Homogeneous and heterogeneous types of catalysis are frequently considered as separate disciplines or even opposed to each other.In the present work,a new type of mixed het-ero-/homogeneous catalysis was demonstrated ...Homogeneous and heterogeneous types of catalysis are frequently considered as separate disciplines or even opposed to each other.In the present work,a new type of mixed het-ero-/homogeneous catalysis was demonstrated for the case of selective alkylarene oxidation by molecular oxygen.The proposed catalytic system consists of two widely available components:N-hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI,a homogeneous organocatalyst for free-radical chain reactions)and nanosized TiO_(2)(heterogeneous UV-active photoredox catalyst).The interaction of NHPI with TiO_(2) allows for a shift from UV to visible light photoredox activity and generation of phthalimide-N-oxyl(PINO)radicals that diffuse into the solution where NHPI/PINO-catalyzed free-radical chain reaction can proceed without the additional light input providing a fundamental increase in energy efficiency.The NHPI/TiO_(2) ratio controls the selectivity of oxidation affording preferential formation of hydroperoxide or ketone from alkylarene.展开更多
The catalytic performance of a series of cobalt(Ⅱ) hydroxamates (CoL2) and the synergistic catalytic action of the cobalt complexes combined with N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) in the aerobic oxidation of p-xylene to p-...The catalytic performance of a series of cobalt(Ⅱ) hydroxamates (CoL2) and the synergistic catalytic action of the cobalt complexes combined with N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) in the aerobic oxidation of p-xylene to p-toluic acid (PTA) were investigated. The results showed that the existing synergistic action in the catalytic oxidation can shorten the induction period of the radical reaction and improve the yield of PTA.展开更多
The uncatalyzed reaction of p-tolyl isocyanate(p-TI)with water in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)was investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The reactions were carried out at different temperatures fro...The uncatalyzed reaction of p-tolyl isocyanate(p-TI)with water in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)was investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The reactions were carried out at different temperatures from 293 K to 323 K,using various molar ratios of water to p-TI.DMF,as a special amide,was proved to be an efficient catalyst for water–isocyanate reaction.Under the reaction conditions in this study,substituted urea was the only final product observed.An appreciable amount of intermediate p-toluidine was detected.Concentrations of the isocyanate group as well as the amine and urea were determined as a function of time.New kinetic equations were deduced for each of the substance on the basis of a multistep mechanism,instead of a simple second order reaction as usual.Kinetic constants were calculated using the software MATLAB.Furthermore,the effects of temperature and concentrations of reactants on the reaction rate and amine content were discussed.The activation energy of each step was also determined.展开更多
Selective oxidation with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant under mild conditions is of crucialimportance for the long‐term sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks and the formation ofrequired intermediate...Selective oxidation with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant under mild conditions is of crucialimportance for the long‐term sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks and the formation ofrequired intermediates for organic synthesis and industrial processes.Among the developed oxidationprotocols,innovative strategies using hydroxyimide organocatalysts in combination with metallicor metal‐free cocatalysts have attracted much attention because of the good activities andselectivities of such catalysts in the oxo functionalization of hydrocarbons.This method is based onthe reaction using N‐hydroxyphthalimide,which was first reported by Ishii’s group in the1990s.Although the important and wide‐ranging applications of such catalysts have been summarizedrecently,there are no reviews that focus solely on oxidation strategies using multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts,which have interesting properties and high reactivities.This review covers the concisesynthetic methods and mechanistic profiles of known multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts and summarizessignificant advances in their use in efficient aerobic oxidation.Based on a combination of experimentaland theoretical results,guidelines for the future rational design of multi‐nitroxy organocatalystsare proposed,and the properties of various model multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts are predicted.The present overview of the advantages,limitations,and potential applications of multi‐nitroxyorganocatalysts can provide useful tools for researchers in the field of selective oxidation.展开更多
Although different NbO_(x) units are present in Nb_(2)O_(5)‐based catalysts,the correlations between these structures and activity remain unclear,which considerably hinders the further development of Nb_(2)O_(5) phot...Although different NbO_(x) units are present in Nb_(2)O_(5)‐based catalysts,the correlations between these structures and activity remain unclear,which considerably hinders the further development of Nb_(2)O_(5) photocatalysis.Herein,we utilized N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI)as the probe molecule to distinguish the role of different NbO_(x) units in the activation of C–H bond under visible light irradia‐tion.With the addition of NHPI,Nb_(2)O_(5) catalysts with highly disordered NbO_(6) units exhibited higher activities than that with slightly disordered NbO_(6) units(419‒495 vs.82μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1))in photocata‐lytic selective oxidation of ethylbenzene.Revealed by Raman spectra,electron paramagnetic reso‐nance spectra,and transmission‐electron‐microscopy images,highly disordered NbO_(6) units were confirmed to act as the active sites for the transfer of photogenerated electrons from NHPI,pro‐moting the generation of phthalimide‐N‐oxyl(PINO)radicals for the enhanced conversion of ethylbenzene under visible light irradiation.This study provides guidance on the role of local NbO_(x) units in Nb_(2)O_(5) photocatalysis.展开更多
Developing chiral solid catalysts for asymmetric catalysis is desirable for the elimination of homogeneous catalysis flaws but remains an immense challenge.Herein,we report the immobilization of TsDPEN on SBA‐15 with...Developing chiral solid catalysts for asymmetric catalysis is desirable for the elimination of homogeneous catalysis flaws but remains an immense challenge.Herein,we report the immobilization of TsDPEN on SBA‐15 with an ionic liquid(IL)linkage via the one‐pot reaction of imidazole‐TsDPEN‐N‐Boc with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl bromide in the SBA‐15 mesopores.After coordination to Rh,the chiral solid catalysts could efficiently catalyze quinoline transfer hydrogenation,achieving 97%conversion with 93%ee,which was comparable to their homogeneous counterparts.The chiral solid catalyst with the IL linkage afforded much higher turnover frequency than that without the IL linkage(93 h^(–1)vs.33 h^(–1)),attributed to the phase transfer and formate‐enriching ability of the IL linkage.Furthermore,the effect of the pH on the reaction rate of the solid catalyst was investigated,preventing reaction rate retardation during the catalytic process.The tuning of the linkage group is an efficient approach for catalytic activity improvement of immobilized chiral catalysts.展开更多
文摘Homogeneous and heterogeneous types of catalysis are frequently considered as separate disciplines or even opposed to each other.In the present work,a new type of mixed het-ero-/homogeneous catalysis was demonstrated for the case of selective alkylarene oxidation by molecular oxygen.The proposed catalytic system consists of two widely available components:N-hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI,a homogeneous organocatalyst for free-radical chain reactions)and nanosized TiO_(2)(heterogeneous UV-active photoredox catalyst).The interaction of NHPI with TiO_(2) allows for a shift from UV to visible light photoredox activity and generation of phthalimide-N-oxyl(PINO)radicals that diffuse into the solution where NHPI/PINO-catalyzed free-radical chain reaction can proceed without the additional light input providing a fundamental increase in energy efficiency.The NHPI/TiO_(2) ratio controls the selectivity of oxidation affording preferential formation of hydroperoxide or ketone from alkylarene.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.20072025).
文摘The catalytic performance of a series of cobalt(Ⅱ) hydroxamates (CoL2) and the synergistic catalytic action of the cobalt complexes combined with N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) in the aerobic oxidation of p-xylene to p-toluic acid (PTA) were investigated. The results showed that the existing synergistic action in the catalytic oxidation can shorten the induction period of the radical reaction and improve the yield of PTA.
基金Supported by the Key Science and Technology Innovation Team of Zhejiang Province(2011R50007)
文摘The uncatalyzed reaction of p-tolyl isocyanate(p-TI)with water in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF)was investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).The reactions were carried out at different temperatures from 293 K to 323 K,using various molar ratios of water to p-TI.DMF,as a special amide,was proved to be an efficient catalyst for water–isocyanate reaction.Under the reaction conditions in this study,substituted urea was the only final product observed.An appreciable amount of intermediate p-toluidine was detected.Concentrations of the isocyanate group as well as the amine and urea were determined as a function of time.New kinetic equations were deduced for each of the substance on the basis of a multistep mechanism,instead of a simple second order reaction as usual.Kinetic constants were calculated using the software MATLAB.Furthermore,the effects of temperature and concentrations of reactants on the reaction rate and amine content were discussed.The activation energy of each step was also determined.
基金supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M551746)~~
文摘Selective oxidation with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant under mild conditions is of crucialimportance for the long‐term sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks and the formation ofrequired intermediates for organic synthesis and industrial processes.Among the developed oxidationprotocols,innovative strategies using hydroxyimide organocatalysts in combination with metallicor metal‐free cocatalysts have attracted much attention because of the good activities andselectivities of such catalysts in the oxo functionalization of hydrocarbons.This method is based onthe reaction using N‐hydroxyphthalimide,which was first reported by Ishii’s group in the1990s.Although the important and wide‐ranging applications of such catalysts have been summarizedrecently,there are no reviews that focus solely on oxidation strategies using multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts,which have interesting properties and high reactivities.This review covers the concisesynthetic methods and mechanistic profiles of known multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts and summarizessignificant advances in their use in efficient aerobic oxidation.Based on a combination of experimentaland theoretical results,guidelines for the future rational design of multi‐nitroxy organocatalystsare proposed,and the properties of various model multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts are predicted.The present overview of the advantages,limitations,and potential applications of multi‐nitroxyorganocatalysts can provide useful tools for researchers in the field of selective oxidation.
文摘Although different NbO_(x) units are present in Nb_(2)O_(5)‐based catalysts,the correlations between these structures and activity remain unclear,which considerably hinders the further development of Nb_(2)O_(5) photocatalysis.Herein,we utilized N‐hydroxyphthalimide(NHPI)as the probe molecule to distinguish the role of different NbO_(x) units in the activation of C–H bond under visible light irradia‐tion.With the addition of NHPI,Nb_(2)O_(5) catalysts with highly disordered NbO_(6) units exhibited higher activities than that with slightly disordered NbO_(6) units(419‒495 vs.82μmol·g^(-1)·h^(-1))in photocata‐lytic selective oxidation of ethylbenzene.Revealed by Raman spectra,electron paramagnetic reso‐nance spectra,and transmission‐electron‐microscopy images,highly disordered NbO_(6) units were confirmed to act as the active sites for the transfer of photogenerated electrons from NHPI,pro‐moting the generation of phthalimide‐N‐oxyl(PINO)radicals for the enhanced conversion of ethylbenzene under visible light irradiation.This study provides guidance on the role of local NbO_(x) units in Nb_(2)O_(5) photocatalysis.
文摘Developing chiral solid catalysts for asymmetric catalysis is desirable for the elimination of homogeneous catalysis flaws but remains an immense challenge.Herein,we report the immobilization of TsDPEN on SBA‐15 with an ionic liquid(IL)linkage via the one‐pot reaction of imidazole‐TsDPEN‐N‐Boc with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl bromide in the SBA‐15 mesopores.After coordination to Rh,the chiral solid catalysts could efficiently catalyze quinoline transfer hydrogenation,achieving 97%conversion with 93%ee,which was comparable to their homogeneous counterparts.The chiral solid catalyst with the IL linkage afforded much higher turnover frequency than that without the IL linkage(93 h^(–1)vs.33 h^(–1)),attributed to the phase transfer and formate‐enriching ability of the IL linkage.Furthermore,the effect of the pH on the reaction rate of the solid catalyst was investigated,preventing reaction rate retardation during the catalytic process.The tuning of the linkage group is an efficient approach for catalytic activity improvement of immobilized chiral catalysts.
