Dietary supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate initiated from the prepartum stage improves lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG),an Arg enhancer,on amino acid(AA)supply and utilization and productive performance of early-lactating dairy cows.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein dairy cows were randomly divided into con-trol(CON,n=15)and NCG(CON diet supplemented with NCG at 20 g/d per cow,n=15)groups at 4 wk before calving.Diets were offered individually in tie-stalls,and NCG was supplemented by top-dress feeding onto total mixed ration for the NCG group.The experiment lasted until wk 10 after calving.Dry matter intake tended to be higher(P=0.06),and yields of milk(P<0.01),milk protein(P<0.01),and milk fat(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.Plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase(P<0.01),alanine aminotransferase(P=0.03),and plasma level ofβ-hydroxybutyrate(P=0.04)were lower in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows,whereas plasma glucose(P=0.05)and nitric oxide(NO,P<0.01)concentrations were higher.Coccygeal vein concentrations of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01),Tyr(P=0.05),most essential AA except Thr and His(P<0.01),total essential AA(P<0.01),and total AA(P<0.01)were higher in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The arterial supply of all AA was greater in the NCG-cows than in the CON-cows.The NCG-cows had higher mammary plasma flow of AA(P=0.04)and clearance rate of Cys(P<0.01),Pro(P<0.01)and Asp(P<0.01),and higher ratios of uptake to output of Met(P=0.05),Lys(P<0.01),Cys(P=0.01),Pro(P=0.03),and Asp(P=0.01).In summary,addition of NCG initiated from the prepartum period improved the lactation performance of postpartum dairy cows,which might attribute to greater Arg and NO concentrations,as well as improved AA supply and utilization,liver function,and feed intake in these cows.

Supplementing N-carbamoylglutamate in late gestation increases newborn calf weight by enhanced placental expression of mTOR and angiogenesis factor genes in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate whether supplementation with N-carbamoylglutamate(NCG)to cows during late gestation alters uteroplacental tissue nutrient transporters,calf metabolism and newborn weight.Thirty multiparous Chinese Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment.During the last 28 d of pregnancy,cows were fed a diet without(CON)or with NCG(20 g/d per cow).The body weight of calves was weighed immediately after birth.Placentome samples were collected at parturition and used to assess mRNA expression of genes involved in transport of arginine,glucose,fatty acid and angiogenesis factors,as well as the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway.Blood samples of calves before colostrum consumption were also collected for the detection of plasma parameters,amino acids(AA)and metabolomics analysis.The newborn weight(P=0.02)and plasma Arg concentration of NCG-calves was significantly higher(P=0.05)than that of CON-calves,and the plasma concentrations of urea nitrogen tended to be lower(P=0.10)in the NCG group.The mRNA abundance of genes involved in glucose transport(solute carrier family 2 member 3[SLC2 A3],P<0.01),angiogenesis(nitric oxide synthase 3[NOS3],P=0.02),and mTOR pathway(serine/threonine-protein kinase 1[ACT1],P=0.10;euka ryotic translation initiation factor 4 B pseudogene 1[EIF4 BP1],P=0.08;EIF4 EBP2,P=0.04;and E74-like factor 2[ELF2],P=0.03)was upregulated in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows.In addition,17 metabolites were significantly different in the placentome of NCG-supplemented cows compared to non-supplemented cows,and these metabolites are mainly involved in arginine and proline metabolism,alanine,aspartate and glutamate metabolism,and citrate cycle.In summary,the increased body weight of newborn calves from the NCG supplemented dairy cows maybe attributed to the increased angiogenesis and uteroplacental nutrient transport and to the activated mTOR signal pathway,which may result in the increased nutrient supply to the fetus,and improved AA metabolism and urea cycle of the fetus.

The significance of N‑carbamoylglutamate in ruminant production

Improving the efficiency and production of grazing ruminants to support food and fiber production,while reducing the environmental footprint and meeting the welfare needs of the animals,is important for sustainable livestock production systems.Development of new technologies that can improve the efficiency of nitrogen(N)utilization in ruminants,and that are effective and safe,has important implications for ruminant livestock production.N-carbomoylglutamate(NCG)is a functional micronutrient that stimulates endogenous synthesis of arginine,which can improve survival,growth,lactation,reproductive performance,and feed efficiency in mammals.There is a growing body of evidence to support the potential of dietary NCG supplementation to improve the productive capacity and N utilization efficiency of ruminants.This review summarizes the current literature on the effects of dietary supplementation with NCG in ruminants and impacts on production and potential to reduce the environmental footprint of farmed ruminant livestock.The current literature highlights the potential for commercial application in ruminant livestock to improve productivity and N utilization efficiency.