氢气(H_(2))具有能量密度高、环境友好等优点,是一种很有前景的清洁能源载体.目前,电催化水裂解大规模制氢被认为是一种理想可行的方法.析氢反应(HER)涉及多个步骤,首先形成吸附的氢(Volmer步骤),然后是脱附步骤(Heyrovsky步骤)或两个...氢气(H_(2))具有能量密度高、环境友好等优点,是一种很有前景的清洁能源载体.目前,电催化水裂解大规模制氢被认为是一种理想可行的方法.析氢反应(HER)涉及多个步骤,首先形成吸附的氢(Volmer步骤),然后是脱附步骤(Heyrovsky步骤)或两个相邻的吸附氢形成H_(2)(Tafel步骤).与酸性介质相比,碱性介质中的HER可与现有的析氧反应(OER)催化剂偶合,降低电解水的设备成本,因此研究碱性条件下HER更具应用价值.但是,HER在碱性介质中不可避免地需要打破较强的共价键H–O–H,动力学缓慢,导致需要高过电位驱动反应.因此,开发适用于广泛的pH范围,特别是碱性介质高催化活性的催化剂,成为当务之急.金属铂是最高效的HER催化剂,但昂贵的价格严重阻碍了其在电解水中的大规模商业化应用.因此,开发过电位低和稳定性持久的非贵金属催化剂,特别是可以在大电流密度(>500 mA cm^(-2)的质子交换膜和碱性电解槽)下稳定工作的催化剂,对实际工业应用至关重要.过渡金属磷化物(TMPs),尤其是CoP和Ni_(2)P在HER中表现出了较好的催化活性,引起广泛关注.但是,有限的电子结构、低电导率和大电流密度测试过程中的团聚仍然是限制其实际应用的瓶颈.近年来,具有金属可调性、多孔型结构、高比表面积和多交叉开放通道的金属有机骨架(MOFs)已被证明是制备TMPs的理想前驱体.但是,在高温煅烧过程中无法避免MOF结构坍塌,导致开放通道和电导率降低,限制了电子/离子的传输以及在高电流密度下的电催化活性.本文通过TMPs和Co-MOF之间的简单拓扑化学转化制备了一种自支撑结构的N掺杂二元TMPs电催化剂(N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P),以Co-MOF作为模板和前驱体,一部分泡沫镍原位磷化成Ni_(2)P,形成异质结构的双金属磷化物.扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,该催化剂呈三维多孔结构,有利于充分暴露活性位点.通过X射线光电子能谱分析了催化剂表面化学状态,发现形成了Co–N键,说明N掺杂成功.通过电化学测试结果表明,N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P在全pH范围内表现出较好的HER活性,尤其在碱性介质中,当电流密度为650 mA cm^(-2)时,仅需要152 mV过电位.催化剂转化率为3.2 s^(-1),法拉第效率接近100%,该催化剂在200 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下连续工作24 h无明显衰减.密度泛函理论计算表明,N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P催化活性的增强归因于氮掺杂及双金属磷化物的协同作用提高了催化剂的本征活性位点,从而优化了氢吸附能和水结合能.综上,本文为廉价电催化剂的工业化应用提供了一种有前景的策略.展开更多
Photocatalytic water splitting by semiconductors is a promising technology to produce clean H_(2) fuel,but the efficiency is restrained seriously by the high overpotential of the H_(2)-evolution reaction together with...Photocatalytic water splitting by semiconductors is a promising technology to produce clean H_(2) fuel,but the efficiency is restrained seriously by the high overpotential of the H_(2)-evolution reaction together with the high recombination rate of photoinduced charges.To enhance H_(2) production,it is highly desirable yet challenging to explore an efficient reductive cocatalyst and place it precisely on the right sites of the photocatalyst surface to work the proton reduction reaction exclusively.Herein,the metalloid NixP cocatalyst is exactly positioned on the Z-scheme Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/NiTiO_(3)(CZS/NTO)heterostructure through a facile photodeposition strategy,which renders the cocatalyst form solely at the electron-collecting locations.It is revealed that the directional transfer of photoexcited electrons from Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S to Ni_(x)P suppresses the quenching of charge carriers.Under visible light,the CZS/NTO hybrid loaded with the Ni_(x)P cocatalyst exhibits an optimal H_(2) yield rate of 1103μmol h^(-1)(i.e.,27.57 mmol h^(-1)g^(-1)),which is about twofold of pristine CZS/NTO and comparable to the counterpart deposited with the Pt cocatalyst.Besides,the high apparent quantum yield(AQY)of 56%is reached at 400 nm.Further,the mechanisms of the cocatalyst formation and the H2 generation reaction are discussed in detail.展开更多
文摘氢气(H_(2))具有能量密度高、环境友好等优点,是一种很有前景的清洁能源载体.目前,电催化水裂解大规模制氢被认为是一种理想可行的方法.析氢反应(HER)涉及多个步骤,首先形成吸附的氢(Volmer步骤),然后是脱附步骤(Heyrovsky步骤)或两个相邻的吸附氢形成H_(2)(Tafel步骤).与酸性介质相比,碱性介质中的HER可与现有的析氧反应(OER)催化剂偶合,降低电解水的设备成本,因此研究碱性条件下HER更具应用价值.但是,HER在碱性介质中不可避免地需要打破较强的共价键H–O–H,动力学缓慢,导致需要高过电位驱动反应.因此,开发适用于广泛的pH范围,特别是碱性介质高催化活性的催化剂,成为当务之急.金属铂是最高效的HER催化剂,但昂贵的价格严重阻碍了其在电解水中的大规模商业化应用.因此,开发过电位低和稳定性持久的非贵金属催化剂,特别是可以在大电流密度(>500 mA cm^(-2)的质子交换膜和碱性电解槽)下稳定工作的催化剂,对实际工业应用至关重要.过渡金属磷化物(TMPs),尤其是CoP和Ni_(2)P在HER中表现出了较好的催化活性,引起广泛关注.但是,有限的电子结构、低电导率和大电流密度测试过程中的团聚仍然是限制其实际应用的瓶颈.近年来,具有金属可调性、多孔型结构、高比表面积和多交叉开放通道的金属有机骨架(MOFs)已被证明是制备TMPs的理想前驱体.但是,在高温煅烧过程中无法避免MOF结构坍塌,导致开放通道和电导率降低,限制了电子/离子的传输以及在高电流密度下的电催化活性.本文通过TMPs和Co-MOF之间的简单拓扑化学转化制备了一种自支撑结构的N掺杂二元TMPs电催化剂(N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P),以Co-MOF作为模板和前驱体,一部分泡沫镍原位磷化成Ni_(2)P,形成异质结构的双金属磷化物.扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,该催化剂呈三维多孔结构,有利于充分暴露活性位点.通过X射线光电子能谱分析了催化剂表面化学状态,发现形成了Co–N键,说明N掺杂成功.通过电化学测试结果表明,N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P在全pH范围内表现出较好的HER活性,尤其在碱性介质中,当电流密度为650 mA cm^(-2)时,仅需要152 mV过电位.催化剂转化率为3.2 s^(-1),法拉第效率接近100%,该催化剂在200 mA cm^(-2)电流密度下连续工作24 h无明显衰减.密度泛函理论计算表明,N-CoP_(x)/Ni_(2)P催化活性的增强归因于氮掺杂及双金属磷化物的协同作用提高了催化剂的本征活性位点,从而优化了氢吸附能和水结合能.综上,本文为廉价电催化剂的工业化应用提供了一种有前景的策略.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFA1502100 and 2022YFE0114800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22372035,22302039 and 22311540011).
文摘Photocatalytic water splitting by semiconductors is a promising technology to produce clean H_(2) fuel,but the efficiency is restrained seriously by the high overpotential of the H_(2)-evolution reaction together with the high recombination rate of photoinduced charges.To enhance H_(2) production,it is highly desirable yet challenging to explore an efficient reductive cocatalyst and place it precisely on the right sites of the photocatalyst surface to work the proton reduction reaction exclusively.Herein,the metalloid NixP cocatalyst is exactly positioned on the Z-scheme Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S/NiTiO_(3)(CZS/NTO)heterostructure through a facile photodeposition strategy,which renders the cocatalyst form solely at the electron-collecting locations.It is revealed that the directional transfer of photoexcited electrons from Cd_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)S to Ni_(x)P suppresses the quenching of charge carriers.Under visible light,the CZS/NTO hybrid loaded with the Ni_(x)P cocatalyst exhibits an optimal H_(2) yield rate of 1103μmol h^(-1)(i.e.,27.57 mmol h^(-1)g^(-1)),which is about twofold of pristine CZS/NTO and comparable to the counterpart deposited with the Pt cocatalyst.Besides,the high apparent quantum yield(AQY)of 56%is reached at 400 nm.Further,the mechanisms of the cocatalyst formation and the H2 generation reaction are discussed in detail.
