The millimeter-scale capsules with controllable morphology,ultra-low permeability and excellent mechanical stability were fabricated by millifluidics.Viscosity of inner phase was adjusted to control the morphology and...The millimeter-scale capsules with controllable morphology,ultra-low permeability and excellent mechanical stability were fabricated by millifluidics.Viscosity of inner phase was adjusted to control the morphology and properties of the capsules.In detail,as the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)increased from 0 to 8% in the inner phase of the capsules,the diameter of capsules decreased from 3.33 ± 0.01mm to 2.97 ± 0.01 mm,the shell thickness of capsules decreased from 0.183 ± 0.004 mm to 0.155 ± 0.003 mm.While the capsules had round shape and high sphericity.Notably,the capsules with 2% PVA in the inner phase had remarkably decreased water permeability and good morphological stability.Specifically,the end-time of water losing of the capsules was up to 49 days,while the dehydrated capsules maintained spherical appearance,and crushing force of the capsules was up to 13.73 ± 0.79 N,which ensured stability during processing and transportation.This research provides a new strategy for stable encapsulation of small molecules.展开更多
Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological activities.It is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China.H...Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological activities.It is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China.However,knowledge of the effect of alcohol on the absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins is limited.The effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in BALB/c mice were investigated after gavage and tail intravenous injection.The results showed that the content of saponins in serum and liver was significantly higher under the influence of alcohol than that in the control group after oral administration.Alcohol promoted the absorption of sea cucumber saponins prototype as well as inhibited the process of saponins being transformed into deglycositic metabolites in the small intestine.Moreover,sea cucumber saponins remained in circulation for a long time and alcohol slowed down the clearance of sea cucumber saponins under the influence of alcohol after intravenous injection.This confirmed the feasibility of marinating sea cucumber in Baijiu to improve the efficacy of saponins and provides an important theoretical basis for the utilization of sea cucumber and the development of sea cucumber liquor.展开更多
The interactions between lignin oligomers and solvents determine the behaviors of lignin oligomers self-assembling into uniform lignin nanoparticles(LNPs).Herein,several alcohol solvents,which readily interact with th...The interactions between lignin oligomers and solvents determine the behaviors of lignin oligomers self-assembling into uniform lignin nanoparticles(LNPs).Herein,several alcohol solvents,which readily interact with the lignin oligomers,were adopted to study their effects during solvent shifting process for LNPs’production.The lignin oligomers with widely distributed molecular weight and abundant guaiacyl units were extracted from wood waste(mainly consists of pine wood),exerting outstanding self-assembly capability.Uniform and spherical LNPs were generated in H_(2)O-n-propanol cosolvent,whereas irregular LNPs were obtained in H_(2)O-methanol cosolvent.The unsatisfactory self-assembly performance of the lignin oligomers in H_(2)O-methanol cosolvent could be attributed to two aspects.On one hand,for the initial dissolution state,the distinguishing Hansen solubility parameter and polarity between methanol solvent and lignin oligomers resulted in the poor dispersion of the lignin oligomers.On the other hand,strong hydrogen bonds between methanol solvent and lignin oligomers during solvent shifting process,hindered the interactions among the lignin oligomers for self-assembly.展开更多
Coprinus comatus polysaccharide(CCP)has significant hepatoprotective effect.To explore hepatoprotective mechanism of CCP,the study analyzed preventive effect of CCP on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by histopath...Coprinus comatus polysaccharide(CCP)has significant hepatoprotective effect.To explore hepatoprotective mechanism of CCP,the study analyzed preventive effect of CCP on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by histopathological examination and biochemical analysis.Simultaneously,hepatoprotective mechanism was also analyzed in conjunction with metabolomics and proliferation of gut microbiota.The results showed that CCP significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and triglyceride(TG)levels in serum of alcoholic liver disease(ALD)mice.Histopathological examination showed that CCP can significantly improve liver damage.Metabolomics results showed that there were significant differences in the level of metabolites in liver tissue of control group,ALD group and CCP group,including taurine,xanthosine,fumaric acid and arachidonic acid,among others.Metabolites pathways analysis showed that hepatoprotective effect of CCP was related to energy metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,amino acids metabolism and lipid metabolism.Additionally,CCP inhibited an increase in the number of Clostridium perfringens,Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus,and a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut of ALD mice.All these findings suggested that CCP treatment reversed the phenotype of ethanol-induced liver injury and the associated metabolites pathways.展开更多
Background:There are substantial regional differences in drinking alcohol in Russia,both at the population and individual levels.However,the causes of these differences have not been studied yet.Objective:The goal of ...Background:There are substantial regional differences in drinking alcohol in Russia,both at the population and individual levels.However,the causes of these differences have not been studied yet.Objective:The goal of our study was to examine the effect of regional living conditions on individual alcohol consumption by the population of Russia.Methods:For the analysis,we used data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in 2013-2014.The final analytical sample included 18,130 people aged 25-64 years.We conducted the interviews face to face,based on which any drinking in the last year,as well as alcohol abuse,were considered as a response.Alcohol abuse was recorded when the respondent consumed 5.75 or more grams of pure ethanol per day(75th percentile of average daily alcohol consumption among alcohol drinkers).The assessment of the regional living conditions was accomplished via integral indexing,which was previously performed based on publicly available data for 2010-2014.Associations were assessed using generalized scoring equations with unchanging standard errors.The associations were expressed by odds ratios(OR)and 95%confidence intervals(C).Results:Deterioration of social conditions and increase in demographic depression in the region of residence increased the odds of any drinking(OR 1.51,95%CI:1.33 to 1.72,P<0.001 and OR 1.22,95%CI:1.05 to 1.41,P=0.oo9,respectively).The odds of alcohol abuse increased with the deterioration of social living conditions and the growth of the industrial development in the region:OR 1.35,95%CI:1.14 to 1.59,P<0.001 and OR 1.16,95%CI:1.05 to 1.28,P=0.002,respectively.Conclusion:Our analysis allowed assessing the impact of the regional living conditions on individual drinking alcohol in the population of Russia.展开更多
Background:Alcohol and illicit drugs(AID)continue to be a major global health concern.Although preventable,AID is linked to millions of deaths annually worldwide.The situation is particularly grave for young people,wi...Background:Alcohol and illicit drugs(AID)continue to be a major global health concern.Although preventable,AID is linked to millions of deaths annually worldwide.The situation is particularly grave for young people,with AID being a major direct risk factor for disability-adjusted youth life-years lost and death.It further contributes to assaults,road crashes,accidental poisoning,and suicide,leading to long-term issues and public health concerns.Objective:This study aimed at disclosing current AID prevalence data for Argentinian,Bulgarian,Chilean and Romanian youth.It shed light on the predictors of AID in young people from those countries.Method:The study used an online survey to gather data from people aged 18 to 25(n=1,297).The survey was underpinned by the theory of planned behaviour(TPB).Predictors were investigated separately for drinking alcohol and using illicit drugs.Results:Our data revealed that across the four target countries,49%to 90%of the participants drank alcohol,and 8%to 35%used illicit drugs in the past three months.Between 20%and 91%of them intended to drink,and between 8%and 31%intended to use illicit drugs in the following three months.Our TPB model predicted statistically significant(P<0.001)amounts of variance in drinking alcohol(between 61%and 72%)and using illicit drugs(between 20.3%and 74.4%).Intention was consistent in significantly predicting both behaviours.Evidence around the predictive validity of self-efficacy,age and gender was mixed across the investigated countries.Conclusion:This research provided an update on the scarce AID epidemiological data.It also supplied evidence about what theoretically-informed measures might be useful targets of interventions in the case of Argentina,Bulgaria,Chile and Romania.This new knowledge of understanding substance abuse determinants and prevalence may help researchers and practitioners better meet young people's health prevention needs.展开更多
Alcohol use disorder(AUD)represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.The gut microbiom...Alcohol use disorder(AUD)represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and has emerged as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders.Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to the development and progression of AUD,with alcohol consumption directly impacting its composition and function.This review article aims to explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and AUD,focusing on the implications for mental health outcomes and potential therapeutic strategies.We discuss the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain,highlighting the role of microbiotaderived metabolites in neuroinflammation,neurotransmission,and mood regulation.Furthermore,we examine the influence of AUD-related factors,such as alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability,on mental health outcomes.Finally,we explore emerging therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome in the management of AUD,including prebiotics,probiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation.Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and AUD holds promise for developing novel interventions that could improve mental health outcomes in individuals with AUD.展开更多
Oxidative stress is one of the main ways to cause alcohol-induced liver injury,and alcoholic liver disease(ALD)has been a common health problem worldwide.Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)is also considered as a potential trea...Oxidative stress is one of the main ways to cause alcohol-induced liver injury,and alcoholic liver disease(ALD)has been a common health problem worldwide.Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)is also considered as a potential treatment to alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury.Lactobacillus plantarum J26 is a LAB isolated from Chinese traditional fermented dairy products with excellent probiotic effects.This study aimed to establish a mice model of alcoholic liver injury through acute-on-chronic alcohol feeding and to study the alleviating effect of pre-intake of L.plantarum J26 on alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury and focus on its potential mechanism of alleviating effect.The results showed that pre-intake of L.plantarum J26 could improve liver pathological changes,reduce lipid accumulation,increase mitochondrial ATP and mitochondrial(mtDNA)levels,and alleviate liver injury.In addition,pre-intake L.plantarum J26 can improve the level of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the intestines in mice,short chain fatty acids can be used as a signaling molecule activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway to alleviate liver oxidative stress,and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy,thereby reducing cell apoptosis to alleviate alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury.展开更多
Bariatric surgery is a routinely performed procedure and is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in patients with obesity.However,bariatric sur-gery has also been linked to increased alcohol use with up ...Bariatric surgery is a routinely performed procedure and is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in patients with obesity.However,bariatric sur-gery has also been linked to increased alcohol use with up to 30%of these patients developing alcohol use disorder(AUD).The mechanism of AUD after bariatric surgery is multifactorial and includes anatomic,metabolic,and neurohumoral changes associated with post-surgical anatomy.These patients are at increased risk of alcohol associated liver disease and,in some cases,require liver trans-plantation.In this article,we provide a scoping review of epidemiology,patho-physiology,and clinical outcomes of alcohol-related health conditions after bariatric surgery.展开更多
Sulfonic acid functionalized titanate nanotubes were prepared by the sulphonation reaction of hydrothermally synthesized TiO_(2) nanotubes(TNTs) using chlorosulfonic acid as the sulfating agent.The as-prepared catalys...Sulfonic acid functionalized titanate nanotubes were prepared by the sulphonation reaction of hydrothermally synthesized TiO_(2) nanotubes(TNTs) using chlorosulfonic acid as the sulfating agent.The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX),Xray diffraction(XRD) analysis,thermogravimetry-differential thermal gravimetry(TG-DTG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques.The characterization results revealed that the catalysts retained the tubular structure of the TNTs and possessed a large number of active sulfonic acid sites.The catalytic performance of the catalysts for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate was investigated via the alcoholysis of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol under atmospheric pressure.The effects of the reaction factors such as the catalyst dosage,reaction time,and temperature on the alcoholysis of the furfuryl alcohol were systematically studied.Under mild conditions,about 79.9% yield of n-butyl levulinate was achieved.In addition,the catalysts showed a stable catalytic performance after four consecutive cycles.Furthermore,no leaching of the active species was observed during the hot filtration testing,which can be attributed to the covalently linked –SO_(3)H groups on the TNTs surface.In addition,the opened tubular nanostructure of the catalyst and the introduced strong Br?nsted acid sites exhibited synergistic effects,which facilitated the selective conversion of the furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate.展开更多
Traditional conversion of alcohols into carbonyl compounds exists a few drawbacks such as harsh reaction conditions,production of large amounts of hazardous wastes,and poor selectivity.The newly emerging conversion ap...Traditional conversion of alcohols into carbonyl compounds exists a few drawbacks such as harsh reaction conditions,production of large amounts of hazardous wastes,and poor selectivity.The newly emerging conversion approaches via photo-,electro-,and photoelectro-catalysis to oxidize alcohols into high value-added corresponding carbonyl compounds as well as the possible simultaneous production of clean fuel hydrogen(H_(2))under mild conditions are promising to substitute the traditional approach to form greener and sustainable reaction systems and thus have aroused tremendous investigations.In this review,the state-of-the-art photocatalytic,electrocatalytic,and photoelectrocatalytic strategies for selective oxidation of different types of alcohols(aromatic and aliphatic alcohols,single alcohol,and polyols,etc.)as well as the simultaneous production of H_(2) in certain systems are discussed.The design of photocatalysts,electrocatalysts,and photoelectrocatalysts as well as reaction mechanism is summarized and discussed in detail.In the end,current challenges and future research directions are proposed.It is expected that this review will not only deepen the understanding of environmentally friendly catalytic systems for alcohol conversion as well as H_(2) production,but also enlighten significance and inspirations for the follow-up study of selective oxidation of various types of organic molecules to value-added chemicals.展开更多
The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-range...The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-ranged hydrocarbons,bio-jet fuels,or fatty alcohols with controllable selectivity is especially attractive in natural oil feedstock biorefineries.This review presents recent progress in catalytic deoxygenation of natural oils or related model compounds(e.g.,fatty acids)to renewable liquid fuels(green diesel and bio-jet fuels)and valuable fatty alcohols(unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols).Besides,it discusses and compares the existing and potential strategies to control the product selectivity over heterogeneous catalysts.Most research conducted and reviewed has only addressed the production of one category;therefore,a new integrative vision exploring how to direct the process toward fuel and/or chemicals is urgently needed.Thus,work conducted to date addressing the development of new catalysts and studying the influence of the reaction parameters(e.g.,temperature,time and hydrogen pressure)is summarized and critically discussed from a green and sustainable perspective using efficiency indicators(e.g.,yields,selectivity,turnover frequencies and catalysts lifetime).Special attention has been given to the chemical transformations occurring to identify key descriptors to tune the selectivity toward target products by manipulating the reaction conditions and the structures of the catalysts.Finally,the challenges and future research goals to develop novel and holistic natural oil biorefineries are proposed.As a result,this critical review provides the readership with appropriate information to selectively control the transformation of natural oils into either biofuels and/or value-added chemicals.This new flexible vision can help pave the wave to suit the present and future market needs.展开更多
A mass flow matching model(MFMM)was established for studying the stable status of solution electrospinning.The study of the solution droplet status at the needle tip focused on various combinations of applied voltages...A mass flow matching model(MFMM)was established for studying the stable status of solution electrospinning.The study of the solution droplet status at the needle tip focused on various combinations of applied voltages and injection rates to figure out their influence on steadily fabricating polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)nanofibers prepared from PVA spinning solutions with two different mass fractions(10%and 16%).The results revealed that during the stable electrospinning,the influence resulted from the change of the injection rate approximately canceled out the impact brought by adjusting the applied voltage,leading to almost the same morphology as that of the PVA nanofibers.And the mass fraction of PVA in the spinning solution dominated the structure and the diameter distribution of the electrospun nanofibers.Under stable electrospinning conditions,the composite membrane was produced by depositing PVA nanofibers on the polyethylene terephthalate(PET)nonwoven substrate for an air filtration test.Furthermore,the prepared composite membrane exhibited a high air filtration efficiency(99.97%)and a low pressure drop(120 Pa)for 300-500 nm neutralized polystyrene latex(PSL)aerosol particles,demonstrating its potential as an alternative for a variety of commercial applications in air filtration.展开更多
BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains one of the major indications for liver transplantation in the United States and continues to place a burden on the national healthcare system.There is evidence of increas...BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains one of the major indications for liver transplantation in the United States and continues to place a burden on the national healthcare system.There is evidence of increased alcohol consumption during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,and the effect of this on the already burdened health systems remains unknown.AIM To assess the trends for ALD admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic,and compare it to a similar pre-pandemic period.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed all admissions at a tertiary health care system,which includes four regional hospitals.ALD admissions were identified by querying a multi-hospital health system’s electronic database using ICD-10 codes.ALD admissions were compared for two one-year periods;pre-COVID-19 from April 2019 to March 2020,and during-COVID-19 from April 2020 to March 2021.Data were analyzed using a Poisson regression model and admission rates were compared using the annual quarterly average for the two time periods,with stratification by age and gender.Percent increase or decrease in admissions from the Poisson regression model were reported as incident rate ratios.RESULTS One thousand three hundred and seventy-eight admissions for ALD were included.80.7%were Caucasian,and 34.3%were female.An increase in the number of admissions for ALD during the COVID-19 pandemic was detected.Among women,a sharp rise(33%)was noted in those below the age of 50 years,and an increase of 22%in those above 50 years.Among men,an increase of 24%was seen for those below 50 years,and a 24%decrease in those above 50 years.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread implications,and an increase in ALD admissions is just one of them.However,given that women are often prone to rapid progression of ALD,this finding has important preventive health implications.展开更多
An increasing number of studies demonstrated that alcohol vapor chamber is an effective way to model physical signs of alcohol use disorders. Although researchers are developing different vapor chambers to study chron...An increasing number of studies demonstrated that alcohol vapor chamber is an effective way to model physical signs of alcohol use disorders. Although researchers are developing different vapor chambers to study chronic alcohol exposure model worldwide, few studies build and modify their own vapor chambers in China.Here, we designed and established an alcohol vapor chamber system for small animals. We described a paradigm showing how to control and monitor alcohol concentration in whole system. The vapor chamber system with several advantages including accommodating up to ten standard mouse cages. Furthermore, the system was tested by evaluating the blood alcohol concentration and neuron injury in mice. Importantly, the alcohol withdrawal after vapor exposure caused motor coordination impairment, anxiolytic-and depression-like behavior. Finally, the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmissions in the medial prefrontal cortex was changed after alcohol vapor exposure-induced behaviors. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents between control and alcohol groups were not different, suggesting that alcohol exposureinduced behaviors are associated with the change in NMDAR response. Taken together, the new alcohol vapor chamber system was constructed, which would help to research the relationship between the stable alcohol exposure and withdrawal behaviors and to study chronic alcohol exposure-induced disorders in China.展开更多
The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has raised concerns about the mental health and social well-being of youth,including its potential to increase or exacerbate substance use behaviors[1].Among adolescents,...The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has raised concerns about the mental health and social well-being of youth,including its potential to increase or exacerbate substance use behaviors[1].Among adolescents,the COVID-19pandemic has resulted in limited face-to-face school contact and thus missed milestones in preventing alcohol and substance use.展开更多
The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde has been investigated over the catalysts Co-C-T(T=400-700℃),which were derived from the carbonization of the MOF precursor Co-BTC at different temperatures i...The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde has been investigated over the catalysts Co-C-T(T=400-700℃),which were derived from the carbonization of the MOF precursor Co-BTC at different temperatures in inert atmosphere.Co-C-500 exhibited a higher conversion(85.3%)than those carbonized at other temperatures,with 51.5%selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol,under a mild condition(90℃,4 h,2 MPa H_(2),solvent:9 ml ethanol and 1 ml water).The high catalytic activity of Co-C-500 can be ascribed to the large specific surface area of the catalyst,the uniformly dispersed metallic cobalt nanoparticles,and the more defect sites on the carbon support.Moreover,Co-C-500 showed excellent reusability in 5 successive cycles,mainly related to the uniformly dispersed cobalt nanoparticles embedded in carbon support.展开更多
Alcohol-related hepatitis(ARH)is a unique type of alcohol-associated liver disease characterized by acute liver inflammation caused by significant alcohol use.It ranges in severity from mild to severe and carries sign...Alcohol-related hepatitis(ARH)is a unique type of alcohol-associated liver disease characterized by acute liver inflammation caused by significant alcohol use.It ranges in severity from mild to severe and carries significant morbidity and mortality.The refinement of scoring systems has enhanced prognostication and guidance of clinical decision-making in the treatment of this complex disease.Although treatment focuses on supportive care,steroids have shown benefit in select circumstances.There has been a recent interest in this disease process,as coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to substantial rise in cases.Although much is known regarding the pathogenesis,prognosis remains grim due to limited treatment options.This article summarizes the epidemiology,genetics,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of ARH.展开更多
The letter is to respond to the recent publication“Trends in hospitalization for alcoholic hepatitis from 2011 to 2017:A USA nationwide study”(World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:5036-5046).We noticed a significant differ...The letter is to respond to the recent publication“Trends in hospitalization for alcoholic hepatitis from 2011 to 2017:A USA nationwide study”(World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:5036-5046).We noticed a significant difference in the total numbers of reported hospitalized alcohol-associated hepatitis(AH)patients between this publication and our publication on Alcohol Clin Exp Res(2022;46:1472-1481).We believe the number of“AH-related hospitalizations”inflated by the inclusion of patients with non-AH forms of alcohol-associated liver disease.展开更多
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is a prevalent disease in the United States.It is a well-demonstrated cause of recurrent and long-standing liver and pancreatic injury which can lead to alcohol-related liver cirrhosis(...BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is a prevalent disease in the United States.It is a well-demonstrated cause of recurrent and long-standing liver and pancreatic injury which can lead to alcohol-related liver cirrhosis(ALC)and chronic pancreatitis(ACP).ALC and ACP are associated with significant healthcare utilization,cost burden,and mortality.The prevalence of coexistent disease(CD)ranges widely in the literature and the intersection between ALC and ACP is inconsistently charac-terized.As such,the clinical profile of coexistent ALC and ACP remains poorly understood.We hypothesized that patients with CD have a worse phenotype when compared to single organ disease.AIM To compare the clinical profile and outcomes of patients with CD from those with ALC or ACP Only.METHODS In this retrospective comparative analysis,we reviewed international classi-fication of disease 9/10 codes and electronic health records of adult patients with verified ALC Only(n=135),ACP Only(n=87),and CD(n=133)who received care at UPMC Presbyterian-Shadyside Hospital.ALC was defined by histology,imaging or clinical evidence of cirrhosis or hepatic decompensation.ACP was defined by imaging findings of pancreatic calcifications,moderate-severe pancreatic duct dilatation,irregularity or atrophy.We compared demographics,pertinent clinical variables,healthcare utilization,and mortality for patients with CD with those who had single organ disease.RESULTS Compared to CD or ACP Only,patients with ALC Only were more likely to be older,Caucasian,have higher body mass index,and Hepatitis B or C infection.CD patients(vs ALC Only)were less likely to have imaging evidence of cirrhosis and portal hypertension despite possessing similar MELD-Na and Child C scores at the most recent contact.CD patients(vs ACP Only)were less likely to have acute or recurrent acute pancreatitis,diabetes mellitus,insulin use,oral pancreatic enzyme therapy,and need for endoscopic therapy or pancreatic surgery.The number of hospitalizations in patients with CD were similar to ACP Only but significantly higher than ALC Only.The overall mortality in patients with CD was similar to ALC Only but trended to be higher than ACP Only(P=0.10).CONCLUSION CD does not have a worse phenotype compared with single organ disease.The dominant phenotype in CD is similar to ALC Only which should be the focus in longitudinal follow-up.展开更多
文摘The millimeter-scale capsules with controllable morphology,ultra-low permeability and excellent mechanical stability were fabricated by millifluidics.Viscosity of inner phase was adjusted to control the morphology and properties of the capsules.In detail,as the concentration of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)increased from 0 to 8% in the inner phase of the capsules,the diameter of capsules decreased from 3.33 ± 0.01mm to 2.97 ± 0.01 mm,the shell thickness of capsules decreased from 0.183 ± 0.004 mm to 0.155 ± 0.003 mm.While the capsules had round shape and high sphericity.Notably,the capsules with 2% PVA in the inner phase had remarkably decreased water permeability and good morphological stability.Specifically,the end-time of water losing of the capsules was up to 49 days,while the dehydrated capsules maintained spherical appearance,and crushing force of the capsules was up to 13.73 ± 0.79 N,which ensured stability during processing and transportation.This research provides a new strategy for stable encapsulation of small molecules.
文摘Sea cucumber saponins have attracted more attention in recent years due to biological activities.It is a popular practice to soak sea cucumber in Baijiu at home and being applied to industrial manufacturing in China.However,knowledge of the effect of alcohol on the absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins is limited.The effects of alcohol on digestion,absorption and metabolism of sea cucumber saponins in BALB/c mice were investigated after gavage and tail intravenous injection.The results showed that the content of saponins in serum and liver was significantly higher under the influence of alcohol than that in the control group after oral administration.Alcohol promoted the absorption of sea cucumber saponins prototype as well as inhibited the process of saponins being transformed into deglycositic metabolites in the small intestine.Moreover,sea cucumber saponins remained in circulation for a long time and alcohol slowed down the clearance of sea cucumber saponins under the influence of alcohol after intravenous injection.This confirmed the feasibility of marinating sea cucumber in Baijiu to improve the efficacy of saponins and provides an important theoretical basis for the utilization of sea cucumber and the development of sea cucumber liquor.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078211)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M721115).
文摘The interactions between lignin oligomers and solvents determine the behaviors of lignin oligomers self-assembling into uniform lignin nanoparticles(LNPs).Herein,several alcohol solvents,which readily interact with the lignin oligomers,were adopted to study their effects during solvent shifting process for LNPs’production.The lignin oligomers with widely distributed molecular weight and abundant guaiacyl units were extracted from wood waste(mainly consists of pine wood),exerting outstanding self-assembly capability.Uniform and spherical LNPs were generated in H_(2)O-n-propanol cosolvent,whereas irregular LNPs were obtained in H_(2)O-methanol cosolvent.The unsatisfactory self-assembly performance of the lignin oligomers in H_(2)O-methanol cosolvent could be attributed to two aspects.On one hand,for the initial dissolution state,the distinguishing Hansen solubility parameter and polarity between methanol solvent and lignin oligomers resulted in the poor dispersion of the lignin oligomers.On the other hand,strong hydrogen bonds between methanol solvent and lignin oligomers during solvent shifting process,hindered the interactions among the lignin oligomers for self-assembly.
基金The current project is funded by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(ZR2020MH370)Major Science and Technology Innovation in Shandong Province(2017CXGC1307)Ji’nan Science and Technology Project(201303055)。
文摘Coprinus comatus polysaccharide(CCP)has significant hepatoprotective effect.To explore hepatoprotective mechanism of CCP,the study analyzed preventive effect of CCP on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice by histopathological examination and biochemical analysis.Simultaneously,hepatoprotective mechanism was also analyzed in conjunction with metabolomics and proliferation of gut microbiota.The results showed that CCP significantly decreased alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST)and triglyceride(TG)levels in serum of alcoholic liver disease(ALD)mice.Histopathological examination showed that CCP can significantly improve liver damage.Metabolomics results showed that there were significant differences in the level of metabolites in liver tissue of control group,ALD group and CCP group,including taurine,xanthosine,fumaric acid and arachidonic acid,among others.Metabolites pathways analysis showed that hepatoprotective effect of CCP was related to energy metabolism,biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids,amino acids metabolism and lipid metabolism.Additionally,CCP inhibited an increase in the number of Clostridium perfringens,Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus,and a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the gut of ALD mice.All these findings suggested that CCP treatment reversed the phenotype of ethanol-induced liver injury and the associated metabolites pathways.
基金supported by National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine(Moscow,Russia).
文摘Background:There are substantial regional differences in drinking alcohol in Russia,both at the population and individual levels.However,the causes of these differences have not been studied yet.Objective:The goal of our study was to examine the effect of regional living conditions on individual alcohol consumption by the population of Russia.Methods:For the analysis,we used data from a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted in 2013-2014.The final analytical sample included 18,130 people aged 25-64 years.We conducted the interviews face to face,based on which any drinking in the last year,as well as alcohol abuse,were considered as a response.Alcohol abuse was recorded when the respondent consumed 5.75 or more grams of pure ethanol per day(75th percentile of average daily alcohol consumption among alcohol drinkers).The assessment of the regional living conditions was accomplished via integral indexing,which was previously performed based on publicly available data for 2010-2014.Associations were assessed using generalized scoring equations with unchanging standard errors.The associations were expressed by odds ratios(OR)and 95%confidence intervals(C).Results:Deterioration of social conditions and increase in demographic depression in the region of residence increased the odds of any drinking(OR 1.51,95%CI:1.33 to 1.72,P<0.001 and OR 1.22,95%CI:1.05 to 1.41,P=0.oo9,respectively).The odds of alcohol abuse increased with the deterioration of social living conditions and the growth of the industrial development in the region:OR 1.35,95%CI:1.14 to 1.59,P<0.001 and OR 1.16,95%CI:1.05 to 1.28,P=0.002,respectively.Conclusion:Our analysis allowed assessing the impact of the regional living conditions on individual drinking alcohol in the population of Russia.
文摘Background:Alcohol and illicit drugs(AID)continue to be a major global health concern.Although preventable,AID is linked to millions of deaths annually worldwide.The situation is particularly grave for young people,with AID being a major direct risk factor for disability-adjusted youth life-years lost and death.It further contributes to assaults,road crashes,accidental poisoning,and suicide,leading to long-term issues and public health concerns.Objective:This study aimed at disclosing current AID prevalence data for Argentinian,Bulgarian,Chilean and Romanian youth.It shed light on the predictors of AID in young people from those countries.Method:The study used an online survey to gather data from people aged 18 to 25(n=1,297).The survey was underpinned by the theory of planned behaviour(TPB).Predictors were investigated separately for drinking alcohol and using illicit drugs.Results:Our data revealed that across the four target countries,49%to 90%of the participants drank alcohol,and 8%to 35%used illicit drugs in the past three months.Between 20%and 91%of them intended to drink,and between 8%and 31%intended to use illicit drugs in the following three months.Our TPB model predicted statistically significant(P<0.001)amounts of variance in drinking alcohol(between 61%and 72%)and using illicit drugs(between 20.3%and 74.4%).Intention was consistent in significantly predicting both behaviours.Evidence around the predictive validity of self-efficacy,age and gender was mixed across the investigated countries.Conclusion:This research provided an update on the scarce AID epidemiological data.It also supplied evidence about what theoretically-informed measures might be useful targets of interventions in the case of Argentina,Bulgaria,Chile and Romania.This new knowledge of understanding substance abuse determinants and prevalence may help researchers and practitioners better meet young people's health prevention needs.
文摘Alcohol use disorder(AUD)represents a major public health issue which affects millions of people globally and consist a chronic relapsing condition associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in maintaining overall health and has emerged as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of various psychiatric disorders.Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is intimately linked to the development and progression of AUD,with alcohol consumption directly impacting its composition and function.This review article aims to explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and AUD,focusing on the implications for mental health outcomes and potential therapeutic strategies.We discuss the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain,highlighting the role of microbiotaderived metabolites in neuroinflammation,neurotransmission,and mood regulation.Furthermore,we examine the influence of AUD-related factors,such as alcohol-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability,on mental health outcomes.Finally,we explore emerging therapeutic avenues targeting the gut microbiome in the management of AUD,including prebiotics,probiotics,and fecal microbiota transplantation.Understanding the complex interplay between the gut microbiome and AUD holds promise for developing novel interventions that could improve mental health outcomes in individuals with AUD.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2100701).
文摘Oxidative stress is one of the main ways to cause alcohol-induced liver injury,and alcoholic liver disease(ALD)has been a common health problem worldwide.Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)is also considered as a potential treatment to alleviate alcohol-induced liver injury.Lactobacillus plantarum J26 is a LAB isolated from Chinese traditional fermented dairy products with excellent probiotic effects.This study aimed to establish a mice model of alcoholic liver injury through acute-on-chronic alcohol feeding and to study the alleviating effect of pre-intake of L.plantarum J26 on alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury and focus on its potential mechanism of alleviating effect.The results showed that pre-intake of L.plantarum J26 could improve liver pathological changes,reduce lipid accumulation,increase mitochondrial ATP and mitochondrial(mtDNA)levels,and alleviate liver injury.In addition,pre-intake L.plantarum J26 can improve the level of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the intestines in mice,short chain fatty acids can be used as a signaling molecule activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2(Nrf2)signaling pathway to alleviate liver oxidative stress,and maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy,thereby reducing cell apoptosis to alleviate alcohol-induced oxidative liver injury.
文摘Bariatric surgery is a routinely performed procedure and is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in patients with obesity.However,bariatric sur-gery has also been linked to increased alcohol use with up to 30%of these patients developing alcohol use disorder(AUD).The mechanism of AUD after bariatric surgery is multifactorial and includes anatomic,metabolic,and neurohumoral changes associated with post-surgical anatomy.These patients are at increased risk of alcohol associated liver disease and,in some cases,require liver trans-plantation.In this article,we provide a scoping review of epidemiology,patho-physiology,and clinical outcomes of alcohol-related health conditions after bariatric surgery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21606082,21776068)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.2018JJ3334)+1 种基金the Key Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(Grant No.19A035)the Collaborative Innovation Center of New Chemical Technologies for Environmental Benignity and Efficient Resource Utilization。
文摘Sulfonic acid functionalized titanate nanotubes were prepared by the sulphonation reaction of hydrothermally synthesized TiO_(2) nanotubes(TNTs) using chlorosulfonic acid as the sulfating agent.The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDX),Xray diffraction(XRD) analysis,thermogravimetry-differential thermal gravimetry(TG-DTG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques.The characterization results revealed that the catalysts retained the tubular structure of the TNTs and possessed a large number of active sulfonic acid sites.The catalytic performance of the catalysts for the synthesis of n-butyl levulinate was investigated via the alcoholysis of biomass-derived furfuryl alcohol under atmospheric pressure.The effects of the reaction factors such as the catalyst dosage,reaction time,and temperature on the alcoholysis of the furfuryl alcohol were systematically studied.Under mild conditions,about 79.9% yield of n-butyl levulinate was achieved.In addition,the catalysts showed a stable catalytic performance after four consecutive cycles.Furthermore,no leaching of the active species was observed during the hot filtration testing,which can be attributed to the covalently linked –SO_(3)H groups on the TNTs surface.In addition,the opened tubular nanostructure of the catalyst and the introduced strong Br?nsted acid sites exhibited synergistic effects,which facilitated the selective conversion of the furfuryl alcohol to butyl levulinate.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21976054,22176054)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020MS036,FRF-TP-20-005A3)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Youth Teacher International Exchange&Growth Program(QNXM20220026)MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental System Optimization,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,North China Electric Power University(KLRE-KF202201)。
文摘Traditional conversion of alcohols into carbonyl compounds exists a few drawbacks such as harsh reaction conditions,production of large amounts of hazardous wastes,and poor selectivity.The newly emerging conversion approaches via photo-,electro-,and photoelectro-catalysis to oxidize alcohols into high value-added corresponding carbonyl compounds as well as the possible simultaneous production of clean fuel hydrogen(H_(2))under mild conditions are promising to substitute the traditional approach to form greener and sustainable reaction systems and thus have aroused tremendous investigations.In this review,the state-of-the-art photocatalytic,electrocatalytic,and photoelectrocatalytic strategies for selective oxidation of different types of alcohols(aromatic and aliphatic alcohols,single alcohol,and polyols,etc.)as well as the simultaneous production of H_(2) in certain systems are discussed.The design of photocatalysts,electrocatalysts,and photoelectrocatalysts as well as reaction mechanism is summarized and discussed in detail.In the end,current challenges and future research directions are proposed.It is expected that this review will not only deepen the understanding of environmentally friendly catalytic systems for alcohol conversion as well as H_(2) production,but also enlighten significance and inspirations for the follow-up study of selective oxidation of various types of organic molecules to value-added chemicals.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21536007)the 111 Project (B17030)+1 种基金support from China Scholarship Council (CSC No.202006240156)the Spanish Ministry of Science,Innovation and Universities for the Juan de la Cierva (JdC)fellowships (Grant Numbers FJCI-2016-30847 and IJC2018-037110-I)awarded.
文摘The chemical transformation of natural oils provides alternatives to limited fossil fuels and produces compounds with added value for the chemical industries.The selective deoxygenation of natural oils to diesel-ranged hydrocarbons,bio-jet fuels,or fatty alcohols with controllable selectivity is especially attractive in natural oil feedstock biorefineries.This review presents recent progress in catalytic deoxygenation of natural oils or related model compounds(e.g.,fatty acids)to renewable liquid fuels(green diesel and bio-jet fuels)and valuable fatty alcohols(unsaturated and saturated fatty alcohols).Besides,it discusses and compares the existing and potential strategies to control the product selectivity over heterogeneous catalysts.Most research conducted and reviewed has only addressed the production of one category;therefore,a new integrative vision exploring how to direct the process toward fuel and/or chemicals is urgently needed.Thus,work conducted to date addressing the development of new catalysts and studying the influence of the reaction parameters(e.g.,temperature,time and hydrogen pressure)is summarized and critically discussed from a green and sustainable perspective using efficiency indicators(e.g.,yields,selectivity,turnover frequencies and catalysts lifetime).Special attention has been given to the chemical transformations occurring to identify key descriptors to tune the selectivity toward target products by manipulating the reaction conditions and the structures of the catalysts.Finally,the challenges and future research goals to develop novel and holistic natural oil biorefineries are proposed.As a result,this critical review provides the readership with appropriate information to selectively control the transformation of natural oils into either biofuels and/or value-added chemicals.This new flexible vision can help pave the wave to suit the present and future market needs.
文摘A mass flow matching model(MFMM)was established for studying the stable status of solution electrospinning.The study of the solution droplet status at the needle tip focused on various combinations of applied voltages and injection rates to figure out their influence on steadily fabricating polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)nanofibers prepared from PVA spinning solutions with two different mass fractions(10%and 16%).The results revealed that during the stable electrospinning,the influence resulted from the change of the injection rate approximately canceled out the impact brought by adjusting the applied voltage,leading to almost the same morphology as that of the PVA nanofibers.And the mass fraction of PVA in the spinning solution dominated the structure and the diameter distribution of the electrospun nanofibers.Under stable electrospinning conditions,the composite membrane was produced by depositing PVA nanofibers on the polyethylene terephthalate(PET)nonwoven substrate for an air filtration test.Furthermore,the prepared composite membrane exhibited a high air filtration efficiency(99.97%)and a low pressure drop(120 Pa)for 300-500 nm neutralized polystyrene latex(PSL)aerosol particles,demonstrating its potential as an alternative for a variety of commercial applications in air filtration.
文摘BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)remains one of the major indications for liver transplantation in the United States and continues to place a burden on the national healthcare system.There is evidence of increased alcohol consumption during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,and the effect of this on the already burdened health systems remains unknown.AIM To assess the trends for ALD admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic,and compare it to a similar pre-pandemic period.METHODS This retrospective study analyzed all admissions at a tertiary health care system,which includes four regional hospitals.ALD admissions were identified by querying a multi-hospital health system’s electronic database using ICD-10 codes.ALD admissions were compared for two one-year periods;pre-COVID-19 from April 2019 to March 2020,and during-COVID-19 from April 2020 to March 2021.Data were analyzed using a Poisson regression model and admission rates were compared using the annual quarterly average for the two time periods,with stratification by age and gender.Percent increase or decrease in admissions from the Poisson regression model were reported as incident rate ratios.RESULTS One thousand three hundred and seventy-eight admissions for ALD were included.80.7%were Caucasian,and 34.3%were female.An increase in the number of admissions for ALD during the COVID-19 pandemic was detected.Among women,a sharp rise(33%)was noted in those below the age of 50 years,and an increase of 22%in those above 50 years.Among men,an increase of 24%was seen for those below 50 years,and a 24%decrease in those above 50 years.CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread implications,and an increase in ALD admissions is just one of them.However,given that women are often prone to rapid progression of ALD,this finding has important preventive health implications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81971246)College Students’innovation and entrepreneurship training program in Jiangsu Province(Grant No.202010312042Y)。
文摘An increasing number of studies demonstrated that alcohol vapor chamber is an effective way to model physical signs of alcohol use disorders. Although researchers are developing different vapor chambers to study chronic alcohol exposure model worldwide, few studies build and modify their own vapor chambers in China.Here, we designed and established an alcohol vapor chamber system for small animals. We described a paradigm showing how to control and monitor alcohol concentration in whole system. The vapor chamber system with several advantages including accommodating up to ten standard mouse cages. Furthermore, the system was tested by evaluating the blood alcohol concentration and neuron injury in mice. Importantly, the alcohol withdrawal after vapor exposure caused motor coordination impairment, anxiolytic-and depression-like behavior. Finally, the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic transmissions in the medial prefrontal cortex was changed after alcohol vapor exposure-induced behaviors. The frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents between control and alcohol groups were not different, suggesting that alcohol exposureinduced behaviors are associated with the change in NMDAR response. Taken together, the new alcohol vapor chamber system was constructed, which would help to research the relationship between the stable alcohol exposure and withdrawal behaviors and to study chronic alcohol exposure-induced disorders in China.
基金supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI)funded by the Ministry of Health&WelfareRepublic of Korea[grant number:HV22C0233]。
文摘The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has raised concerns about the mental health and social well-being of youth,including its potential to increase or exacerbate substance use behaviors[1].Among adolescents,the COVID-19pandemic has resulted in limited face-to-face school contact and thus missed milestones in preventing alcohol and substance use.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272016).
文摘The liquid phase selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde has been investigated over the catalysts Co-C-T(T=400-700℃),which were derived from the carbonization of the MOF precursor Co-BTC at different temperatures in inert atmosphere.Co-C-500 exhibited a higher conversion(85.3%)than those carbonized at other temperatures,with 51.5%selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol,under a mild condition(90℃,4 h,2 MPa H_(2),solvent:9 ml ethanol and 1 ml water).The high catalytic activity of Co-C-500 can be ascribed to the large specific surface area of the catalyst,the uniformly dispersed metallic cobalt nanoparticles,and the more defect sites on the carbon support.Moreover,Co-C-500 showed excellent reusability in 5 successive cycles,mainly related to the uniformly dispersed cobalt nanoparticles embedded in carbon support.
文摘Alcohol-related hepatitis(ARH)is a unique type of alcohol-associated liver disease characterized by acute liver inflammation caused by significant alcohol use.It ranges in severity from mild to severe and carries significant morbidity and mortality.The refinement of scoring systems has enhanced prognostication and guidance of clinical decision-making in the treatment of this complex disease.Although treatment focuses on supportive care,steroids have shown benefit in select circumstances.There has been a recent interest in this disease process,as coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to substantial rise in cases.Although much is known regarding the pathogenesis,prognosis remains grim due to limited treatment options.This article summarizes the epidemiology,genetics,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of ARH.
文摘The letter is to respond to the recent publication“Trends in hospitalization for alcoholic hepatitis from 2011 to 2017:A USA nationwide study”(World J Gastroenterol 2022;28:5036-5046).We noticed a significant difference in the total numbers of reported hospitalized alcohol-associated hepatitis(AH)patients between this publication and our publication on Alcohol Clin Exp Res(2022;46:1472-1481).We believe the number of“AH-related hospitalizations”inflated by the inclusion of patients with non-AH forms of alcohol-associated liver disease.
文摘BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is a prevalent disease in the United States.It is a well-demonstrated cause of recurrent and long-standing liver and pancreatic injury which can lead to alcohol-related liver cirrhosis(ALC)and chronic pancreatitis(ACP).ALC and ACP are associated with significant healthcare utilization,cost burden,and mortality.The prevalence of coexistent disease(CD)ranges widely in the literature and the intersection between ALC and ACP is inconsistently charac-terized.As such,the clinical profile of coexistent ALC and ACP remains poorly understood.We hypothesized that patients with CD have a worse phenotype when compared to single organ disease.AIM To compare the clinical profile and outcomes of patients with CD from those with ALC or ACP Only.METHODS In this retrospective comparative analysis,we reviewed international classi-fication of disease 9/10 codes and electronic health records of adult patients with verified ALC Only(n=135),ACP Only(n=87),and CD(n=133)who received care at UPMC Presbyterian-Shadyside Hospital.ALC was defined by histology,imaging or clinical evidence of cirrhosis or hepatic decompensation.ACP was defined by imaging findings of pancreatic calcifications,moderate-severe pancreatic duct dilatation,irregularity or atrophy.We compared demographics,pertinent clinical variables,healthcare utilization,and mortality for patients with CD with those who had single organ disease.RESULTS Compared to CD or ACP Only,patients with ALC Only were more likely to be older,Caucasian,have higher body mass index,and Hepatitis B or C infection.CD patients(vs ALC Only)were less likely to have imaging evidence of cirrhosis and portal hypertension despite possessing similar MELD-Na and Child C scores at the most recent contact.CD patients(vs ACP Only)were less likely to have acute or recurrent acute pancreatitis,diabetes mellitus,insulin use,oral pancreatic enzyme therapy,and need for endoscopic therapy or pancreatic surgery.The number of hospitalizations in patients with CD were similar to ACP Only but significantly higher than ALC Only.The overall mortality in patients with CD was similar to ALC Only but trended to be higher than ACP Only(P=0.10).CONCLUSION CD does not have a worse phenotype compared with single organ disease.The dominant phenotype in CD is similar to ALC Only which should be the focus in longitudinal follow-up.