Separation of Copper and Nickel by Solvent Extraction Using LIX 664N

Separation of copper and nickel by liquid-liquid extraction from aqueous solutions was studied using LIX 664N in kerosene as solvent. Both metals were taken in their sulfate form and ratio of copper to nickel in feed solutions was maintained as 10:1. LIX 664N concentration in kerosene was varied from 10% to 40% (v/v) and its effect was studied on percent extraction of copper and nickel for organic to aqueous (O:A) phase ratio of 2:1 at pH 2. Experimental results showed that at pH 2, copper was selectively extracted from its mixture with nickel. Selectivity for copper extraction was as high as 6000 with 40% LIX 664N. Calculations using extraction isotherm indicate almost complete recovery of copper in two stages with O:A ratio of 1:1 and in one stage with O:A ratio of 2:1. After extraction of copper, the pH of raffinate containing nickel was adjusted to a value of 9 by addition of ammonia solution. The effect of LIX 664N concentration on extraction of nickel was studied. Up to 80% nickel could be extracted with 30% LIX 664N at O:A phase ratio of 2:1. Stripping of copper from the organic phase with 180 g/l sulfuric acid at O:A phase ratio of 1:1 gave 98.5% copper recovery in a two-stage operation.

Extraction of palladium(Ⅱ) from hydrochloride solutions with 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one as novel extractant

Solvent extraction of palladium （Ⅱ） from hydrochloric acid solution with 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one （OIT）/cyclohexane was studied. Effects of different parameters on extraction efficiency were evaluated. 99.96 % and 98.26 % palladium （Ⅱ） could be effectively extracted with 0.018 mol·L^-1 OIT/cyclohexane of 0.1 and 4.0 mol·L^-1 HCl medium, respectively. Nonpolar solvent and low acidity could improve the extracting efficiency, and successfully strip palladium （Ⅱ） from the loaded organic phase was achieved with 0.5 mol·L^-1 （NH2）2CS solution. It was proposed that the extraction of Pd com-plexes from HCl medium proceeded through the ion-association mechanism by slope method, NMR and FF-IR spectra.

N,N,N',N'-tetrabutylmalonamide as a new extractant for extraction of nitric acid and uranium(VI)

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Extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) with a novel extractant N,N'-tetrahexylmalonamide (THMA) in toluene

The dependence of THMA extraction behaviour for U(VI) alld Th(IV) on nitric acid concentration, THMA concentration and molecular structure of extracted complex has been studied. For nitric acid solutions of 3.0mol/L a coordinative mechanism may possibly dominate in the extraction of metal cations. The complex composition of UO2(NO3)2(THMA)2,Th(NO3)4 (THMA)2 and Th(NO3)4 (THMA)3 are proved.

EQUILIBRIUM MODELS AND PARAMETERS OPTIMIZATION FOR EXTRACTION PROCESS OF BISMUTH AND ANTIMONY WITH N1923

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EXTRACTION OF Zn AND Cd FROM CHLORIDE LIQUORS BY TRI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

Studies have been made on the extraction of Zn and Cd by TBP(tri-n-butyl phosphate) from diluent hydrochloric acid solutions of soldium chloride.The experiments show that the species extracted from diluent HCI solutions of NaCl appear to be predominantly ZnCl_2· 2TBP and CdCl_2·2TBP.For Cd,at lower acidities,anionic complexes of the type H_2CdCl_3 are also extracted.As the acidity is increased,H_2CdCl_4 appear to be predominant complexes in organic phase.For Zn,the acidocomplexes of the type HZnCl_3 appear in organ- ic phase after the acidity of solutions reaching a certain value([HCl]>0.1 mol/L). Furthermore,the ultraviolet absorption spectra of both aqueous and organic phases have been studied,and the infrared spectra of the organic phases have been exomined.The extraction mechanism and temperature effect are also discussed.

Extraction of Lithium from Salt Lake Brine using N523-TBP Mixture System

In this work, problems encountered by tri-butyl phosphate (TBP) in the industrialization of lithium extraction from salt lake brine were discussed in detail. The behavior of N, N-bi-(2-ethylhexyl) acetamide (N523) during lithium extraction was investigated, and its disadvantages were analyzed in the view of practical application. An N523-TBP mixture extraction system was proposed to alleviate or avoid the defects that N523 and TBP met when they were used separately. The optimal composition of this mixture extraction system was determined to be 20%N523-30%TBP-50% kerosene. The effects of brine acidity, Fe/Li molarity ratio, phase ratio and chloride ion concentration on lithium extraction efficiency were discussed. The operation conditions in single-stage extraction were optimized as brine acidity=0.05 mol/L, Fe/Li molarity ratio=1.3, and phase ratio=2. The high concentration of chloride ions in brine was beneficial for the extraction of lithium. The structure of the extracted complex was proposed as (LiFeCl 4 · n N523 · m TBP)·(2- n )N523 ·(2- m )TBP (m+n=2) by chemical analysis and slope-fitting methods. The extraction thermodynamic functions were calculated preliminarily, and the results suggested that the extraction process was an exothermic (ΔH <0) and spontaneous (ΔG <0) reaction, and the degree of disorder increased (ΔS >0) during the extraction process. This work will give some guidance to the lithium industry of Qinghai in both the fundamental theory and practical application.

Lipid extraction and CO_(2)capture with switchable polarity solvent

In this study,lipid extraction and CO_(2)capture are combined using N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine(DMCHA)as switchable polarity solvent.The effects of operation parameters are discussed according to the CO_(2)absorption/desorption and lipid/DMCHA recovery results.A triphasic models considering lipid,water,and gas phases are established to analyze the kinetic behaviors.The results show that DMCHA is reversible through CO_(2)absorption/desorption,and the enhanced dispersion of droplets and bubbles in water phase improves the lipid/DMCHA recovery and CO_(2)absorption/desorption.The triphasic kinetic models fit well with experimental data,and gas-liquid mass transfer is regarded as the rate-determining step.The lower interfacial areas result in the poorer gas-liquid mass transfer for the DMCHA recovery than lipid recovery process.

Extraction of Lithium from Brine Containing High Concentration of Magnesium by Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate Dissolved in Kerosene

Tri-n-butyl phosphate（TBP）dissolved in kerosene was chosen as extractant for lithium from a modelbrine having high magnesium-to-lithium ratio and ferric chloride was added to the system.The influences of con-tact time,concentration of the extractant,concentrations of some salts(Mg2+, Na+,K+)in the solution,acid-ity of hydrochloric acid and extraction temperature on the exttaction of lithium with TBP-kerosene system werestudied.The suitable extraction conditions were found to be:contact time not any less than 20min;at 20-25C;[Fe+3]/[Li+]about 1.5-2.0;TBP concentration 50%-70%;[MgCl2]exceeding 3 mol·L-1;pH about 2;while most sodium and potassium salts in the aqueous phase should be removed before the extraction.

Kinetic Studies for the Extraction of Chromium (Ⅵ) from Hydrochloric Acid Solution with Tri-n-octylamine

Kinetic studies of the extraction of chromium（Ⅵ）[Cr（Ⅵ）] from the hydrochloric acid solution with tri-n-octylamine（N235） have been made by a Lewis cell. The influences of various kinetic parameters, such as stirring rate, interfacial area, temperature, N235 and initial Cr（Ⅵ） concentrations were evaluated. The rate equations for the extraction of Cr（Ⅵ） by N235 were obtained on the basis of the slope analysis data. The results indicated that the reaction rate of Cr（Ⅵ） increased with increasing of the stirring rate and interfacial area until that a "plateau" was observed with increasing stirring rate. The activation energies of Cr（Ⅵ） extraction by N235 dissolved in diluents were calculated. Kinetics analysis proved that the mass transfer was controlled mainly by diffusion and the chemical reaction between Cr（Ⅵ） anions and N235 could be achieved at the liquid-liquid interface. On the basis of the relation between ln[Cr（Ⅵ）] and ln R0 or ln[N235] and ln R0, the rate equations can be obtained. This research provides a proof-in-concept analysis for kinetic mechanism.

Studies of the Extraction of Phenol by N-Octanoylpyrrolidine

The behavior of phenol of wastewater extraction by N-octanoylpyrrolidme (OPOD) in kerosene was studied. The dependence of the extraction distribution ratios on the concentrations of extractant, phenol, acidity and temperature was investigated. By means of the slope method, the composition of the extracted complex was deduced to be C6H5. OPOD, and the related thermodynamic functions were also calculated. The IR and NMR spectra showed the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between phenol and OPOD. The experimental results indicated that OPOD could extract phenol effectively.

New Extraction System for Lithium from Brine with High Magnesium Content

Lithium is an important element with a wide variety of applications,especially in lithium ion batteries and in the exploration of nuclear energy.Salt lake brine is the most abundant lithium source available in world,comp-rising70%~80%of all known lithium deposits.Lithium can be abstracted from brines with low magnesium content and processed into kinds of lithium compound in Atacama and Hombre Muerto of South America(Nie et al.,2013).

Jatropha curcas L. oil extracted by switchable solvent N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine for biodiesel production

Biodiesel, which is a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel, has been studied widely to help remedy increasing environmental problems. One of the key processes of biodiesel production is oil extraction from oilseed materials. Switchable solvents can reversibly change from molecular to ionic solvents under atmospheric CO_2,and can be used for oil extraction. N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine(DMCHA), a switchable solvent, was used to extract oil from Jatropha curcas L. oil seeds to produce biodiesel. The appropriate extraction conditions were:1:2 ratio of seed mass to DMCHA volume, 0.3–1 mm particle size, 200 r·min-1agitation speed, 60 min extraction time, and 30 °C extraction temperature. The extraction ratio was about 83%. This solvent extracted the oil more efficiently than hexane, and is much less volatile. By bubbling CO_2 under 1 atm and 25 °C for 5 h, the oil was separated, and DMCHA was recovered after releasing CO_2 by bubbling N_2 under 1 atm and 60 °C for 2 h. The residual solvent content in oil was about 1.7%. Selectivity of DMCHA was evaluated by detecting the protein and sugar content in oil. Using the oil with residual solvent to conduct transesterification process, the oil conversion ratio was approximately 99.5%.

Solvent extraction of U（VI）and Th（IV）ions with N，N，N＇，N＇－tetrabutylsuccinylamid from nitric acid solutions

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Extraction of uranium(VI) with N-octanoylpyrrolidine in sulfonated kerosene

Extraction of uranium with N-octanoylpyrrolidine (OPOD) in sulfonated kerosene from aqueous nitric acid media has been studied. The dependence of the extraction distribution ratios on the concentrations of aqueous nitric acid, extractant, salting-out agent and the temperature was investigated. The constitution of extracted complex was established, and the related thermodynamic functions were calculated.

Coextraction of uranium(VI) from nitric acid solutions by N,N-diethyldecanamide and TBP

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Extraction of uranyl(VI) ion with N,N-dibutyloctadecanamide from nitric acid solution

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Effect of diluents on the extraction of uranium (VI) with N-oetanoyl-2-methylpiperidine

The extraction of uranium ((Ⅵ) from nitric acid solution with N-octanoyl-2-methylpiperidine (OMPPD)in eight diluents and the dependence of distribution ratio on temperature and concentrations of both aqueous nitricacid and OMPPD were investigated. The interaction among OMPPD, the extracted species and diluent has been dis-cussed. The experiments show that the extraction ability of OMPPD decreases gradually for eight diluents in the fol-lowing order: benzene, toluene, n-octane, sulfonated kerosene, cyclohexane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroetheneand chloroform. It cannot be interpreted only on the basis of polarity of diluents.

低共熔溶剂-超高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-串联质谱法测定火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺

目的建立低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent,DES)-超高效液相色谱-大气压化学离子化-串联质谱法快速测定火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺污染物的分析方法。方法样品经水稀释,微量DES分散萃取,50%甲醇水复溶,Agilent Infinitylab Poroshell 120 EC-C_(18)(2.1 mm×150 mm,2.7μm)色谱柱分离,大气压化学电离源电离,多反应监测模式检测,内标法定量分析。结果9种N-亚硝胺在5.0~60.0ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r)均大于0.999。方法检出限为0.1~0.3μg/kg,定量限为0.3~1.0μg/kg,回收率为72.1%~111.6%,相对标准偏差为0.9%~8.4%。结论低共熔溶剂对N-亚硝胺的萃取效果佳,可以解决传统操作步骤烦琐的问题。本方法有机试剂用量少、绿色环保,适用于火腿肠中9种N-亚硝胺的快速、精准检测。

New deep eutectic solvents composed of crown ether, hydroxide and polyethylene glycol for extraction of non-basic N-compounds

Here we firstly report a series of new deep eutectic solvents(DESs) induced by small amounts of crown ether complex and mainly formed by polyethylene glycol. These DESs not only presented the ultra-deep extraction of non-basic N-compounds from fuel oils, but also opened up the possibility of other new applications in chemistry and materials science.