Protective Effect and Mechanism of n-butanol Extract from Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on Rats with Adjuvant Arthritis

[Objectives]To study the protective effect and mechanism of n-butanol extract of Diploclisia glaucescens(B1.)Diels on rats with adjuvant arthritis.[Methods]A rat adjuvant arthritis(AA)model with similarities to a clinical RA(rheumatoid arthritis)patient was used,and the model was made by injection of Complete Freund s adjuvant(CFA).Body mass and joint swelling degree were used as indicators,and the organ index was calculated and the synovial tissue of rats was examined under microscope to evaluate the protective effect of n-butanol extract on arthritis.The effects of n-butanol extract on TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2)contents in rat serum were detected by ELISA kit.[Results]Arthritic rats experienced significant weight loss;the n-butanol extract reduced the joint swelling in rats.It exerted an effect on rat organs and reduced the contents of TNF-α,IL-1βand PGE_(2) in rat serum,and also reduced synovial inflammation in rats.[Conclusions]The n-butanol extract of D.glaucescens can protect rats with adjuvant arthritis by reducing the content of inflammatory factors.

高强度可固化水溶性树脂封堵剂的制备及性能评价

短半径侧钻是西北油田激发老区上产的有效手段之一。但缝洞型油藏的裂缝尺度差异大,在钻井过程中,漏失情况复杂,恶性漏失情况较多,已成为制约其油气资源增产的难题之一。酚醛树脂具有密度低、高机械强度等优势,已作为封堵剂在油气田领域广泛使用。但酚醛树脂的水溶不足易残留井筒,造成清理困难;同时,酚醛树脂的贮存时间短对施工造成了诸多不便。因此,为了保持酚醛树脂低密度、高强度的同时,增强酚醛树脂水溶性和延长酚醛树脂贮存期,以苯酚和甲醛为原料,正丁醇为改性剂,合成了一种水溶性的正丁醇醚化酚醛树脂。该树脂具有优异的水溶性,在20℃下的储存时间增至162天。80 wt%酚醛树脂溶液在140℃下固化时间1.5h,抗压强度95.7 MPa,高于常规封堵材料;在两种模拟岩心裂缝中进行封堵性能实验,驱替流速为0.016 mL/min时,树脂溶液固化后的突破压力梯度均大于50 MPa·m^(-1),封堵性能优异。整体而言,正丁醇醚化酚醛树脂具有优异的固化性能、封堵性能和储存稳定性,在缝洞型油藏短半径侧钻堵漏中具有良好的应用前景。

Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Oxygenated Diesel in DI Engines: A Critical Review

The transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources is a significant challenge of our time. In the fuel industry, oxygenated additives such as butanol are transforming conventional fuels into renewable biofuels. This technology has been utilized in reciprocating engines for decades. This paper reviews the viability of using an n-butanol blend as a short-term replacement for diesel by analyzing its physical and chemical properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines under various conditions, including variable load, speed, acceleration, and both stationary and transient cycles. N-Butanol exhibits higher viscosity, better lubricity, higher heating value, improved blend stability, enhanced cold-flow properties, and higher density. These factors influence spray formation, injection timing, atomization, and combustion characteristics. Its higher oxygen content improves the diffusion combustion stage and efficiency. Adding 5% and 10% n-butanol to diesel increases pressure and apparent heat release rate, slightly reduces temperature, and improves thermal efficiency, with mixed effects on CO and THC emissions and a notable decrease in particulate matter emissions. Fuel consumption increases, while the impact on NOx emissions varies. A 10% butanol blend is considered optimal for enhancing performance and reducing particulate emissions without significantly affecting NOx emissions. Blending up to 40% butanol with diesel does not require engine modifications or ECU recalibrations in engines calibrated for pure diesel. Due to its advantageous properties and performance, n-butanol is recommended as a superior alcohol-diesel blend than ethanol for short-term diesel replacement.

One-step Synthesis of n-Butanol from Ethanol Condensation over Alumina-supported Metal Catalysts

One-step synthesis of n-butanol from bimolecular condensation of ethanol was firstlyachieved over nickel supported gamma alumina catalyst. A mechanism of dehydration path for thegrowth of carbon chain by eliminating a hydroxy group from one ethanol molecule with a α-H ofother ethanol molecule rather than aldol condensation was verified.

Active and stable Cu doped NiMgAlO catalysts for upgrading ethanol to n-butanol

Upgrading ethanol to n-butanol is an attractive way for renewable n-butanol production. Herein, Cu was selected to modify NiMgAlO catalysts for improving ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity. Over the optimized 2%Cu-NiMgAlO catalyst, ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity were enhanced to 30.0% and 64.2%, respectively, in 200 h time on stream at 523 K. According to physicochemical characterizations and theoretical calculations, the key role of multiple active sites in this reaction was extensively investigated. The plate-like structure of hydrotalcite was maintained over 2%Cu-NiMgAlO catalysts, with an average Ni particle size of ca. 5.4 nm. The presence of Cu species created CuNi alloy sites and Lewis acid-base pairs, and increased hydrogen transfer and condensation reactions, resulting in elevated ethanol conversion and n-butanol selectivity. Additionally, CuNi alloy had a strong interaction with CuNiMgAl oxides, forming homogeneous boundary due to their close ionic radius and lattice matching, and afforded the long time stability in the ethanol to n-butanol reaction.

Performance Characteristics of n-Butanol-Diesel Fuel Blend Fired in a Turbo-Charged Compression Ignition Engine

In this study, n-butanol-diesel blends were burned in a turbo-charged, direct injection diesel engine where the brake thermal efficiency, (BTE) or brake specific fuel consumption, (BSFC) was compared with that of ethanol-diesel or methanol-diesel blends in another study by other authors. The test blends used were B5, B10 and B20 (where B5 is 5% n-butanol by volume and 95% diesel fuel-DF). In this study, the BTE was higher and the BSFC improved more than in the other study. Because of improved BTE with increasing brake mean effective pressure, BMEP, the BSFC reduced, however the increased shared volume of n-butanol in DF increased BSFC. Adding n-butanol in DF slightly derated the torque, brake power output with increasing speed, and caused a fall in exhaust gas temperatures, (EGT) which improves the volumetric efficiency and reduces compression work. Therefore, a small-shared volume of n-butanol in DF fired in a turbo-charged diesel engine performs better in terms of BTE and BSFC than that of ethanol or methanol blending in DF.

Underlying mechanism of protection from hypoxic injury seen with n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. in hippocampal neurons

The alcohol and n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. significantly protects myocardium from acute ischemic injury. However, its effects on rat hippocampal neurons and the mechanism of protection remain unclear. In this study, primary cultured hippocampal neurons from neonatal rats were incubated in 95% N2 and 5% CO2 for 4 hours. Results indicated that hypoxic injury decreased the viability of neurons, increased the expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein. Pretreatment with 0.25, 0.062 5, 0.015 6 mg/mL n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. led to a significant increase in cell viability. Expression levels of caspase-9 and caspase-3 mRNA, as well as cytochrome c, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3 protein, were attenuated. The neuroprotective effect of n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. was equivalent to tanshinone IIA. Our data suggest that the n-butanol extract of Potentilla anserine L. could protect primary hippocampal neurons from hypoxic injury by deactivating mitochondrial cell death.

Isocoreopsin: An active constituent of n-butanol extract of Butea monosperma flowers against colorectal cancer(CRC)

The herb Butea monosperma constitutes several human health beneficial components, which are mostly studied for their anticancer effects. In this study, the activity of n-butanol fractions of B. monosperma floral extract was examined on inhibiting aberrant crypt foci(ACF) formation in azoxymethane induced Wistar albino rats. The n-butanol extracts(150 mg/kg) decreased the ACF formation(per rat) by 92% and78% in short- and long-term in vivo treatments, respectively. All the compounds in the n-butanol extract were isolated and purified using column and reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography(HPLC).Their structures were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)and electrospray–ionisation mass spectrometry(ESI–MS) to determine important flavonoids, namely isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin. These compounds were studied for their free radical scavenging and anticancer activities. The compound isocoreopsin showed significantly greater efficacy in cell death on human colon and liver cancer cell lines(50 μg/m L in HT-29 and 100 μg/m L in Hep G2) than butrin(100 μg/m L in HT-29 and 500 μg/m L in Hep G2) and isobutrin(80 μg/m L in HT-29 and 150 μg/m L in Hep G2). These results suggest that isocoreopsin, butrin and isobutrin are the important key compounds for the chemoprevention of colon cancer and isocoreopsin can be considered as a promising novel drug.

Phase separation of ploy(ethylene glycol) + n-butanol mixture induced by supercritical CO_2

The phase behavior of supercritical (SC) CO2 + PEG 1000 (PEG with average molecular weight of 1000 g/mol) + n-butanol system was studied. It was demonstrated that SC CO2 could induce phase separation of PEG 1000 + n-butanol system under suitable conditions. This hints that SC CO2 has potential applications in the separation of mixtures of PEG + organic compound.

Oxidation of n-Butanol and 2-Pentanol with Molecular Oxygen in Supercritical CO2

Oxidation of n-butanol and 2-pentanol using molecular oxygen in supercritical (SC) CO2 with and without co-solvent is investigated. The results showed that the reaction selectivity is high when the reaction is carried out in SC CO2. It has been observed that co-solvent affects conversion and selectivity of the reaction considerably.

Characteristics of Diesel/N-Butanol Blend on a Common Rail Diesel Engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation

20%n-butanol is blended in diesel by volume(noted as D80B20)and experiment has been carried out to study the effect on the combustion and emission characteristics based on a common rail diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)system.The results reveal thatD80B20 has longer ignition delay,shorter combustion duration and higher maximumin-cylinder temperature than pure diesel(noted as D100).Further,the number concentration and volume concentration of ultrafine particles decrease significantly while NO_(X) emissions increase a little with the addition of n-butanol.When the exhaust gas is induced into cylinder,NO_(X) emissions significantly decrease and ultrafine particles emissions increase.The number geometric mean diameters and volume geometricmean diameters of ultrafine particles increase withEGR ratio.Compared toD100 without EGR,D80B20 with 20%EGR ratio can reduce both NO_(X) and ultrafine particles emissions at 0.14MPa BMEP and 0.56MPa BMEP.

Metabolic Engineering of <i>Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum</i>for Increased n-Butanol Production

Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum shows promise as a host for n-butanol production since it natively has the required genes involved in the n-butanol biosynthetic pathway. Overexpression of the natively occurring bcs operon containing the genes thl, hbd, crt, bcd, etfA, and etfB responsible for the formation of butyryl CoA increased the n-butanol production by 180% compared to the wild type from a n-butanol titer of 1.8 mM to 5.1 mM. The deletion of one of the six alcohol dehydrogenase genes confirmed that it was the primary gene responsible for ethanol and n-butanol production from acetyl CoA and butyryl CoA respectively.

Schisandra N-butanol extract improves synaptic morphology and plasticity in ovarectomized mice

Preliminary work by our research team revealed that Schisandra, a renowned traditional Chinese medicine, causes learning and memory improvements in ovariectomized mice. This activity was attributed to active ingredients extracted with N-butyl alcohol, named Schisandra N-butanol extract. In this study, ovariectomized mice were pretreated with Schisandra N-butanol extract given by intragastric administration. This treatment led to the enhancement of learning, and an increase in hippocampal CA1 synaptic, surface and postsynaptic density. A decrease in the average size of the synaptic active zone was also observed. These experimental findings showing that Schisandra N-butanol extract improved synaptic morphology indicate an underlying mechanism by which the ability of learning is enhanced in ovariectomized mice.

阳离子醚化剂结晶点的影响因素

阳离子醚化剂在化工领域有较为广泛的使用,可以通过与淀粉、瓜尔胶等物质进行制备后应用在造纸业、化妆品行业、水处理厂等环境中,是一种较为活泼、易溶于水的液态化学制剂。这种制剂的主要合成方法有气相法、水合成法、有机溶液法三种,文章通过有机溶液法进行实验,分析阳离子醚化剂在使用与保存的过程中发生结晶现象的主要影响因素。

阳离子醚化改性对淀粉浆料性能的影响

为提高淀粉浆料的浆纱性能,以3-氯-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(CHPTMA)为阳离子醚化剂与酸解淀粉反应,制备不同醚化程度的季铵阳离子醚化淀粉。以酸解淀粉为对比样,通过FTIR对季铵阳离子醚化淀粉的结构进行表征,此外还研究它的浆膜、粘附和浆纱性能。实验结果表明,随着取代度的增加,季铵阳离子醚化淀粉浆膜的断裂伸长率和对涤纶、棉纤维的粘附力均呈现逐渐增大的变化趋势,而浆膜断裂强度则呈现逐渐减小的变化趋势;季铵阳离子醚化淀粉能改善淀粉的浆膜性能,有利于提高对涤纶、棉纤维的粘附性能,比酸解淀粉更能提高对13 tex T/C 65/35经纱的浆纱性能。

二氢杨梅素抗氧化机制探讨

二氢杨梅素可开发利用价值极大,它的抗氧化活性更是研究的热点。本研究通过量子化学计算手段和实验醚化处理相结合,确定了二氢杨梅素分子结构的抗氧化活性中心在其B环上的3'、4'、5'位连酚羟基结构,同时也验证了量子化学计算在研究黄酮类物质分子结构与表现性质中的正确预测性和指导性。

低取代度羟丙基木薯淀粉的制备

羟丙基木薯淀粉为优良的食品用变性淀粉。本文研究用环氧丙烷制备羟丙基木薯淀粉的最佳反应条件,着重研究了淀粉乳浓度、环氧丙烷用量、反应温度和时间对醚化程度和反应效率的影响规律。结果表明:增高淀粉乳浓度能提高醚化程度和反应效率;增加环氧丙烷用量能加速醚化反应,提高取代度,但使反应效率降低;一定范围内升高反应温度,延长反应时间,醚化程度和反应效率随之增高。

3种变性淀粉与CaCO_3相互作用的红外光谱研究

通过仿生合成的方法,以羧甲基淀粉、醚化淀粉、磷酸酯淀粉作为有机基质,在制备CaCO3晶体的过程中,通过傅里叶变换红外光谱对3种变性淀粉进行了跟踪测试表征。结果表明:3种变性淀粉分子中的C—O谱峰的强度均发生了变化,随着反应时间的增加,C—O峰强度不断减小,且减小的幅度非常大。对3种变性淀粉与CaCO3的作用机理进行了初步探讨。

微波干法制备醚化淀粉絮凝剂及其应用

以玉米淀粉为原料,2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵为醚化剂,采用微波干法制备醚化淀粉絮凝剂,通过正交试验优化了醚化淀粉絮凝剂制备工艺条件,考察了醚化淀粉絮凝剂用量、pH值及反应时间对生活污水脱色率的影响。结果表明,在pH值为6,50 mL生活污水中加入0.7 g醚化淀粉,保持搅拌2 min,脱色率可达94.2%。微波干法制备醚化淀粉絮凝剂具有用量少、操作简单、絮凝时间短的特点,并且絮凝效果好、污染小、原料来源广,适合工业生产,有着广阔的应用前景。

羟乙基羧甲基纤维素(HECMC)的合成和性能研究

探讨了用氯乙醇代替环氧乙烷和一氯醋酸作醚化剂，不用分离中间产物合成ＨＥＣＭＣ。确定的最佳合成条件不仅适于合成低粘度的ＨＥＣＭＣ，也适于合成高粘度ＨＥＣＭＣ。合成的水溶性ＨＥＣＭＣ，其ＭＳ为０．２２～２．０；ＤＳ为０．２６～０．７７，在此范围内具有良好的水溶性，粘度稳定性，耐温性和抗盐性，比ＣＭＣ、ＨＥＣ的性能优越，并对合成的ＨＥＣＭＣ进行了结构表征。