevated temperatures.