An efficient route for the palladium-catalyzed reductive aminocarbonylation of olefins with nitroarenes was developed using carbon monoxide(CO)as both reductant and carbonyl source,which enables facile access to amide...An efficient route for the palladium-catalyzed reductive aminocarbonylation of olefins with nitroarenes was developed using carbon monoxide(CO)as both reductant and carbonyl source,which enables facile access to amides with excellent regioselectivity and broad substrate scope.It is found that the counter anions of the Pd catalyst precursors significantly affect the reaction chemoselectivity and amide regioselectivity.Branched amides were mainly obtained with K2PdCl4 as the metal catalyst,and phosphine ligands had no influence on the regioselectivity but affected the catalytic reactivity.However,phosphine ligands had significant effects on aminocarbonylation regioselectivity when Pd(CH3CN)4(OTf)2 was used;monodentate phosphines tended to form branched amides,and bidentate phosphines mainly formed linear amides.Trapping experiments,primary kinetic studies,and control reactions with all possible N-species reduced from nitroarene indicated that the catalytic synthesis of branched and linear amides produced nitrene(further converted to enamide)and aniline,respectively,different from the previous ligand-controlled regioselective synthesis of amides via the aminocarbonylation of olefins with amines.Furthermore,the proposed synthesis route could be applied in the synthesis of gram-scale propanil under mild conditions.展开更多
Southern Africa has experienced electric power deficits over the last decade. This has been due in part to the member countries＇ inadequate electrical power supply system, as well as load growth in areas which were n...Southern Africa has experienced electric power deficits over the last decade. This has been due in part to the member countries＇ inadequate electrical power supply system, as well as load growth in areas which were not adequately planned for. This has induced the formation of organizations such as SADC （Southern African Development Community） and SAPP （Southern African Power Pool） that have the common goal of achieving development and economic growth in the region which comprises of 15 member countries. This paper presents results from a security analysis of the region＇s electric power supply system using a baseline level of performance. This was carried out by performing a steady-state contingency analysis on a SADC power network model subject to the N-1 criteria which expresses the ability of the power network to experience a contingency without causing an overload or failure in any other part of the network. Simulations were carried out using DigSilent.展开更多
针对功率器件的抗辐射加固技术,从入射粒子对半导体材料的辐射损伤机理出发,设计了一种-150 V抗辐射P沟道VDMOS器件。该器件采取的抗辐射加固措施有:在颈区的上方形成局部厚场氧化层结构;在N体区进行高剂量离子注入掺杂;在850℃低温条...针对功率器件的抗辐射加固技术,从入射粒子对半导体材料的辐射损伤机理出发,设计了一种-150 V抗辐射P沟道VDMOS器件。该器件采取的抗辐射加固措施有:在颈区的上方形成局部厚场氧化层结构;在N体区进行高剂量离子注入掺杂;在850℃低温条件下生长栅氧化层。通过仿真分析和试验进行了验证,该器件在最劣漏偏置条件下抗总剂量达到3 k Gy,抗单粒子烧毁和单粒子栅穿的LET值为99.1 Me V·cm^2/mg。该器件适用于星用抗辐射DC-DC电源系统。展开更多
文摘An efficient route for the palladium-catalyzed reductive aminocarbonylation of olefins with nitroarenes was developed using carbon monoxide(CO)as both reductant and carbonyl source,which enables facile access to amides with excellent regioselectivity and broad substrate scope.It is found that the counter anions of the Pd catalyst precursors significantly affect the reaction chemoselectivity and amide regioselectivity.Branched amides were mainly obtained with K2PdCl4 as the metal catalyst,and phosphine ligands had no influence on the regioselectivity but affected the catalytic reactivity.However,phosphine ligands had significant effects on aminocarbonylation regioselectivity when Pd(CH3CN)4(OTf)2 was used;monodentate phosphines tended to form branched amides,and bidentate phosphines mainly formed linear amides.Trapping experiments,primary kinetic studies,and control reactions with all possible N-species reduced from nitroarene indicated that the catalytic synthesis of branched and linear amides produced nitrene(further converted to enamide)and aniline,respectively,different from the previous ligand-controlled regioselective synthesis of amides via the aminocarbonylation of olefins with amines.Furthermore,the proposed synthesis route could be applied in the synthesis of gram-scale propanil under mild conditions.
文摘Southern Africa has experienced electric power deficits over the last decade. This has been due in part to the member countries＇ inadequate electrical power supply system, as well as load growth in areas which were not adequately planned for. This has induced the formation of organizations such as SADC （Southern African Development Community） and SAPP （Southern African Power Pool） that have the common goal of achieving development and economic growth in the region which comprises of 15 member countries. This paper presents results from a security analysis of the region＇s electric power supply system using a baseline level of performance. This was carried out by performing a steady-state contingency analysis on a SADC power network model subject to the N-1 criteria which expresses the ability of the power network to experience a contingency without causing an overload or failure in any other part of the network. Simulations were carried out using DigSilent.
文摘针对功率器件的抗辐射加固技术,从入射粒子对半导体材料的辐射损伤机理出发,设计了一种-150 V抗辐射P沟道VDMOS器件。该器件采取的抗辐射加固措施有:在颈区的上方形成局部厚场氧化层结构;在N体区进行高剂量离子注入掺杂;在850℃低温条件下生长栅氧化层。通过仿真分析和试验进行了验证,该器件在最劣漏偏置条件下抗总剂量达到3 k Gy,抗单粒子烧毁和单粒子栅穿的LET值为99.1 Me V·cm^2/mg。该器件适用于星用抗辐射DC-DC电源系统。
